Pumping and Aerial

Rotary vane pump

Type positive displacement pump, use in hydraulic systems. A rotor with attached vanes is mounted off-center inside the pump housing; pressure is imparted on the water as the space between the rotor and the pump housing wall decreases. Can automatically compensate for wear and is most common type of pump used to prime a centrifugal fire pump. Is more efficient than rotary gear but are prone to failure if not used regularly. Require higher RPM compared to Rotary gear. Can be driven off transfer gear case or electric motor (electric motor is most common as it is independent of engine speed)

Powered by gasoline, diesel, power-take-off, or hydraulic systems. Have 110 and 220 volt capabilities. Have capacities up to 12,000 watts.

Typically, vehicle mounted generators have a larger capability than portable units. In many systems, the vehicle mounted generator provides power for the apparatus floodlights as well as any portable electrically operated equipment. What are the generators usually equipped with?

Stabilizer Pad

Unattached flat metal plate that is larger in area than the stabilizer foot; placed on the ground beneath the intended resting of the stabilizer foot, in order to provide better weight distribution. Also known as Jack Pad or Jack Plate.

Stabilizer pad

Unattached flat metal plate that is larger in area than the stabilizer foot; placed on the ground beneath the intended resting point of the stabilizer foot, in order to provide better weight distribution. Also known as Jack pad or jack plate. Dry soil may turn to mud, Frozen soil/ice and snow may melt, Asphalt may melt in heat shows a "bleed" creating a shiny glass like surface,

To clean glass

Use warm soapy water or commercial class cleaner along with paper towels or clean cloth rags

Level 1 staging

Used on all multiple company emergency responses. the 1st arriving company of each type proceed directly to the scene, and the others stand by a block or 2 away from the scene and await orders. Units usually stage at the last intersection on their route of travel before reaching the reported incident.

150 level 1 staging

Used on all multiple-company emergency responses. The first-arriving vehicles of each type proceed directly to the scene, and the others stand by a block or two from the scene and await orders. Units usually stage at the last intersection on their route of travel before reaching the reported incident location.

Level 1 Staging

Used on all multiple-company emergency responses. The first-arriving vehicles of each type proceed directly to the scene, and the others stand by a block or two from the scene and await orders. Units usually stage at the last intersection on their route of travel before reaching the reported incident location.

Level 2 staging

Used on large scale incidents where a large number of fire and emergency service companies are responding; these companies are sent to a specific location to await assignment

Level 2 Staging

Used on large-scale incidents where a larger number of fire and emergency services companies are responding; these companies are sent to a specified remote location to await assignment.

Level 1 staging

Used to an all multiple company emergency responses. The first arriving vehicle of each type proceed directly to the scene, and others standby a block /two from the scene and await orders

Relay pumping

Used to increase the volume of water available at a fire scene while tandem pumping is most often undertaken to increase water pressure

Fireboat

Used to protect hazards on and adjacent to waterways common operating area containing boat or ship traffic as well as harbors with wharves piers and docks. Some fireboats have capacity as high as 50,000 GPM. individual master stream device on his bus is my discharge large volumes of water sometimes an excess of 10,000 GPM

Gravity system

Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation then the distribution system.

Direct pumping system

Uses one or more pumps that takes water from the primary source and discharges it through the filtration and treatment processes.

Relay operation

Using 2 or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series; water discharged from 1 pumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the next pumper, and so on. Also known as Relay pumping.

Relay Operation

Using two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance by operating them in series; water discharged from one pumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the nest pumper and so on. Also known as Relay Pumping.

relay operation

Using two or more pumpers to move water over a long distance for operating them in series; water discharge from one bumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the next pumper

Pressure-reducing valve

Valve installed at standpipe connection that is designed to reduce the amount of water pressure at that discharge to a specific pressure, usually 100 psi.

Pressure Reducing Valve

Valve installed at standpipe connection that is designed to reduce the amount of water pressure at that discharge to a specific pressure, usually 100psi (700 kPa).

ch5 186 Water Main Valves At least once a year, valves should be operated to keep them in good condition. One of the most important factors in a water supply system is the water departments ability to promptly operate the valves during an emergency or breakdown of equipment. Valves should be inspected and operated yearly by the water supply utility.

Valves for water systems are broadly divided into indicating and nonindicating types.

Impeller

Vaned, Circulating member of the centrifugal pump that transmits motion to the water.

