Public Speaking ch 9-11

The next concluding device is one that should be used primarily by speakers who are recognized as expert authorities on a given subject.

Advice

Another way you can end a speech is to

ask a rhetorical question that forces the audience to ponder an idea.

The ultimate goal of an inspiration concluding device is similar to an "appeal for action"

but the ultimate goal is more lofty or ambiguous; the goal is to stir someone's emotions in a specific manner

First, to make yourself appear competent, you can either clearly explain to your audience why you are competent about a given subject or

demonstrate your competence by showing that you have thoroughly researched a topic by including relevant references within your introduction.

When a speaker ends with a summary, he or she is simply

elongating the review of the main points. While this may not be the most exciting concluding device, it can be useful for information that was highly technical or complex or for speeches lasting longer than thirty minutes.

The fourth major function of an introduction is to

establish a connection between the speaker and the audience, and one of the most effective means of establishing a connection with your audience is to provide them with reasons why they should listen to your speech.

The first major purpose of an introduction is to

gain your audience's attention and make them interested in what you have to say.

The purpose of a conclusion that refers to the future is to

help your audience imagine the future you believe can occur.

Another way a speaker can conclude a speech powerfully is to

offer a solution to the problem discussed within a speech. For example, perhaps a speaker has been discussing the problems associated with the disappearance of art education in the United States.

A second way you can conclude a speech is by

reciting a quotation relevant to the speech topic. When using a quotation, you need to think about whether your goal is to end on a persuasive note or an informative note.

The second major function of an introduction is to

reveal the purpose of your speech to your audience

The last major function of an introduction is to preview

the main ideas that your speech will discuss. A preview establishes the direction your speech will take.

The third characteristic of credibility to establish during the introduction is

the sense of caring/goodwill. While some unethical speakers can attempt to manipulate an audience's perception that the speaker cares, ethical speakers truly do care about their audiences and have their audience's best interests in mind while speaking.

If, on the other hand, you are not actually a recognized expert on a topic, you need to demonstrate that you have done your homework to become more knowledgeable than your audience about your topic. The easiest way to demonstrate your competence is

through the use of appropriate references from leading thinkers and researchers on your topic.

The last concluding device discussed by Miller (1946) was a reference

to one's audience.

The second characteristic of credibility,

trustworthiness, is a little more complicated than competence, for it ultimately relies on audience perceptions. One way to increase the likelihood that a speaker will be perceived as trustworthy is to use reputable sources. If you're quoting Dr. John Smith, you need to explain who Dr. John Smith is so your audience will see the quotation as being more trustworthy.

When a speaker concludes by asking the audience "to do" or "to think" in a specific manner, the speaker

wants to see an actual change

As public speakers, we need to make sure that we explain to our audiences

why we are credible speakers on a given topic.

The first way that Miller found that some speakers end their speeches is

with a challenge.