Public Speaking Final

What is a marker and why use it? (11, esp. p 125 + videos)

"In conlusion..." Used to let audience that speech is coming to an ending.

What are the recommended guidelines for commemorative speeches?

#1 Connect the audience to the event - it is crucial for a commemorative speech to use language to connect the audience to the event. Examples include note the reason where everyone is together, note the significance of the event, note how you connect to the event then how the audience connects, and tell stories to highlight the event. #2 Use descriptive language - by using colorful, vivid, and ornate language. #3 Consider the audience - need to consider the expectations of the audience. Focus on the moment and values embedded within it that are being celebrated.

What did class guest McKinnon (Death by PowerPoint) warn us about PPT? (videos)

-People tend to put every word they are going say on their PowerPoint slides -Re-check the spelling -Avoid excessive bullet points, only bullet key points -Bad color schemes -Useable data -Excessive use of animation -Be careful with the chosen font

What are characteristics of commemorative speeches?

-more colorful and ornate language -higher emotional quality -special attention to audience and context -less rigid organization

What are guidelines for practicing your speech?

-practice in front or mirror -practice in front of an audience to help you deal with anxiety and for timing -record yourself and improve your organization and delivery -ask the audience for feedback Early stages: organization Middle Stages: feedback Final Stages: Refining your speech -focus on things like eye contact, making natural gestures, and using facial expressions -your body should constitute 65-75% of the total speech time -the intro and conclusion should only be about 10-15% of total speech time -for practice sessions- practice orally, provide questions to the practice audience, practice with a stopwatch, keep it simple, keep the audience in the forefront of your mind

Be able to identify the 10 types of reasoning fallacy (pp 215--18)

1. Ad Hominem- attacking the opposing persons character instead of his or her argument. 2. Ad Verecundiam- an appeal to authority. 3. Slippery Slope- relies on the belief that once a course of action is taken, other unavoidable events will inevitably occur. 4. Non Sequitur- means "not in sequence" and refers to making an unjustified move from one idea to another .5. Straw Man- happens when the speaker distorts the actual position of an opponent. 6. Hasty Generalization- refers to drawing conclusions about broad principles or categories based upon a small sample of evidence. 7. Either Or- takes place when we assume there are only two alternatives, when in actuality there are more. People sometimes use it to limit alternatives and force choices in a specific direction. 8. False Cause- assumes that one event causes another unrelated event to occur. 9. Red Herring- happens when the speaker introduces irrelevant ideas to focus attention away from the real issue. 10. Begging the Question- assuming certain facts that have not been proven.

What are the parts of an introduction? What is the purpose of each? (chptr 11 + class)

1. Attention getter- engage the audience early so they don't miss important information 2. Clearly state the relevance of your topic- why the audience should care about this topic 3. Establish your credibility- answers the question of "why am I qualified to speak about this topic?" 4. State your argument- acts as the anchor for your speech 5. Preview the points- a roadmap makes it easier for the audience to comprehend and follow the speaker 6. Transition to Body- to let the audience know you have finished introducing the topic Remember to always write the introduction last!

What are the 5 types of organizational patterns in Info Spcs? (16 esp. pp 162--64 + videos)

1. Chronological- sequences events in the order in they which occurred 2. Cause-effect- one or more causes that result in a specific event 3. Problem-solution- focusing your explanation around a problem and its solution 4. Spatial- explains material to an audience by emphasizing how things are physically related to one another in defined area or space 5. Topical- look at the particulars of the topic and find a theme for the topic in certain category

What are the patterns of org for persuasive speeches?

1. Problem-solution- has only two main points(problem and solution), but they are very detailed and explicitly connect to each other. 2. Problem-Cause 3. Comparative Advantages(multiple solutions are offerred) 4. Monroe's motivated Sequence

What are the parts of a conclusion? What is the purpose of each? (11 + videos)

1. Signal the conclusion with a marker. It lets the audience know that this is the conclusion. 2. Provide a summary- restate the thesis and review the main points. Used to remind the audience about the central argument of thesis of your speech. 3. Memorable closer- to remind the audience why they listened in the first place.

What are the different types of presentation aids? Be able to identify examples (12)

1. Traditional aids a. Models b. Charts c. Graphs d. Objects e. Photographs 2. Technological aids a. Video b. Audio c. Slideshow presentation

Be able to identify examples of the types and 4 forms of reasoning (pp 211--15)

2 Types of Reasoning: 1. Deductive Reasoning- uses specific premises to reach an unavoidable and certain conclusion.2. Inductive Reasoning- based upon probabilities rather than absolutes. Begin with particular pieces of evidence and use them to construct probable conclusions. 4 forms of Reasoning: 1. Reasoning by Cause- occurs when you claim that one occurrence creates a specific effect.2. Reasoning by Example- take a number of specific realities and arrive at an overall conclusion about them. The occurrence must be related.3. Reasoning by Analogy- occurs when we use analogies to support a claim.4. Reasoning by Sign- occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another.