Impeller

Vaned, circulating member of the centrifugal pump that transmits motion to the water.

Impeller

Veined, circulating member of the centrifugal pump that transmits motion to the water.

Parapet wall

Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an inferior fire wall, above the roofline of the building. Take caution resting the aerial against as may cause collapse. If sounds rest roof ladder against parapet not aerial.

Parapet Wall

Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an interior fire wall, above the roofline of a building.

Parapet wall

Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an interior fire wall, above the roofline of a building.

NUrse tanker

Very large water tanker (4,000 gallons or more) that is stationed at the fire scene and serves as a portable reservoir rather than as a shuttle tanker. Primary Advantage of the Nurse tanker is capacity

Fireboat

Vessel or watercraft designed and constructed for the purpose of fighting fires; provides a specified level of pumping capacity and personnel for the extinguishment of fires in the marine environment. Also known as Marine Unit.

Fireboat

Vessel or watercraft made to fight fire; provides specialized level of pumping capacity and personnel for the extinguishment of fires in a marine environment.

Polar solvent

Viewing, such as alcohol, acetone, key tones, and esters are known as miscible liquids because the mix with water

The SAE number indicates only the ________ of the oil

Viscosity

Pre-trip road worthiness inspection

Visual inspection of an apparatus to ensure major components of the chassis are present and in proper working condition

Relay pumping is generally used to in crease ___________ ______________ at the fire scene.

Volume of water

Waxing

Wait until the apparatus is six months old to apply these products if necessary. During first 6 months while paint is unseasoned the vehicle should be washed with cold water to harden paint and keep it from spotting.

When responding on the highway use of ____________ ____________ may cause confusion for civilian drivers and slow down response of the apparatus.

Warning devices

____________ ____ ______ of the apparatus is one of the most commonly performed maintenance fuctions

Washing the exterior

Water Weight and Structural Collapse

Water adds weight to the structure at the rate of 2,000lb for every 250gpm.

Dead End Mains

Water main that is not looped and in which water can flow in only one direction. And are typically the least desirable hydrant type

Cistern

Water storage receptacle that is usually underground and may be supported by a well or rainwater runoff. Range from 10,000-100,000 Gallons

Fog Stream

Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control

Fog Stream

Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control.

Fog stream

Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control.

Fog streams

Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control. Straight stream. Angle of deflection off its surface will determine the forward velocity of stream as its pattern or shape Narrow fog 15° to 45° Narrow deflection Wide fog 45° to 80° Wide deflection

Grid System

Water supply system that utilizes lateral feeders for improved distribution.

Grid system

Water supply system that utilizes lateral feeders for improved distribution.

Non-potable water

Water that has not been examined, properly treated, and not approved by appropriate authorities as being safe for consumption.

Nonpotable Water

Water that has not been examined, properly treated, and not approved by appropriate authorities as being safe for consumption. Anytime this water is used the pump and piping should be flushed.

Water

Water weighs 8.3 lbs per gallon 1 cubic foot = 62.4 lbs Occupies 1700 times its original Volume . Absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition temperature. Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products of combustion

Poor weight distribution can make the vehicle handling unsafe, such as the following: too much weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering and damage the steering axle and tires. under loaded front axles (caused by shifting weight too far to the rear) can make the steering axle weight too light to steer safely too little weight on the driving axles can cause poor traction. the drive wheels may spin easily.

Weigh the apparatus after loading it with all equipment and personnel to ensure that the axle loading is balanced within 7% from side to side and within the axle weight ratings front to back. ch3

Standpipe System

Wet or dry system of pipes in a large single story or multistory building,, with fire hose outlets installed in different ares or on different levels of a building to be used by firefighters and/or building occupants. Allows for the quick deployment of hoselines during fire fighting operations.

Standpipe system

Wet or dry system of pipes in a large single-story or multistory building, with fire hose outlets installed in different areas or on different levels of a building to be used by firefighters and/or building occupants. Allows for the quick deployment of hoselines during fire fighting operations. Pressure loss of 25 psi in the standpipe. Add approximately 5 psi per floor above the FDC. DO NOT pump more than 185 PSI into a standpipe unless designed to handle. Try to ensure caps are covered so pressure is not lost at every opening. Many systems are designed to be pumped at 150 PSI.

Engage/disengage the PTO, engage/disengage a mid-ship transfer pump.

