Public Speaking Quiz 1 - Rutgers 2019

Introduction should include

(1) Attention-getter (2) Thesis (3) Relevance of topic for audience - (What's in it for them?) (4) Speaker's credibility (5) Preview of main points

conclusion should include

(1) Summary of main points (2) Clincher

speaking outline

- a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech - used to facilitate extemporaneous delivery

decode

-To interpret the meaning of the verbal and nonverbal symbols other people express. -For example, deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness.

worldview

-the "lens" through which a person sees and interprets reality; -worldview influences how listeners respond to a speaker's message.

transaction

A communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send and receive messages. For example, a man yawning in your audience is both a receiver of your message and a sender of his own message.

rhetorical question

A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer

impromptu delivery

A speaker delivers a speech with little or no planning or preparation

outlining

Arranging ideas in a logical sequence, and writing out that sequence in a standardized form

ethical audience

Include courtesy, open-mindedness, and a willingness to hold a speaker accountable for his or her statements

common knowledge

Information that is readily available from a number of sources, or so well-known that its sources do not have to be cited.

audience analysis

Learning about an audience's interests and backgrounds in order to create a speech that meets their needs.

classical canons of rhetoric

The five concepts that effective speakers must attend to while preparing a speech, according to Cicero. These concepts are (1) invention, (2) arrangement, (3) style, (4) memory, (5) delivery.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. Supporting materials include examples, definitions, analogies, statistics, and testimony.

channel

The medium through which the message is sent. For example - (1) use voice in a small group, (2) use microphone or broadcast airwaves to speak to a huge crowd, (3) podcast a speech, etc.

feedback

The receiver's response to a message

word choice (diction)

The selection of language for a speech that considers the audience, occasion, and nature of one's message.

summary

a brief statement or account of the main points

clincher

a closing sentence that leaves your audience with a vivid memory of your speech

shared meaning

a common understanding with little confusion and few misinterpretations

script

a document containing the entire text of your speech

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

ethics

a group's shared beliefs about what behaviors are correct or incorrect

list of works cited

a list of the sources you cited in your speech

chronological pattern

a pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence

spatial pattern

a pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects or places

source

a person with an idea to express

rhetorical purpose

a primary goal for the speech

transition

a sentence that smoothly connects one idea or part of a speech to another

internal summary

a short review statement given at the end of a main point

delivery reminder

a special instruction speakers include within a speaking outline to remind themselves about such things as body language, pauses, and special emphasis

ad hominem fallacy

a statement that attempts to counter an argument by criticizing the person who made it

signpost

a word, phrase, or short statement that indicates to an audience the direction a speaker will take next

civic engagement

active public participation in political affairs and social and community organizations

Noise (also called interference)

any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message

evidence

citations, quotations, and other evidence used to support a claim

bibliographic information

complete citation for a source, including author, date of publication, title, pages, place of publication, and publisher

outline

contains the text of your speech

coordination

each main point is at the same level of significance

categorical (topical) pattern

effective when you have a diverse set of main points to support the thesis of your speech

subpoints

explain, prove, or expand on your main points

post hoc fallacy

false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

fallacious reasoning

faulty or mistaken logic

speech anxiety (stage fright)

fear of speaking in front of an audience

nonverbal symbols

hand gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions

Volume

how loud or soft your voice is as you deliver a speech

rate of delivery

how quickly or slowly you speak during a presentation

preview statement

in a speech, the statement at the end of the introduction that presents an overview of the major areas that will be discussed in the body

Establish your credibility

indicate relevant expertise, experience, or education you have

working outline

is a long outline that you use to craft your speech

Preview your main points

list each main point using no more than one sentence per point

Situational Ethics

make ethics decisions on the basis of situation at hand

supporting points

materials designed to prove or substantiate your main points

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

imagined interactions

mentally practicing delivery of a speech to the audience

monotone voice

not varying the habitual pitch

comparison pattern

organizes the speech around major similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations

causal pattern

pattern of organization that describes a cause-and-effect relationship between ideas or events

receiver

person who decodes the message and makes sense of it

memory (also known as preparation)

practice that speakers do to remain in command of their material when they present a speech

omission

presenters mislead the audience by what they leave unsaid

subordination

process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas

research

process of gathering information from libraries, quality online sources, and interviews with authorities on your topic.

brainstorming

process of quickly listing all ideas that come to mind regarding a specific topic

Paraphrasing

rewriting or restating another person's ideas or thoughts into your own words

internal preview

short statements that give advance warning, or a preview, of the point(s) to be covered

ethical speech

speech that incorporates ethical decision making, follows guidelines to tell the truth, and avoids misleading the audience

mediated presentation

speech will be transmitted through a mechanical or electronic medium

arrangement

structuring ideas to convey them effectively to an audience

What's in it for them?

summarize why audience members should listen to your speech.

thesis statement

summarizes in a single sentence the central idea of your speech

conclusion

summarizes what you have said and leaves the audience with a memorable impression

plagiarism

taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas

relaxation strategies

techniques that reduce muscle tension and negative thoughts

critical thinking

the analysis and evaluation of ideas based on reliability, truth, and accuracy

ethical absolutism

the belief that people should exhibit the same behavior in all situations

style

the choice of language that will best express a speaker's ideas to the audience

verbal delivery skills

the effective use of your voice when delivering a speech

attention getter

the first element of an introduction, designed mainly to create interest in a speech

invention

the generation of ideas for use in a speech

message

the ideas that he or she conveys to the audience

body

the main section of a speech

main points

the major ideas you will emphasize in your presentation

introduction

the opening section of a speech

tone of voice

the pitch and timbre (distinctive tone) of a person's voice

culturally relative

the recognition that ideas about ethical behavior sometimes differ from society to society

freedom of expression

the right to share one's ideas and opinions free from government censorship

ethics

the rules that enable people to know right from wrong

taking evidence out of context

the speaker shares a source's data or statements without explaining how they relate to the original situation

delivery

the speaker's use of his or her voice and body during the actual presentation of a speech

topic

the subject of a speech

encode message

to choose verbal and nonverbal symbols to express the ideas

extemporaneous delivery

using only notes for reference rather than reading your speech to the audience word-for-word

legally protected speech

using the law as your boundary for what you may say and how you say it

culture

values, traditions, and rules for living that are passed from generation to generation. -culture influences ways of communicating with others.

presentation aids

visual and auditory materials intended to enhance the clarity and effectiveness of a presentation

false inference

when a speaker presents information that leads listeners to an incorrect conclusion

half-truth

when a speaker reveals only part of the truth and then mixes it with a lie

ad populum fallacy

when we attempt to persuade people by arguing our position is reasonable because so many other people are doing it or agree with it

verbal symbols

words