Public Speaking Final Exam
During Jeremy's persuasive speech, most of the class listened carefully while two students were distracted with texting on their phones. Their actions most obviously violated which principle of ethical listening?
Attentive posture
_____ are words or symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results.
Boolean Operators
Using words precisely and simply is an example of which of the six C's of oral language?
Clarity
What is another word for the emotional, intensity, or vividness of language
Color
This type of plagiarism is the most obvious and occurs when the speaker presents a speech that is not his or her own work?
Global plagiarism
Which of the following is NOT a library resource useful for doing speech research?
Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty are _______________.
Hedges
What is the primary value of personal knowledge?
It adds credibility and authenticity to presentations.
When doing online research for an academic assignment, which search engine should you always check first to find the most credible sources?
Library databases
Because it follows the process of human thinking, _____ is particularly useful for organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.
Monroe's motivated sequence
Proof by _____ is especially useful for moving audiences to action.
Pathos
The phrase "lady liberty" best reflects what language used in the text?
Personification
A speech encouraging students to recycle would most likely follow what persuasive speech design?
Problem-solution
Choose the most appropriate propositional type for the following speech topic: "To persuade my audience that Walmart hurts/helps small towns and businesses."
Proposition of Fact
Choose the most appropriate propositional type for the following speech topic: "To persuade my audience that stricter laws should be passed for elderly drivers."
Proposition of Policy
Choose the most appropriate propositional type for the following speech topic: "To persuade my audience that hunting is cruel treatment of animals."
Proposition of Value
In her speech about classical ballet, Sarah mentioned, but did not explain, the terms entrechat and arabesque. Since most of her listeners were unfamiliar with ballet, what error did Sarah make in her use of language?
She did not use language appropriate for the audience.
Which of the following is NOT a tip the textbook gives for using visual aids correctly in the speech?
Show your visual aids throughout the speech; they should always be visible for the audience to understand effectively.
What kind of speech would you present to persuade listeners that Ostwald assassinated President Kennedy?
Speech addressing disputed facts
The use of action words, physical or visual movement, or faster rate of speech to draw the audience's attention is called _____
activity
A persuasive speech which seeks to change or motivate particular behaviors is called a speech to ______.
actuate
The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? The mayor's plan to turn the rundown section of the city into a park will never work. Don't forget that she was involved in a scandal last year.
ad hominem
Elisha is giving a speech about campus activities and has brought a petition for his listeners to sign. When should he circulate the petition?
after he has finished speaking
Nonverbal communication is based on a speaker's.
all of the above
"The flickering light of the fire reveals the fearful faces of the campers" is an example of _____.
alliteration
Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore exemplifies what type of speech?
alliteration
Micheal Jordan was the greatest basketball player of all time best reflects what?
an opinion
"We must put an end to war - or war will put an end to us" is an example of _____.
antithesis
A rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point is called a/an __________________.
antithesis
Saying "dunno" instead of "don't know" is an error in....
articulation
The act of producing clear, precise and distinct speech
articulation
The act of producing clear, precise and distinct speech is called __________.
articulation
Which of the following should NOT be a consideration when evaluating information from the Internet?
author's birthday
According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Everyone runs red lights when they are in a hurry, so there's no reason I shouldn't do it, too.
bandwagon
An individual's predisposition toward a particular viewpoint is referred to as _______.
bias
What is objective information free from?
bias
The _______ is the longest and most important part of the speech.
body
According to your textbook, what kind of supporting materials are used in the following speech excerpt: Not all Hollywood marriages are doomed to quick failure. Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson have been together for 23 years, as have Kevin Bacon and Kyra Sedgwick. Denzel and Pauletta Washington have been married for 28 years, and Billy and Janice Crystal have been married for 41 years.
brief example
What would be the best design of speech on the three types of bosses?
categorical
Errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for his/her argument are called ______.
fallacies
After selecting a topic, what is the next step of speech preparation?
formulating a purpose statement
_______ is the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions of which a persons perception and thinking seem to occur?
frame of reference
Josh began the introduction of his informative speech with these words: "How many of you just can't wait until spring break? How many of you plan to hit the road about a minute after your last class lets out? How many of you are looking forward to having a great time?" Which objective of a speech introduction were these words designed to fulfill?
gain the attention of the audience
A ______ audience is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.
hostile
Ontology
how we see the nature of reality or what we see as true or false
__________ is the connection that is fostered between the speaker and his/her audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.