What 2 items need too be done before making a fire pump operational?

Reading skills, computer skills, writing skills, mathematical skills, physical fitness, visual acuity, adequate hearing

What abilities and skills are needed for all drivers/operators?

Connect the supply line to the intake, make a connection with a gate valve on the other side of the hydrant, use the bleeder valve to remove all the air from the pump.

What actions should be taken by the driver when transitioning to an external water supply?

bed the aerial, remove the safety pins, return the selector valve to the stabilization position, move wheel chocks away from wheels, and check to see if any personnel are n the way.

What actions should be taken when retracting stabilizers?

Depends on the type of transmission and whether or not it has a pump.

What affects the procedures for engaging and disengaging the PTO on an aerial apparatus?

(1) Excessive degree of angle, both horizontal and vertical, measured from the truck's center line axis. (2) Operation in nonparallel positions (uphill, downhill, or lateral grades). (3) Operation in supported tip vs unsupported tip positions. (4) Length of aerial device extension. (5) Nozzle reaction from elevated master stream. (6) Weight and/or movement of hose, water, personnel, and/or equipment on the aerial device. (7) Wind reaction. (8) Improper operation of the aerial device (sudden starts and stops, rough operation of hydraulic controls). (9) Heat exposure (radiant and convection). (10) Ice on ladder or platform. (11) Impact with the building or other object. (12) Improper stabilization. (13) wear caused by road travel.

What an cause stress on the aerial device?

The interlock feature of the selector valve and the hydraulic system holding valves.

What are 2 ways that transfer of hydraulic power from the stabilizer system to the aerial operations system is completed?

Master pump intake pressure indicating and/or discharge device, pump engine tachometer, pumping engine coolant temp indicator, voltmeter, pump pressure controls, engine throttle, primer control, tank to pump, tank-fill, tank level.

What are 3 examples of pump panel instrumentation?

(1) Obtain information on the wind speed and direction while en route to the scene. This may be obtained by the dispatcher or the company officer and by observing the conditions during response. (2) Approach the incident from the upwind and uphill side if at all possible. (3) Always stop well short of the incident scene until the nature of the hazard is understood. (4) Consider the potential for exposure to high levels of heat if the incident involves ignited flammable or combustible liquids (of the potential for them to ignite). (5) Do not park over manholes or storm drains. Flammable materials flowing into the underground system could ignite and explode. (6) If the material involved is a corrosive, any contact with the aerial device could result in damage.

What are a few general considerations for which driver should be prepared when responding to a potential hazardous materials emergency?

(1) Using good signal practices. (2) Trailing in-line on a straightway always. (3) Bringing the trailer quickly into line again as a turn is completed. (4) Observing the trailer overhang on turns. (5) Operating the tiller section in a smooth and safe manner. (6) Avoiding over-tillering (overcorrecting). (7) Keeping both hands on the wheel and giving undivided attention to the job.

What are aspects need to be focused on with training with a tiller?

Bed ladder, telescoping waterway, pinnable telescoping waterway systems

What are characteristics of the 2 types of pre-piped aerial ladder waterways?

Ground ladders, SCBA, forcible entry tools, salvage tools and equipment, portable water tank, and EMS stuff.

What are common requirements for fire department pumpers?

(1) Solid stream nozzle (handline) = 50 PSI. (2) Solid stream nozzle (master stream) = 80 PSI. (3) Fog nozzle = 100 PSI. (4) Low pressure fog nozzle = 50 or 75 PSI

What are safe and efficient nozzle pressures for common fire streams?

Rescue situations, exposures, water supply, best method of attack, hoseline deployment, wind direction, terrain, roadway response (block lanes on the highway), structural collapse, pre-incident planning, overhead utility lines, falling debris, supporting an aerial ladder (less than 5 stories=inside/more=outside the ladder), pumping the FDC

What are size-up factors affect positioning of the apparatus at an incident?

(1) Post type stabilizers (also called downriggers)-Straight jacks that extend down the chassis. (2) Box stabilizers (also called H-stabilizers)-Stabilizers that extend straight away from the truck and have jacks that extend straight down to the ground. (3) A-frame, scissor, or X-style stabilizers(also called fulcrum-type stabilizers)-Stabilizers that extend down and away from the chassis at an angle.

What are so common of stabilizers?

Reading skills, computer skills, writing skills, physical fitness, visual acuity, and adequate hearing.

