Public Speaking Midterm

What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

1. A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. 2. It helps the audience listen effectively and provides a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.

What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. Be a full infinitive phrase 2. Be worded as a statement, not a question 3. Avoid figurative language 4. Concentrate on one distinct idea 5. Not be vague or general

What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

1. Crescendo ending- a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity 2. Dissolve ending- a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

What guidelines are given in the chapter for presenting visual aids?

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them. 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience. 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them. 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5. Talk to your audience not to powerpoint. 6. Practice with your visual aids. 7. Check the room and equipment.

What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

1. Ethics- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs 2. A strong sense of ethical responsibility is important because public speaking is power.

What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?

1. Ethnocentrism- the belief that one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures 2. Keep in mind all people have their special beliefs and customs

What factors should you consider when planning to use powerpoint in a speech?

1. Figure out when it will be used for your greatest advantage. 2. Don't use as a crutch 3. Bad pictures/videos can hurt 4. Don't forget about the audience

What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

1. Get the attention and interest of the audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

What is the difference between global and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

1. Global plagiarism- stealing speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own Patchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own 2. The best way to avoid these is by not putting off your speech until the last minute.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

1. Incremental plagiarism- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people 2. Ways to prevent: A) Distinguish notes from direct quotes, paraphrased material, and your own comments. B) When in doubt, cite your source.

What are six tips for your introduction?

1. Keep it brief 2. Look for possible introductory materials while you research 3. Be creative 4. Don't worry about the exact wording until you finished preparing the body of the speech 5. Work out the introduction in detail 6. When presenting, don't start talking too soon

What are three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

1. Listen courteously and attentively 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Support the free and open expressions of ideas

What are four tips for your conclusion?

1. Look for possible concluding materials as you research and develop your speech 2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. Don't be long-winded 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

What are five guidelines for ethical speech making discussed in this chapter?

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5. Put ethical principles into practice at all times

What are the four main causes of poor listening?

1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on the delivery and personal appearance

What kind of visual aids might you use in a speech?

1. Objects and Models 2. Photographs and Drawings 3. Graphs 4. Charts 5. Video 6. You the Speaker 7. Powerpoint

How is public speaking similar to everyday conversations? (4)

1. Organizing your thoughts logically 2. Tailoring your message to your audience 3. Telling a story for maximum impact 4. Adapting to listener feedback

What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

1. Personal inventory 2. Clustering 3. Internet search

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

1. Prepare visual aids well in advance 2. Keep visual aids simple 3. Make sure large enough 4. Use limited text 5. Use fonts effectively 6. Use color effectively 7. Use images strategically

How is public speaking different from everyday conversations?

1. Public speaking is more highly structured 2. Public speaking requires more formal language 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

1. Relate the topic to the audience 2. State the importance of your topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the audience 6. Begin with a quotation 7. Tell a story

What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2. Should not be in the form of a question 3. Should avoid figurative language 4. Should not be vague or overly general

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

1. Signal the end of the speech 2. Reinforce the central idea 3. Strong final statement

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

1. Speaker- person who is presenting an oral message to a listener 2. Message- whatever a speaker communicates to someone else 3. Channel- the means by which a message is communicated 4. Listener- the person who receives the speaker's message 5. Feedback- the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker 6. Interference- anything that impedes the communication of a message 7. Situation- the time and place in which speech communication occurs

What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer to the introduction

What are seven ways to become a better listener?

1. Take listening seriously 2. Be an active listener 3. Resist distractions 4. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery 5. Suspend judgement 6. Focus on your listening 7. Develop note-taking skills

What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

1. To inform- You act like a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. 2. To persuade- You act like an advocate or partisan. Your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view.

What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?

A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan a speech. The eight guidelines are that the preparation outline should include the speaker's specific purpose statement, include the central idea, clearly label the introduction, body, and conclusion, have a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation, state the main points and sub points in complete sentences, label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews, include a bibliography, and may also include a title for the speech.

What is a speaking outline? What are the four guidelines for your speaking outline?

A speaking outline is a brief outline used to deliver a speech. Follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline, make the outline plainly legible, make the outline as brief as possible, include cues for delivering the speech.

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overaly techinical?

A speech may be too technical because the subject is too specalized or because of the speakers use of jargon or abscure language.

What are three tips for preparing your main points?

A. Keep main points separate and distinct. B. Use parallel wording in your main points. C. Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.

How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speech?

A. Most speeches will contain 2-5 main points. 3 main points is considered normal. B. You do not have time in classroom speeches to develop more than five points, and the audience will have trouble sorting them out.

What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in the speech?

A. Transitions, Internal Previews, Internal Summaries, and Sign Posts. B. Transitions signal that the speaker has ended one thought and moved on to another. Internal Previews are used to let the audience know what point will be covered next. Internal Summaries are used to summarize the preceding point, and Sign Posts are used to indicate where a speaker is at in a speech, or to bring attention to a key idea.

Why is it important to outline your speeches?

An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance, judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and helps create a coherent structure for the speech.

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?

Central idea- a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech Specific purpose- a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is the most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

Chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, and topical. All are appropriate for informative speeches. Problem-solution is most appropriate for persuasive speeches. Topical is used most often.

What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

Description, Comparison, and Contrast.

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain Listening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?

Improving your listening skills can be helpful in every part of your life, including speech making.

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?

In most cases, the audience willl only be vaguely knowledgeable about the topic and the speaker cannot assume the audience will know what he or she means. To make sure ideans don't pass over the heads of the listeners, explain ideas thoroughly and clearly and consider whether the speech will be clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time.

Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

It keeps the audience at the center of your attention as you prepare your speech.

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

It tells the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?

It's a single infinitive phrase that indicates exactly what you want to accomplish in your speech.

Why is it normal--even desirable--to be nervous at the start of a speech?

Nervousness can help energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

Public speaking is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that matter in society.

Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

Research shows that well-organized speeches are easier for listeners to comprehend and that listeners find speakers who give well-organized speeches more competent and trustworthy.

What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

Speakers can personlize their ideas by putting them in human terms.

What are the four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type.

Speeches about objects, to inform my audience about the medical use of 3D printers. Speeches about processes, to inform my audience how to write an effective job resume. Speeches about events, to inform my audience about the experience of being a university cheerleader. Speeches about concepts, to inform my audience about the basic principles of nonviolent resistance.

What are the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

Supporting materials must be well organized because misplaced supporting materials are confusing to listeners, and details and evidence need to be directly relevant to the main points they support.

What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?

Visual aids bring the speech more interest, making the message easy to retain. Visual aids can enhance almost every aspect of a speech. Look better prepared, more credible, more professional.

How is listening connected with critical thinking?

When you're trying to engage in critical listening, your mind and your ears are involved. When your mind isn't involved, you're most likely hearing, not listening.

How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

You can control your nervousness by acquiring speaking experience, preparing, thinking positively, using the power of visualization, know that most nervousness is not visible, and don't expect perfection.

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

You should tie it in with their interest and concerns. Find ways to talk about your topic in terms of your listeners and use personal terms such as "you" and "your".

Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

keep in mind that a good informative speech is not an oral encyclopedia article.