identification
Variations, turns and slides in pitch to achieve meaning is ______________.
inflection
A speech with the primary purpose of providing the audience with information that they did not already know or teaching them more about a topic with which they are already familiar is called a _________ speech.
informative
When the expected order of words in a sentence or a phrase are reversed, to make the statement more memorable what is the speaker using?
inversion
______ refers to technical language related to a specific field that may be incomprehensible to most listeners.
jargon
Which source of testimony would be the best choice for illustrating the real-life consequences of issues?
lay
If you wanted to compare the changes over the last 10 years in the number of people who get their news from newspapers and the number of people who get their news from the Internet, the best kind of visual aid would probably be a...
line graph.
Argumentative persuasion relies most heavily on which form of proof?
logos
What form of proof is invoked when you cite your own expert credentials?
logos
_______ bypasses the ethical burden or persuasive justification by over-relying on impulse and baseless appeals.
manipulative persuasion
My teacher was a gardener nurturing seeds of knowledge" is an example of _____.
metaphor
When Martin Luther King Jr. likened the civil rights struggle to cash a check at the Bank of American Justice, he was engaging what feature of effective language use?
metaphor
Which description is the most concrete?
my small gray Persian cat
Concern by a listener about an upcoming job interview, the lack of air conditioning, or a toothache are all examples of ______ in the communication process
noise
In design, this term refers to excess information on a slide or image or a cluttered image without sufficient white space.
noise
What, according to your textbook, is the term for anything that interferes with the transmission of a message?
noise
What fallacy has been employed when speakers make persuasive claims that simply do not follow their reasoning and evidence?
non sequrin
Thesis Statement
one sentence that succinctly lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker hopes
As your textbook explains, visual aids are most effective when they are displayed
only while the speaker is discussing them.
What do we call a word that imitates or represents the sensation of noice, sense, smell, or touch?
onomatopoeia
Ethical communication is an exchange of responsible and trustworthy messages determined by ___________________.
our moral principles.
According to your textbook, _________ plagiarism occurs when a speaker copies word for word from two or three sources.
patchwork
_____ refers to the use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience.
pathos
The opinions of ordinary people who have firsthand experience or insight on a topic are referred to as _______ testimony.
peer
No matter the speech topic or audience, which type of visual aid requires your consideration in every speech?
personal appearance
An appeal to action is most appropriate in the conclusion of a(n) ______ speech.
persuasive
Of all the kinds of speechmaking, _____ speaking is the most complex and challenging.
persuasive
As Benita approached the podium, loud voices from the hallway filled the room. Before beginning her speech, she asked someone in the back of the room to close the door. In this case, Benita was dealing with....
physical noise
The act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own is called ______.
plagiarism
Which form of testimony is most associated with quoting historic heroes and legendary sport figures?
prestige
Which of the following is a major objective of a speech introduction?
preview and structure the speech
According to your textbook, the following passage from a speech introduction is an example of a(n) __________ . "In order for you to understand why the mariachi are significant to Hispanic culture, I will give you a brief overview of the history of the mariachi, their style of dress, and the ways they are used in entertainment today."
preview statement
The two most important aspects in ethical communication include your ability to remain honest while avoiding plagiarism and ________________.
to set and meet responsible speech goals.
What do effective speakers use to demonstrate to their listeners that they are through with one point and are moving on the next?
transitions
Responsible knowledge of a topic includes all of the following except
understanding how your topic relates to the status quo
To give statistics greater impact, a speaker should...
use statistics sparingly
Mark said "um" or "uh" every time he got to a new PowerPoint slide in his informative speech. His instructor told him to reduce the number of ______ in his next speech.
verbal fillers
Novelty may be defined as _______, and is useful for keeping the audience engaged in your speech.
very recent or unusual supporting ideas
Axiology
what we see as right or wrong, good or bad, or fair and unfair
Which of the following is the most general and abstract?
writing
The thesis statement for a speech should be
written as a complete sentence.
"Improving personal relationships" is a poorly phrased specific purpose for a speech because it is
written as a fragment rather than a full infinitive phrase.
If you were giving a speech about how to execute basic karate moves, the best kind of visual aid to use would probably be...
yourself.
Good speech delivery...
sounds conversational even though it has been rehearsed.
Using expert testimony is an excellent way to lend _______ to your speeches.
credibility
According to your textbook, ______ is one sentence or statement that specifically and accurately lets the audience what the speech we will about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech.