What are some abilities and/or skills that the driver should have?

(1) Driving at an excessive speed. (2) Letting the apparatus run off a paved surface, onto a soft road shoulder. (3) Attempting to read a map, electronic device, talking on a cell phone, or texting while driving. (4) Failing to abide by the posted weight limits. (5) Following to close behind other apparatus or vehicles. (6) Failing to obey posted traffic regulations or directions. (7) Failing to yield to other responding emergency vehicles. (8) Reacting with panic or unpredictable behavior to an approaching emergency vehicle.

What are some actions that are considered reckless when driving an apparatus?

It can absorb a great amount of heat, requires a large amount of heat to change to steam, greater the surface area the greater the speed of absorbion, has a great expansion ratio, its cheap, because its high surface tension it doesn't soak in materials easily, it reacts with certain metals, heat can easily pas through it, could freeze, conducts electricity, and adds weight, 8.3 lbs.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of water as an extinguishing agent?

(1) Water has a greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents. (2) A large amount of heat is required to change water to steam, allowing more heat to be absorbed from the fire. (3) The greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed. the amount of surface area can be increased with the use of a fog stream of deflection of a solid stream off an object. (4) At 212 F water converted to steam occupies approximately 1,700 times its original volume, helping to dissipate heat in a well-vented room. The expansion ratio is even greater at higher temps. (5) Although some areas experience water shortages, generally it is an inexpensive and readily available commodity.

What are some advantages of using water to fight fire?

Straight-line driving, turning and backing, and proper placement of the trailer at fires.

What are some assignments of the tiller operator?

Incorrect match between edcutor and nozzle flow, air leaks, clogged equipment, partially closed nozzle, too long of a line on the discharge side of the edcutor, a kink, the nozzle placed too far above the eductor, different manufacturer and classes mixed foam concentrates,

What are some causes of the production of poor quality foam or the lack of foam production?

(1) Narrow driveways. (2) Dead-end accesses. (3) Overhead obstructions

What are some challenges driving around petroleum storage/processing facilities?

They used to access lower floors or rescue areas. They are mounted on either a 2 or 3 wheel axle, single chassis vehicle or on a tractor drawn type vehicle.

What are some characteristics of aerial ladder apparatus?

They make water filled bubbles , are water absorbent polymers, and pose no environmental effects

What are some characteristics of durable agents?

They are spreaders, shears, combination spreader/shears, and extension rams. They receive power from compressed air, electric motors, two or four cycle gas engines, or PTO. The power supply can be portable or fixed to the vehicle.

What are some characteristics of hydraulic extrication tool system?

They are smaller than regular pumpers. They have a smaller chassis, pump, and agent tank size.

What are some characteristics of initial attack fire apparatus?

The driver and officer will talk about staging, water management, and committing the apparatus to the scene, (IC) staging. The on scene would be the scene size up, water supply strategy, apparatus location and turntable placement, and hand signals use to guide the operator. Tactical communications would be aerial deployment and operations.

What are some characteristics of pre-arrival, on scene, and tactical communications?

(1) Concealed space fire such as cellars and coal mines or subterranean spaces such as utility tunnels and sewers. (2) Fixed extinguishing systems for specific industrial hazards. (3) Class A applications.

What are some common applications for high-expansion foam?

Cisterns, private water storage tanks, ground reservoirs, swimming pools, and agricultural irrigation systems.

What are some common artificial static water supply sources?

Improper backing, reckless driving, excessive speed, lack of driving skill and experience, overloading and misuse, mechanical failure, and driver/operator personal readiness.

What are some common causes for collisions?

(1) Incorrect match between eductor and nozzle flow, resulting in no pickup of foam concentrate. (2) Air leaks at fittings may cause a loss of suction. (3) Clogged proportioning equipment. (4) Partially closed nozzle will result in a flow rate that will not allow the creation of a Venturi effect capable of picking up foam concentrate. (5) Too long of an attack line on the discharge side of the eductor. (6) Kinked hose. (7) Nozzle placed too far above the eductor, resulting in excessive elevation pressure. (8) Different manufacturers foam concentrates should not be mixed together (except for mil-spec concentrates) as they may be chemically incompatible. (9) Different classes of foam should be mixed as they may produce an infective foam product or prevent any foam delivery.

What are some common causes for the production of poor quality foam?