Be able to identify 3 types of syllogism.

3 Types of syllogism: categorical syllogism-a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group ex. major premise- all men are mortal. minor premise- Socrates is a man. conclusion- Socrates is mortal disjunctive syllogism- a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives ex. major premise- this key will unlock either my house or my car. minor premise- the key doesn't unlock my house. conclusion- therefore, this key unlocks my car. conditional syllogism conditional syllogism- a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

What are the 2 factors that affect initial credibility the most? How much?

55% for visual. 38 %for sound. 7% actual content.

What are the aspects/components of voice? (14

A. Pronunciation: the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken B. Volume: This concern how loud your voice is C. Articulation: physically producing the sound needed to convey the word D. Pitch: Pitch is how high or low your voice sounds, along with the rise and fall of your voice. E. Rhythm: Rhythm is the pattern of movement, or cadence, of your voice F. Rate: Speed at which you speak G. Tone: The variable level of your voice H. Vocalizedpauses: occur when speakers feel the need to utter some sort of sound but do not have anything to say aka filler words

What are the types of gesture? Be able to identify examples? (14)

Gestures are the movement of your hands and arms, and they can accentuate points that you wish to emphasize. If done improperly, they can also be distracting to your audience, but when done properly/ naturally can add to your presentation. a. repeating-when gestures and facial expressions repeat the same message ex. you may call an audience member by name and then point at the person b. accenting- gestures emphasize message content through action ex. tapping on the lectern as you make strong statements c. complementing- gestures and facial expressions complement each other ex. shrugging shoulders while saying "I don't know" d. substituting-nonverbal acts can substitute for verbal statements ex. waving or smiling instead of saying "hello" e. regulating- nonverbal behaviors that regulate act as controls for the flow of the speech ex. asking questions and expecting responses before moving on

What questions can you ask to solicit useful and constructive feedback?

Have I adequately established the significance of this topic? Does my speech make you care more about the topic? Were the main points clear and organized? Were their parts of my speech that were confusing? Did I cite enough sources, and did they add to my credibility? Did I leave anything out? Are there areas in which I need to elaborate more? What can I do to improve my delivery?

What are Primacy and Recency Effects (FX)? (videos)

Herman Ebbinghaus discovered the Primacy and Recency effect around 1960. This effect happens when an individual can remember things that are at the beginning, middle, and end of a list, speech, or more. It is easier to remember these things because they are the first and or last things that catch your attention within a group of information

What are primary task roles in groups? Know what each one does.

Meeting facilitator- organizes the information and tasks during the meeting, keeps group members on track during meetings, makes sure that everyone gets to contribute during meetings Logistics coordinator - schedules meeting times and locations, sends out reminder emails Notetaker - takes notes during meetings, sends minutes to group after meetings, keeps records that the group can refer to when needed Compiler-takes all of the components prepared by individual group members and compiles those components Into an initial draft of the group presentation

What is plagiarism? When and how should you cite? (8 + videos + Integrity Policy)

Plagiarism- taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own. When you deliver a speech, you must note where the work came from by mentioning the author or publication in which you found the information. Ideally, you verbal citation should include: 1. Name of the publication 2. Date the source was published 3. Author of the work 4. Credentials of the source

What are the differences between preparation & delivery (speaking) outlines?

Preparation outline is a tool that facilitates such changes in a smooth fashion by visually illustrating information you collected and the arguments you wish to make. - Speaking outline is a truncated form of the preparation outline and does not have full sentences, unless you are citing a direct quotation from a source. - If you speak from a preparation outline, it becomes a manuscript speech, and you are less likely to adapt to audience feedback. - Speaking from a preparation outline encourages reading to, and not conversing with, the audience, thus resulting in the perception that you are reading an essay instead of delivering a speech. - You are more likely to stare at the outline, thus dramatically reducing eye contact with the audience.

What are 3 types of persuasive speeches?—define

Questions of Fact: when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts. Questions of Value: a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea, action, or issue. Questions of Policy: when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken.

What wisdom does Will Smith as Hitch provide about informing an audience? (videos)

Tell' em what you are gonna tell'em, tell'em, tell'em what you told'em

What is credibility?

The ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others, is an incredibly fluid concept. Initial credibility - credibility you have with the audience before you begin your speech. Derived credibility - the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation. It is important because it helps you win over members of the audience who may be skeptical of your position, in some cases, even opposed to it. Terminal credibility - once the speech concludes you will have a new level of credibility on the subject and with the audience. The level of trustworthiness is known as this. This level is the initial credibility you walked in with plus the credibility you derived during your remarks. Factors that may affect your credibility - your perceived level of preparation - your delivery - the organization of your point - the quality of your evidence and information - the way you speak to the audience, regardless of whether they agree with you

What are the characteristics of language? What is meant by each?

a. Arbitrary: symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things ex: "For example, the word "textbook" has no real relationship with the physical or electronic manifestation it represents; it only has the meaning and relationship that we assign to it in everyday usage. We assign meaning by using language to create labels for things, but those labels have no inherent tie to the objects they represent. This arbitrary nature of language helps explain how different cultures different words can have representing the same thing. " b. Ambiguous: language that does not have precise, exact meanings Ex: "Take the word "viral," for instance. In one context viral could mean a virus, or illness, that someone may contract. In another it could mean an internet video that became immensely popular in a short period of time. Other words that exhibit this type of flexibility include "cool," "hot," "chill," and even "love." c. Abstract: words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations ex: "For example, "animal" is more abstract than "dog," which is more abstract than "Golden Retriever." The more precise the language, the less chance for misunderstandings to occur. This shows how language can be more concrete or more abstract, depending on the labels you choose to use." d. Hierarchical: language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower Ex: "Think of how college is structured. You begin as a freshman, then move up to sophomore status, after which you grow into a junior, until finally you enter your senior year. This is framed as a progression upward, but there is no physical direction there except that which we provide through language. The structure creates new levels with higher value above the older ones, creating an artificial hierarchy. We do the same with main points in a speech by ordering them from least important or powerful to most important or powerful. In fact, outlining is itself an exercise in creating a hierarchy."

What (define) are the 4 types of delivery? What are delivery components?

a. Memorized Speeches: when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers with no notes in front of him/her b. Manuscript Speeches: When a speaker has an entire speech written out word for word in front of him/her as he/she speaks c. Impromptu Speeches: A presentation done with little or no preparation d.Extemporaneous Speeches: A speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech in front of the speaker Components... Verbal Delivery: Elements of speaking that deal with voice Physical Delivery: Elements of speaking that deal with the body. It may function by repeating yourself, complementing, substituting, regulating, and accenting. Includes apparel, posture, facila expresssions, eye contact, and gestures.

Be able to recognize examples of parallelism

a. Parallelism: Similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech b. Repetition: Repeating words and phrases c. Alliteration: Repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words Ex: " "Bitter batter befuddles the brain." d. Antithesis: When two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country."

What are the types of group presentations? Define each.

bookend group presentation- a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the introduction and conclusion for the group panel group presentation- a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or a subset of a topic

What are the types of leaders? Know definitions of each type.

coercive leader- the type of leader who tells others what to do and expects it to be done authoritative leader- the type of leader who provides a team with a vision and mobilizes people to work toward that vision affiliative leader- the type of leader who is flexible, encouraging, and focuses on building relationships and trust among team members democratic leader- the type of leader who solicits ideas from team members and makes decisions through collaboration pacesetting leader- the type of leader who is driven, sets high standards and expectations for performance, and sets an example by achieving those high standards coaching leader- the type of leader who focuses on helping individual team members develop and grow through training and constant feedback

What guidelines can you follow to improve your use of computer based presentation aids?

o Practice with your slides, and refer to your slides when discussing them. o Show diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, photographs, and other visual elements that complement your message. o Choose large (at least 28-point), nonserif fonts that are easy for your audience to read. o Include blank slides in your presentation when you are not directly incorporating a slide. o Choose visually appealing color schemes, and use a high level of contrast between your background and text. o Use simple animations that make images and text appear at the moment you begin to talk about them in your speech. o Have a backup plan in case the technology fails, and test your presentation before you begin your speech. DON'TS: o Don't use your slides as note cards, as an outline, or depend on your slides too much. o Don't fill your slides with excessive text, the outline of your speech, or entire paragraphs of writing. o Don't use small, serif, or script fonts that are difficult for your audience to read. o Don't use filler slides with distracting images, animations, or anything else that takes away from your message. o Don't use colors that clash, have low contrast between the background and text, or choose colors that are commonly confused by those who are color-blind. o Don't use animations that introduce excessive movement, take too much time, or distract from your message. o Don't rely on extended videos or audio clips to fill time in your speech.

What Dr. Paul suggest are some common problems with visual aids? Why should you never hand out materials BEFORE you speak? (videos)

o Talking to the visual instead of the audience o Turning your back on the audience o Visuals too small o Poor location of visual(s) o Passing out hand-outs too early o Displaying aid before/after use o Not explaining aid or information used o Not practicing with aid o Using Chalkboard Never hand out materials before you speak because the audience will not pay attention to you but to the handout. Wait until the end of your speech.

Define transition and signposts (11

transition- connective statement that signals you are finished with one point and moving on to another signposts- key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another