Public Speaking Ch. 12-15 2

List six recommendations for using examples

Find typical examples Find understandable examples Find interesting examples Introduce your example Use more than one example if you have time Avoid simply listing examples

Claims of fact cannot be disputed

FALSE

Identify and explain the four other purposes an introduction could have

1. Establish Credibility - an audience may need proof of their qualifications to speak on a subject 2. Promote Goodwill - to show you can respect one another despite the differences 3. Establish Common Ground - so you form a common bond with the audience 4. Set the Tone - prepares your audience for the message

Identify the five major purposes of an introduction

1. Get the audience's attention: a good introduction gets audience's attention immediately 2. Introduce the topic: the introduction's primary purpose is to state the topic of your speech. An audience should know what they're going to hear about, Often a speech title gives some clue. Even so, it's the speaker's responsibility to make the subject matter clear in the introduction 3. Show the importance of the topic: an introduction should make the members of the audience feel that the topic is important to them. They need to feel that they'll gain something by listening. If the audience doesn't believe that the topic has any meaning for them, they will be unlikely to listen. Even a speech to entertain must be of some importance to the audience. 4. Present the thesis: the introduction presents the thesis statement. The thesis states the purpose in a clear and concise manner. It also lets the audience know what you expect of them as listeners. 5. Forecast the major ideas: a good introduction also previews what is to come in specific terms. The forecast specifically outlines the major points of the speech, Anyone taking notes should know from the introduction how many major ideas you will cover and the order in which you will present them.

Development directly supports a claim

FALSE

Efficiency is an example of programmatic value

FALSE

Identify and explain six techniques to fulfill your purposes and give the introduction life

1. Quotation - add credibility, often someone else beautifully expressed exactly what you mean 2. Rhetorical Question - a question in which the speaker does not expect an answer, stimulates audience 3. Reference to History, Audience, or Self - establish common ground and aid credibility 4. Humor - can emphasize a message quickly 5. Startling Statement - grabs the audience's attention by shocking them or making them think 6. Incident - provide a vivid picture and quickly involve the audience

Identify and explain the six basic patterns of organizing a speech

1. Topical (logical) Order - it seems natural for one idea to precede the other 2. Chronological Order - use a time sequence as a framework 3. Spatial Order - organizes material according to physical space 4. Classification Order - put things into categories or classes 5. Problem-Solution Order - first part defines the problem, and the second part presents a solution 6. Cause-Effect Order - first part describes the cause of a problem and the second describes its effects 7. Multiple Patterns - using more than one organizational pattern

Identify and explain the six principles of outlining

1. Use Standard Subordination - the process of dividing material into more specific information 2. Have One Item per Unit of Subordination - each unit should have only one idea 3. Use Distinct Levels - make sure items do not overlap 4. Maintain Equal Value - they should relate consistently to the same category of information 5. Use Complete Sentences for Major Points Only - makes a speaker more effective 6. Prepare Separate Outlines -

Identify the three things a good conclusion should do

1. inform the audience you are about to close 2. summarize the major ideas 3. leave the audience with an idea to remember

List techniques one can use to conclude a speech

1. quotation 2. rhetorical question 3. incident 4. personal reference

Identify the three steps involved in the process of organizing the body of the speech

1. selecting an organizational pattern 2. outlining the content 3. preparing the transitions

When using presentation programs, how much information should be in each frame?

3-4 Points

What is the logical way to use support material?

A thesis is supported by claims, claims are supported by proof, and data (proof) is supported by development

What are the three functions of information that makes up a speech?

Accomplish the speech's purpose To support the thesis To maintain audience interest

Identify and explain the four types of values.

Artistic values- the way people see what is ugly, beautiful, or in good/poor taste. Moral values- what is seen as good or bad Political value- what is seen to be important to governmental structure Pragmatic values being practical or impractical

Be prepared to identify the five major purposes as found in the introduction to a student's speech about stress found on pp. 292 - 293.

Attention: asks a set of questions that are relevant to audiences lives introduced topic: answered questions importance of topic thesis and forecast: last sentence

List four suggestions for using definitions

Avoid using overused introductions: "according to Webster" Remember that there are many ways to define a term Avoid talking down to the audience Make sure the definition is clear

Identify and explain the four tests of Testimony.

Bias- when authorities are used as sources, you need to know what side they are coming from. Competence- an authority should be an expert Context- represent your idea fairly and accurately. Test for studies- when you use facts or statistics from studies you must know who conducted the studies.

List two ways you can use posters as a visual aid

By using a poster board or a large sheet of paper

Identify and explain the three types of claims.

Claims of facts- argument about something real. Proven correct or incorrect. Claims of policy- a claim about how it should be done and what Claims of value- a claim that can not be verified, but are judgements of the world

List the more commonly used methods of development

Examples, Hypothetical Examples, Illustrations (aka anecdote or narrative), Incidents, Comparison and Contrast, Description, and Definition

List five guidelines for using comparisons and contrasts

Explain why you're making a comparison or contrast Supplement with examples Maintain a clear organization so the audience doesn't get confused Use clear transitions Use gestures to enhance your explanation of the two sides of comparison and contrast

All support material can be used to prove a point

FALSE

List and explain five logical fallacies.