Adjusting mirrors, potential points of contact, driving downhill, driving off-road, visual lead time, bridges and railroad crossings, and adverse weather.

What are some considerations the driver must take into account when driving the apparatus?

They must have site of the water source and the tender that is being filled. If drafting, get as close to have the lift with the shortest height as possible. A booster line must be flowing as that the prime is not lost.

What are some considerations when positioning the fill site pumper?

(1) engine speed switch. (2) Light switches. (3) Override switches. (4) Breathing air level gauges. (5) Hydraulic oil pressure gauge. (6) Hydraulic oil temp gauge. (7) Aerial deadman foot switch. (8) Load chart and load minder. (9) Water flow gauge. (10) Cradle indicator light. (11) Extension indicator. (12) Stop and lock controls. (13) Rung alignment indicator. (14) Inclinometer. (15) Hour meter for ladder operation time. (16) Nozzle stow indicator. (17) Engine starter switch. (18) Communications equipment. (19) Elevated master stream controls. (20) Hydraulic lock valve. (21) Rescue/waterway switch. (22) Auxiliary hydraulic pump or emergency pump switch. (23) Switch for the emergency operation pump.

What are some controls and instruments that may be located on the control pedestal of an aerial?

Piston, Rotary vane, Rotary gear

What are some different types of positive displacement pumps?

(1) Water has a high surface tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into dense materials. (2) Wetting agents may be mixed with water to reduce its surface tension and increase its penetrating ability. Water may be reactive with certain fuels, combustible metals, sodium metal, and tri-ethyl aluminum. Due to low levels of opacity and reflectivity, radiant heat easily passes through water, rendering water curtains ineffective. (3) In cold weather climates, the 32 F freezing temp of water may create operational problems such as frozen pumps and lines. Safety hazards such as ice dams and slippery surfaces occur in below--freezing temps. (4) water is a good conductor of electricity. (5) At 8.3 lbs per gallon, it can add increase potential structural collapse.

What are some disadvantages with using water to fight fire?

Portable hand lights, portable fire extinguishers, water extinguisher, multiple SCBA units, spare SCBA cylinders, EMS equipment, spanner wrenches, blot cutters, ladder belts, light-use life safety rope, general-use life safety rope, utility rope, wheel chocks, and atmospheric monitoring equipment.

What are some equipment can be carried on apparatus?

Cisterns, private water storage tanks, ground reservoirs, swimming pools, agricultural irrigation systems.

What are some examples of artificial static water supply sources?

Road conditions (wet, dry, snow, ice) and slope of driving surface, speed of apparatus, weight of the vehicle, type and condition of the vehicle's tires and braking system.

What are some factors that can affect the drivers ability to stop the apparatus?

Rescue situations, water supply, exposures, method of attack (offensive vs. defensive), hose line deployment, wind direction, terrain, roadway response (protect the crew), structural collapse (1.5 x the buildings height), pre-incident planning, overhead utility lines, and falling debris.

What are some factors that determine the position of the apparatus?

Inability to position the pumper close enough to the water, wet/soft ground, inadequate depth of water sources, silt or debris laden water, freezing weather, and swift water

What are some factors that must be considered when drafting from a static natural water supply source?

Straight-line driving, turning and backing, proper placement of the placement of the trailer at fires, distance of the trailer from the base of the building involved, angle of trailer in regard of the tractor, proper overhead clearance, side and rear obstructions, grades and slopes of the working area.

What are some factors tiller operators must be aware of?

Staging, highways, railroads, bridges, medical incidents, structural incidents, Hazardous materials, aircraft incidents, petroleum storage and processing facilities, and technical rescue incidents.

What are some factors to consider when determining final operating position of aerial apparatus?

Only one firefighter on the top of the fly changing the stream pattern. The ladder should not move when anyone is on it. Slowly elevate or lower the ladder pipe barrel and gradually increase the nozzle pressure.

What are some general safety principles to follow when using detachable ladder pipes?

Inspection/maintenance/testing, preparing to drive (mirrors/seat belts/compartment doors), driving (backers/traffic laws/safe speeds), Positioning (no railroads, firm surface, out of collapse zones), Stabilizing (chocks, overhead obstructions, pads and/or locking pins), operating (never move the ladder with people on it, don't exceed load charts, finish with lowering, power lines, not over the flame), climbing or riding (ladder belt and 3 point contact), water management (drain waterway, water hammer), Strategies and tactics (upwind, aim and lower, no puey off the ground)

What are some general tenets of safety for aerial devices?

