Public Speaking

Recognize the text's guidelines for improving delivery through practice.

1.) Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. 2.) Prepare your speaking outline. 3.) Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4.) Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. 5.) Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will encounter on speech day.

Recognize the differences between the four kinds of listening.

Appreciative listening—listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech Empathic listening—listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress. Comprehensive listening—listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house. Critical listening—listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate.

Recognize why speakers need to use inclusive language and identify ways they can do so.

Appropriateness to the occasion, Appropriateness to the audience, Appropriateness to the topic, Appropriateness to the speaker.

Recognize the importance of using language accurately in public speeches.

As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, "What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?" When in doubt, consult a dictionary or thesaurus to make sure you have the best words to express your ideas.

Identify the three basic guidelines for ethical listening.

Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Recognize the role of appealing to emotions in persuasive speeches.

By adding "feeling" and the "force of imagination" to your logical arguments, you can become a more compelling persuasive speaker.

Understand and recognize terms such as Concrete Words, Simile, Metaphor, Parallelism, Repetition, Alliteration, and Antithesis.

Concrete words refer to tangible objects—people, places, and things. They differ from abstract words, which refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes. parallelism—the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition means reiterating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. antithesis—the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Recognize the difference between connotative and denotative meaning.

Denotative meaning is precise, literal, and objective. It describes the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers. One way to think of a word's denotative meaning is as its dictionary definition. Connotative meaning is more variable, figurative, and subjective. The connotative meaning of a word is what the word suggests or implies. For instance, the connotative meaning of the word "school" includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people.

Recognize why good delivery is important for successful speaking.

Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation—directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.

Recognize why the effective use of language is vital to a public speaker.

Good speakers are aware of the meaning of words—both their obvious and their subtle meanings. They also know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.

Recognize the importance cultural diversity and avoiding ethnocentrism when preparing a speech.

Here we need to stress the importance of avoiding the ethnocentrism that often blocks communication between speakers and listeners of different cultural backgrounds. Ethnocentrism is part of every culture, and it can play a positive role in creating group pride and loyalty. But it can also lead to prejudice and hostility toward different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups. To be an effective public speaker in a multicultural world, you need to keep in mind that all people have their special beliefs and customs.

Recognize how using evidence affects persuasive speaking.

If you hope to be persuasive, you must support your views with evidence. Whenever you say something that is open to question, you should give evidence to prove you are right.

Recognize why nervousness is normal and identify Lucas' methods of dealing with nervousness.

In other words, it is perfectly normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech. Your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation—by producing extra adrenaline. Acquire speaking experience. Prepare. Think Positively. Use the Power of Visualization. Know that nervousness isn't visible. Don't expect perfection.

Identify the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking.

Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name calling and other forms of abusive language, and put ethical principles into practice.

Identify the concept of the target audience and its role in persuasive speaking.

Most often you will have a particular part of the whole audience that you want to reach with your speech. That part is called the target audience.

Identify the kinds of visual aids available for use in speeches, and advantages of each. (For example, why would a line graph be better than a pie chart?)

Object and models - Bringing the object of your speech to class can be an excellent way to clarify your ideas and give them dramatic impact. photos and drawings - In the absence of an object or a model, you may be able to use photographs or drawings. graphs - Audiences often have trouble grasping a complex series of numbers. You can ease their difficulty by using graphs to show statistical trends and patterns. charts - are particularly useful for summarizing large blocks of information. videos - the speaker - etc. sign language, are particularly useful for summarizing large blocks of information.

Identify the major similarities and differences between public speaking and everyday conversation.

Organize your thoughts logically. Tailoring your message to the audience. Telling a story for maximum impact. Adapting to listener feedback.

Recognize the major advantages of using visual aids in a speech.

People find a speaker's message more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when it is presented visually as well as verbally. In fact, when used properly, visual aids can enhance almost every aspect of a speech. An average speaker who uses visual aids will come across as better prepared, more credible, and more professional than a dynamic speaker who does not use visual aids. Visual aids can even help you combat stage fright. They heighten audience interest, shift attention away from the speaker, and give the speaker greater confidence in the presentation as a whole.

Recognize the guidelines for preparing and presenting visual aids.

Prepare visual aids well in advance, keep visual aids simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts and colors effectively, use images strategically.

Recognize the four methods of delivering a speech.

Reading from a Manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously.

Recognize why a strong sense of ethical responsibility is vital for public speakers.