Thesis statement
Which of the following is not true of visual aids?
Visuals may be complicated as long as they look professional
Sarah prepared beautiful photographs in PowerPoint to illustrate various parts of her speech about the Milky Way. When Sarah finished explaining each photograph, she left it on the screen for her audience to study until time for the next slide. Did Sarah make any mistakes in her use of visual aids?
Yes. She should have displayed blank slides between the photographs.
Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?
a union representative urging management to avoid a strike by raising wages
Here are the main points for an informative speech about the history of chocolate: I. Chocolate was originally used in Mexico as a drink by the Aztecs. II. Chocolate was introduced to Europe after the Spanish conquered the Aztecs. III. Chocolate was first made into candy during the 1800s. IV. Chocolate's popularity and uses continue to expand today. These main points are arranged in _________ order.
chronological
What be the best design for how to build a deck?
chronological or sequential
What do we call the psychological discomfort felt when a person is presented with two competing ideas or pieces of evidence?
cognitive dissonance
Colors that are on opposite sides of the color wheel, such as red and green, are referred to as _________.
complementary colors.
State-anxiety
derived from the external situation within which individuals find themselves
A _________ informative speech provides a detailed, vivid word picture of a person, animal, place or object. Audiences should carry away in their minds a clear vision of the subject.
descriptive
The accent, inflection, intonation and sound quality of a speaker's voice is called ______.
diction or enunciation
This persuasive speech design consists of a claim and a list of reasons to support it:
direct method
The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? You can either double the size of the police department or let criminals roam the streets.
either-or
Another word for speaker credibility is _____.
ethos
What form of information is especially effective for arousing audience emotions?
examples
What sources of testimony are qualified by training and experience
expert
For this type of speech delivery, the speaker practices enough delivering the speech using a keyword outline
extemporaneous
The _______ speaker uses only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline to prompt the memory during a presentation.
extemporaneous
When a persuasive speech explores the truth of falsity of a statement, it is known as a question of ____.
fact
The three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches are questions of...
fact, value, and policy.
The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. Bacterial meningitis is a deadly disease that can spread easily on college campuses. II. Every college student should be required to get vaccinated against bacterial meningitis.
problem-solution
What would be the best speech design for persuading your audience to support a campus crusade against crime?
problem-solution
Saying "pitcher" instead of "picture" in a speech referring to photos of the planet Mars is an error in...
pronunciation?
The burden of _______ always rests with the persuasive speaker who advocates change.
proof
To evaluate sources and narrow the support you use for a speech topic, your textbook says you should always evaluate each source based "on ______ and credibility."
quality
What is the most important concern when choosing fonts to use for text on slides?
readability
Persuasion may be defined as "the art of convincing others to give favorable attention to our point of view." It is propelled by which of the following:
reasoned arguments
This type of fallacy introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention away from the real subject being discussed.
red herring
What type of fallacy occurs when we change the subject to simply change the subject at hand?
red herring
This speech engaging opposing views will most likely follow which persuasive speech design?
refutative
What highly effective form of information invokes the words of respected authority citing or speaking against their own apparent interest.
reluctant testimony
The following statement is an example of _____. This was the moment when we began to provide care for the sick and good jobs to the jobless; this was the moment when the rise of the oceans began to slow and our planet began to heal; this was the moment when we ended a war and secured our nation.
repetition
The _____ step of Monroe's motivated sequence outlines your solutions to the problems you have previously outlined and deals with any objections that may arise.
satisfaction
Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another using the word "like" or "as" to make the comparison are called __________.
simile
What is the statement, "she is stuck to him glue" an example of?
simile
A type of language that most people understand but that is not considered acceptable in formal or polite conversation is called _____________.
slang
Which fallacy is exemplified by the following statement? If we approve a construction permit for this home, the next thing you know other people will want to build in our valley. Then they will pave new roads and put in gas stations and other businesses. Before you know it, all of our beautiful land will be turned into a parking lot for a giant shopping mall.
slippery slope
If you hoped to convey to your audience the excitement of steering a kayak through a river rapids, you should probably...
speak at a faster rate.
What kind of fallacy are we guilty of when we misstate opposing views in a manner that makes them easier to discredit?
straw man
Susan wanted to convince the technology department at her company to adopt a new database system. Some staff members supported the change, a few were opposed, and most were undecided. Susan realized that the undecided group was her _____, so she focused most of her effort on them.
target audience
The rate, pace, or rhythm of speech is called _____.
tempo
Argumentative persuasion it uses
the responsible use of evidence and proofs
Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for ethical speechmaking?