(1) Always travel on the innermost lane (fast lane) on multilane roads. Wait for vehicles in front of the apparatus to move to the right before passing. (2) Avoid passing vehicles on the right side because drivers normally move to the right upon the approach of emergency vehicles. (3) Be certain that opposing lanes of traffic are clear before crossing the center line. (4) Avoid passing other emergency vehicles if at all possible. However, in some cases, it may be desirable for smaller, faster vehicles such as a chief's car to pass a larger, slower vehicle such as a mobile water supply apparatus. The drivers should coordinate these maneuvers by radio, with the slower apparatus pulling to the right to allow the faster vehicle to pass.

What are some guidelines for passing other vehicles?

(1) Be sure that the bridge has a load capacity that is safe for the apparatus to drive on and operate from. (2) If multiple apparatus must work on a bridge, do not park or operate all apparatus on the same span. the combined static load of all apparatus may exceed its design limitations. Instead, stagger apparatus in different traffic lanes without parking side-by-side. (3) Be sure the road surface upon which the apparatus is parked is in good repair. Avoid weak spots that might allow a stabilizer to punch through the bridge decking. (4) Use caution when raising the aerial device if the bridge has a superstructure above the road surface. If electric lines are present, allow standard 10ft safety distance from the lines. (5) Recognize that most large bridges are designed to move somewhat in response to forces placed upon them by wind, traffic, and water movement below. This movement will be somewhat amplified at the tip of a raised aerial device, depending o the type and intensity of the force. High winds will further affect the movement of the aerial device. When this movement becomes uncomfortable for firefighters or begins to place excessive lateral stress on the aerial device, minimize the extension of the device as much as possible. (6) Remember that bridges and elevated sections of roads will be the first road surfaces to freeze during cold weather. This can pose serious travel and positioning hazards.

What are some guidelines for the incidents on bridges with an aerial?

(1) Take care not to position the apparatus close enough to a track where a passing train may hit it. (2) Cross railroad tracks only at designated crossing points in order to avoid the possibility of becoming stuck on the tracks due to the ground clearance of the apparatus and the height of the track bed. (3) Park on the same side of the track as the incident in order to avoid stretching lines across the track and to keep firefighters from making repeated crossing across the track. (4) Notify the rail company to confirm that rail traffic has been halted along the section in question if stretching a line across a track is absolutely necessary. If this is not possible, the hose may be run underneath the rails or an aerial may be used to provide access for a line over the top of track location. (5) Use consideration for railroads that operate using high voltage overhead wire.

What are some guidelines for working near railroad tracks?

(1) Position fire apparatus at an angle to act as a shield between the flow of traffic and the firefighters working on the incident. (2) Position the vehicle so that the operator's side of the vehicle is protected from the flow of traffic. (3) Turn the front wheels away from the firefighters working highway incidents so that the apparatus will not be driven into them if struck from behind. (4) Close at least one lane next to the incident lane. If the extra lane does not provide a safe barrier, additional or all traffic lanes may have to be closed. (5) Consider parking additional apparatus 150 to 200ft behind the shielding apparatus to act as an additional barrier between firefighters and the flow of traffic. (6) Once on the scene, place headlights on the low-beam setting, without flashing. (7) During nighttime incidents, use a minimum numbers of warning lights at the scene to prevent blinding other drivers or distracting them, possibly leading to another incident.

What are some guidelines in order for positioning the aerial on the highway?

(1) Check the fluid level in the hydraulic reservoir when the system is cold, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. (2) Use the dipstick or sight gauge provided on most apparatus to check the fluid level. (3) Check and fill hydraulic fluid only when the stabilizers and aerial device are all in their stowed positions. If the hydraulic cylinders are deployed, the reservoir level will read as lower than normal. This incorrect level could result in overfilling the system which could cause hydraulic leaks and damage to the system when cylinders are retracted. (4) Position a firefighter at the end of the device if needed, to ensure an accurate check of the communications system. (5) Extend the ladder to visually inspect sections of the aerial device if possible. the device may be inspected in the stowed position, but extended is the preferred method. (6) Full aerial visual inspection may require placing the aerial in a full horizontal position at full extension.

What are some guidelines of how to do a visual inspection?