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines. Just as there are guidelines for ethical behavior in other areas of life, so there are guidelines for ethical conduct in public speaking. These guidelines will not automatically solve every ethical quandary you face as a speaker but knowing them will provide a reliable compass to help you find your way.

Identify and recognize examples of the seven elements of the speech communication process.

Speaker Message Channel - is the means by which a message is communicated Listener Feedback Interference - is anything that impedes the communicated message. Situation - is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Recognize how public speakers can use imagery and rhythm to help bring their ideas to life.

Speakers can use imagery in much the same way to make their ideas come alive. Three ways to generate imagery are by using concrete words, simile, and metaphor. Language has a rhythm created by the choice and arrangement of words. Speakers, like poets, sometimes seek to exploit the rhythm of language to enhance the impact of their words.

Recognize why speakers need to use inclusive language and identify ways they can do so.

Speakers, like poets, sometimes seek to exploit the rhythm of language to enhance the impact of their words.

Recognize the book's suggestions of how to become a better listener.

Take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgment, focus your listening, and develop note taking skills.

Recognize the eight aspects of voice usage and be able to differentiate between them.

Volume Pitch - highness or lowness of a speaker's voice. Rate - refers the speed at which a person talks Pauses - a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech vocal variety - Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. pronunciation articulation - The physical production of particular speech sounds. dialect - A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Understand what it means to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a persuasive speech.

You must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech. You cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their skepticism.

Identify the 5 steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

attention need satisfaction visualization action

Recognize the five guidelines for online speaking presented in this chapter.

control visual environment, adapt for nonverbal communication, know your technology, don't forget your audience, practice.

Identify factors that affect credibility. Differentiate between types of credibility (initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility). Recognize how you can enhance your credibility.

factors that affect - competence, character Initial credibility—the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility—the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. Terminal credibility—the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech. enhance - explain your competence establish a common ground with audience Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction

Understand the differences between global plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and incremental plagiarism.

global- is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. patchwork - occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources. incremental - It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people.

Recognize the three basic issues of need, plan, and practicality and their importance in persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

need - There is no point in arguing for a policy unless you can show a need for it plan - Once you have shown that a problem exists, you must explain your plan for solving it: practicality - Once you have presented a plan, you must show that it will work. Will it solve the problem? Or will it create new and more serious problems?

Identify the four major causes of poor listening and be able to recognize examples of each.

not concentrating - not paying attention listening to hard - can miss the speakers main point. jumping to conclusions - putting words into the speaker's mouth, prematurely rejecting a speaker's ideas as boring or misguided Focusing on delivery and personal experience - judging people by how they look, their accents, or mannerisms and lose sight of the message.

Identify four aspects of physical action that are most important to a public speaker.

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

Identify the two stages in preparing for a question-and-answer session and recognize the things a speaker should keep in mind when responding to questions during the session itself.

preparing: Formulate answers to possible questions. Practice delivery of your answers. managing: approach answers with a positive attitude listen carefully. direct answers to the entire audience. Be honest and straight forward. stay on track.

Recognize the methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

problem solution order problem-cause-solution order comparative advantages order - A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Recognize the differences between questions of fact, questions of value, and questions of policy. Be able to recognize examples of each.

qof - A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. qov - A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. ex.) "Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?" qop - A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. typically includes "should". ex.) A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Be able to recognize definitions and examples of the fallacies of reasoning such as the Red herring, ad hominem, either-or, bandwagon, and slippery slope fallacies.

red herring - A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. ad hominem - A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. either-or - A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. bandwagon - A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. slippery slope fallacies - A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Distinguish between recorded online speeches and real-time online speeches.

ros - A speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the Internet. rtos - A speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered.

Understand the five major elements of the visual environment of online speeches.

setting, lighting, framing, eye contact, personal appearance

Identify the differences between reasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle, causal reasoning, and analogical reasoning. Be able to recognize examples of each.

specific - Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. ex.) Fact 1: My physical education course last term was easy. Fact 2: My roommate's physical education course was easy. Fact 3: My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy. principle - Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. ex.) All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. casual - Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. ex.) There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You reason as follows: "Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm." analogical - Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. ex.) If you're good at tennis, you will probably be good at Ping-Pong.

Recognize the four tips for using evidence in persuasive speeches.

use specific evidence use novel evidence use evidence from credible sources make clear the point of your evidence