Hasty generalization- made on incomplete evidence Ad Hominem- arguments against the person rather than the person's arguments. Appeals to person- thinks it s true because everyone thinks it is. Appeals to tradition- when you argue against change because "it has always been this way" Begging the question- when your claim and warrant are essentially the same thing. Circular reasoning "People should support an equal rights movement because it is the right thing to do." you are trying to prove why it is the right thing to do.

List and explain the five types of reasoning.

Inductive reasoning- examining a specific example and developing a specific rule or general rule. Deductive reasoning- takes generally accepted conclusions and applies them to specific instances to demonstrate it Sign- reasoning from sign involves drawing conclusion of a state of affairs from a physical sign. Analogy- extended comparison Causal reasoning- you must explain how one causes the other

Explain each test for each type of reasoning.

Inductive reasoning- make sure you have plenty of examples, determine if examples are representative or typical, and then make sure to include the exceptions. Deductive reasoning-it must be true and does the generalization apply to the particular case. Sign- does the sign apply in all instances? Analogy- determine if the two cases involved are similar in all major aspects. Causal reasoning- distinguish between cause and effect.

Why should you keep an object or model that you are using as a visual aid out of sight before your speech begins?

It may distract the audience

List and explain the two types of analogy

Literal: compares two things that are actually alike Figurative: compares two things that are not alike

What is the key to using visual aids successfully?

Make sure they supplement the speech rather than replace it

Give an example of making an argument using a claim of fact from only one perspective, that would allow opponents to refute the claim.

Make sure you have enough support to prove your claim. Give evidence for more than one perspective

List five recommendations for using testimony

Make sure you identify your authority and, if necessary, explain why this person is an authority Avoid really long quotes, feel free to paraphrase Be careful not to misrepresent the authority by unfairly changing the words or context of the quotation Avoid quoting authorities who aren't fair Make sure the audience understands the relevance of the testimony to the point you are trying to make

List six guidelines for using statistics

Make them interesting and understandable by presenting them along with examples and illustrations Make sure the source is acceptable to your audience Keep the statistics as simple as you can Supplement statistics with visual aids such as charts and graphs whenever possible Be sure the statistics really say what you want them to say Use recent statistics

People hold a large number of values in common. What happens when the values come into conflict?

One value is judged to be more important.

What are the three instances in which testimony is useful?

When you don't have much first hand knowledge about the topic, the audience doubts your intentions, and the audience opposes your ideas

How can you avoid speaking with your back to the audience when using the chalkboard as a visual aid?

Write first, and then turn back around to talk

List four guidelines for using audiovisual equipment

Preview the audiovisual material and practice using it Be sure you know how to use the equipment Be sure the equipment is in good working condition Familiarize yourself with the room you will be using

Identify and explain the four tests of Evidence.

Relevance-the support must relate to the issue at hand Sufficiency-you need to supply a sufficient amount of evidence. Recency- the support needs to be up to date. Consistency- make your evidence consistent with all your support.

What is the something to say that makes your speech?

Support Material

Why is knowing the types of support you can use important?

Tells you where to look and what to look for and using variety to keep the audience's attention

List the three types of evidence or proof.

Testimony, Statistics, and Facts

To prove a claim, one must support it with evidence, or proof. What are the three basic forms of support and how can they be developed?

Testimony, facts, and statistics. They can be developed through the use of examples, illustrations, incidents, compare and contrast, description, and definition.

Since your thesis includes no support material, what must you explain?

The ideas, and claims behind your position

How is the time length of the speech related to support material?

The support material is the body of the speech which should be about 60-80% of the speech

What are claims of policy built around? Why?

They are built around claims of fact and value because there must be reasoning.

What are two advantages of using handouts?

They free the audience of taking notes and allow them to concentrate on your speech, also gives them something as a reminder of what you talked about

What do claims of policy suggest?

They suggest a course of action they should take or influence someone to take

Why are time limits very important?

They tell you how much support material you can use

List three recommendations for using incidents in addition to the guidelines for examples and illustrations

Treat your incident as you would tell a story by using enthusiasm Always be on the lookout for a good one to involve in the speech Watch your time limit, don't let the incident become the whole speech

List four guidelines for using description

Use clear, colorful, exact language Use a picture if it will help Use only relevant details Use a tag to tie your description back to the point you're making

List three recommendations for using illustrations in addition to the guideline for examples

Use colorful, interesting language Treat your illustrations as a word picture Include a tag, a statement that ties back to the point you're making

To find out if an audience will accept your evidence is to subject it to a test. How does one test all evidence types?

You determine if they are relevant, sufficient, recent, and consistent with other known facts.

How do the three distinct types of claims depend on the others for support?

You may support your claim with other claims that you have previously made.

Define: External transitions

connect points on different levels of an outline

Define: Internal transitions

connect two pieces of information within a section of a speech

How is organization related to purpose?

if you change the organization you can change the general purpose of the speech

How does one leave the audience with an idea to remember?

issue a challenge to the audience leaving them with a vivid picture

Define: signpost

markers of important divisions in the speech

The 3 parts of the argumentation process are

the claim, the support, and reasoning, the evidence, the logic step, the conclusion or idea the speaker wants the audience to accept, the data, and relating the support to the claim

"the reasoning step" is

the warrant or reasoning

How does one achieve the first of the three things a conclusion should do?

through transitional devices

Completely define: transitions

words, phrases, and sentences that tie the parts of your speech together

How does one summarize the major ideas of a speech?

you reinforce the major points with repetition