Understand the difference between paraphrasing and direct quotations
Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with stage fright?
Visualize yourself giving a successful speech.
Which of the following is NOT true of visual aids?
Visuals may be complicated as long as they look professional.
Which question below is NOT a factor to consider when determining if the use of content falls under the fair use provision?
What is the publication date?
We analyze our audience because we want to discover information that will help create ________________________.
a bond between the speaker and the audience.
Values
a guiding belief that regulates attitudes.
Attitudes
a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, and idea, or an event.
When the main points of your speech follow a time pattern, they are organized in
chronological order.
If you are presenting a speech in the last class on the day before Thanksgiving break, would what be your greatest challenge as a speaker?
keeping the audience interested in your presentation
Corey plans to give a speech to his classmates about the principles of physics behind the design of hybrid automobiles. The most important factor for him to consider when analyzing his audience is probably its....
knowledge of the topic.
According to your textbook, which of the following is category of multicultural audience analysis?
language
The act of hearing is what our body does physically; making sense of those sounds waves is called _________.
listening
Which of the following is NOT listed as a general purpose for speaking in public
to reinforce
If the following transitional statement was used before the third main point of an informative speech about charter schools, the speech would most likely be organized in __________ order. "Now that we have looked at the origins and the philosophy of charter schools, let's look at what they are accomplishing."
topical
Trait-anxiety
anxiety that is aligned with, or a manifestation of, an individual's personality
According to your textbook, which of the following is a category of psychological audience analysis?
attitudes
As Amanda analyzed the audience for her speech about organic foods, she focused on such things as gender, age, and cultural background. In doing so, she was engaging in _________ audience analysis.
demographic
Which of the following is NOT part of the prep work, or beginning stages, of laying a good foundation for your speech?
developing supportive for your main ideas
Which of the following is NOT a category of audience analysis described in your textbook?
educational analysis
The two concerns most cited as fears for students in the speech classroom include which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
the feeling of being the center of attention the feeling that the audience is waiting for you to make a mistake
Credibility Statement
the speakers believability........what the speaker knows about the topic
Epistemology
the way we acquire knowledge and/or what counts as knowledge
Cosmology
the way we see our relationship to the universe and to other people.
_________ is the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions or of evaluative criteria within which a person's perception and thinking seem always to occur.
Frame of reference
Which visual aid would be most appropriate for showing an audience how to distinguish between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes?
PowerPoint slides with photos
Scrutiny fear
Anxiety resulting from being in a situation where one is being watched or observed, or where one perceives themselves as being watched.
What do you call the psychological discomfort felt when a person is presented with two competing ideas or pieces of evidence
Cognitive dissonance
Aristotle claimed that a person who had ethos, or speaker _________, was not only able to convey good sense and good will, but also good morals.
Credibility
________ is the audience's perception of whether the speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
Credibility
_______ can be defined as the most recent statistical characteristics of a population.
Demographics
__________ refers to the process of taking an idea or mental image, associating that image with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey a message.
Encoding
The following passage from a speech introduction is an example of _____. After attending a seminar on currency security, I became fascinated by the technology developed by the Treasury Department to prevent the counterfeiting of paper money. I learned more about the subject by reading information from the Treasury Department, as well as by interviewing Donna Marshall, a security expert at Bank of America.
Gaining goodwill of the audience by establishing credibility
Which of the following requires a citation in your speech? Select all that apply.
I don't know
Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement for a classroom speech: "To inform my audience about the solar system."
It is too general
__________ refers to the words, nonverbal behavior, and other signals that are transmitted from one person to another.
Message
A speaker should always limit the amount of text on a slide. What is meant by the "5x5 rule"?
No more than FIVE lines of text and FIVE words per line one each slide
Which of the following is NOT a function of an effective conclusion?
Preview the main ideas.
Ryan located three excellent sources for his persuasive speech. He copied long sections from each source word for word, strung them together with a few transitions, and mentioned the sources of his information in passing. Which of the following statements best describes Ryan's situation?
Ryan is guilty of patchwork plagiarism.
Heather was in the midst of an excellent speech on campus history when she made a minor mistake by giving the wrong date for the opening of a campus building. She suddenly stopped speaking and said, "Oh, I messed up." She then finished her speech, but all she could think about afterward was her mistake. What is the major piece of advice that Heather needs to be reminded about?
There is no such thing as a perfect speech.
According to your textbook, _____ is one sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech. It is a one-sentence encapsulation of the main points or central idea.
Thesis statement
Signal of Completion
a short phrase that lets the audience know you are about to wrap up the presentation
Preview Statement
a statement that lets the audience know how you will develop the speech
When you experience communication apprehension, your body is producing extra _________, a hormone that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
adrenaline
Which of the following is out of place in a speech to inform?
advocating
If you were giving a persuasive speech on Medicare to members of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), the most important factor to consider when analyzing your audience would probably be the...
age of the audience.
According to your textbook, public speaking skills are critical for which of the following?
all of the above
Visual aides are often helpful to a speaker because they can....
all of the above.
From the answers below, select the one that is NOT listed in your textbook as a responsible speech goal.
be a good listener
Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points? I. Caused by the bite of infected mosquitoes, West Nile virus has spread throughout the United States. II. The effects of West Nile virus include flu-like symptoms, convulsions, swelling of the brain, and, in some cases, death.
causal
The 1960 Presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy is a great example of how _________ (defined as the means through which a message travels) impacts communication
channel
The term __________ refers to all of the people in the communication interaction or speech setting.
communicator
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the internal process of cognitive restructuring?
compose a list of your specific fears
Which of the following strategies is least likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?
concentrating on your anxiety
Which of the following suggestions does your textbook offer for preparing the introduction of a speech?
construct the introduction last
The term __________ refers to the norms that govern communication in different situations and relationships.
context
Fans of sports are ______ about their favorite teams. According to the textbook, this term means that you are prepared to discuss an issue intelligently.
conversant
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the elements of the communication process?
environment
Speechmaking is a form of power and therefore carries with it heavy _________ responsibilities.
ethical
"To persuade my audience that continuing to spend money on the space program is like throwing good money after bad" is a poorly phrased specific purpose statement for a speech because it is
expressed in figurative language.
According to your textbook, _________ plagiarism occurs when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited.
incremental
Your textbook defines _________ as the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.
inference
When the general purpose of your speech is to _________, you act primarily as teacher or lecturer.
inform
Praxeology
our preferred method of completing everyday tasks or our approach to solving problems
The _____ outline is a full-sentence outline that is used during the planning stages to flesh out ideas, arrange main points, and to rehearse the speech.
preparation outline
According to your textbook, the last part of a speech introduction usually...
previews and structures the speech.
Beliefs
principles or assumptions about the universe
A soccer player herself, Jenine is very concerned about the growing number of serious injuries at all levels of the sport. When the time came for her persuasive speech, she presented a speech with the following main points: I. In the past ten years serious soccer injuries have risen dramatically among players of all ages and skill levels. II. The best way to control this problem is through changes in rules and training. Jenine's main points were arranged in __________ order.
problem-solution
Which speech organizational style would be best for a speech with this specific purpose statement: To persuade my audience to participate in the Operation Christmas Child charity project
problem-solution
According to your textbook, "words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points" are called ______.
signposts
Here are the main points for an informative speech about the anatomy of the human ear: I. The outer ear includes the ear flap and the ear canal. II. The middle ear includes the eardrum and three tiny, interconnected bones. III. The inner ear includes the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the auditory nerve. These main points are arranged in __________ order.
spatial
This type of outline uses words or short phrases to represent the components of a speech and is only used during the speech delivery. It's purpose is to help the speaker maintain effective eye contact and delivery skills.
speaking outline
"To inform my audience about the three basic steps in preventive medicine" is an example of a
specific purpose statement.
According to your textbook, global plagiarism occurs when a person..
takes a speech entirely from one source and passes it off as his or her own
Which speech organizational style would be best for a speech with this specific purpose statement: To inform my audience about the four major elements necessary for rope climbing
topical
The __________ model of communication views communication as an ongoing, circular process.
transactional
According to your text, ________ refers to "phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but-connected idea to another." These phrases are the "glue" that hold a speech together and help move the audience smoothly through the presentation.
transitional statements
An _____________ presentation is a speech when you are completely unaware of your audience's characteristics.
unacquainted-audience
Athletes and performers are often coached to mentally picture themselves performing correctly. This process of _________ _________ can also be helpful for speakers.
visualizing success