(1) Many of these controls are lever-type valves that move up to about 90 degrees. (2) operating these controls will automatically regulate engine idle speed. A fast-idle toggle switch or manual throttle control may also regulate engine idle speed. This provides the power necessary to perform the desired action. (3) When the driver operates the control, an increase in engine speed (noticeable due to the increase in the sound level)occurs. (4) Operation of these valves also affects the vehicle's engine speed. Avoid rough or jerky operation of the valves.

What are some guidelines of stabilizer controls that the driver needs to be aware of?

(1) Since the tiller axle is a steering axle, steering wheel free pay must not exceed 2" on a 20" wheel or 10 degrees on any other sized steering wheel. Because of the location of the tiller cab in relation to the tiller axle, most steering systems have multiple steering linkage assemblies requiring inspection. (2) Most tiller steering systems can be locked in the straight ahead position by the use of a device such as a lever or pin. This is used so that a single driver in the front cab is transporting the apparatus for maintenance, training or other nonemergency purpose. The tiller operator should inspect the lock system to ensure that it is not engaged before leaving the station. (3) Unlike tractor suspension systems, most tiller systems have air bag suspensions that require additional attention during inspections. (4) All tractor drawn aerials have permanently mounted coupling systems attaching the "trailer" to the "tractor" power unit. Since it is the articulation point for the apparatus, insufficient lubrication will result in the coupling system binding creating difficulty in steering control

What are some guidelines that should be observed when conducting the inspections on a tiller?

Have another person with you, 3 points of contact when climbing, and wear your PPE

What are some guidelines when operating on top of apparatus?

(1) Obtain information regarding wind speed and direction from the dispatcher. (2) Approach upwind and uphill. (3) Do not drive the apparatus directly to the scene until the material involved has been identified. (4) Position apparatus and personnel well short of the scene until the nature of the hazard can be determined.

What are some guidelines when responding to a hazmat incident?

(1) Mare sure the work area is clear of major obstacles and overhead obstructions. (2) Maintain clearance from all overhead power lines per SOPs. (3) Do not work within 50ft of high-voltage transmission lines, but still will be within the reach of an aerial ladder or platform. Interview representatives in your area and learn to recognize the difference. (4) Look Up and Live; Always check the operating vicinity for power lines before you drive into it. Tree branches can hide power lines or cables from view. If operating at night, use powerful lights to search for power lines or poles.

What are some guidelines when working in the vicinity of power lines with an aerial?

(1) The firefighter is exposed to the heat and other products of combustion. Should a rapid change in fire conditions occur, the firefighter may be forced to quickly descend the ladder under dangerous conditions. (2) These types of ladders typically do not have aerial device operational controls at the tip. Thus the firefighter is unable to move out of danger should conditions worsen and the operator at the pedestal is distracted or performing other tasks. (3) It is generally not considered safe to move aerial ladders with detachable waterways a great amount while the hose and nozzle are charged. The aerial ladder is usually not designed for this type of stress. (4) Should the nozzle come loose or the supply hose burst, the firefighter could be struck and injured.

What are some hazards of having firefighters working on the tip of the ladder?

Fire or building conditions that do not allow a safe entry into the building, IC opts to sacrifice part of the building to safe the rest, and large amounts of water are needed to put out the fire.

What are some indicators of a potential defensive attack?

Bulging walls, sagging roofs, large cracks in the exterior, falling bricks/blocks/or mortar, interior collapse.

What are some indicators that a building may become unstable?

Adjusting mirrors, potential points of contact, driving downhill, driving off-road, visual lead time, bridges and railroad crossing, and adverse weather

What are some issues when driving the vehicle in nonemergency situations?

It is used to control sudden spikes in pressures on hand lines.

What are some main characteristics of intake piping and discharge piping?

Written test, practical driving exercises, road tests

What are some methods of evaluating driver candidates?

(1) Fill barrels with environmentally friendly antifreeze. Float barrels on the water before the temps drop below freezing. Allow them to freeze in place. Knock out the top and bottom of the barrel to provide an access point for the intake hose and strainer. (2) Set wooden plugs or plastic garbage cans in a location and allow them to freeze in place. If a drafting operation is required, the plug or barrel may be driven through the ice, creating a hole.

What are some methods of gaining access to static water supplies during freezing weather?

(1) Movement of water molecules against each other. (2) Lining of fire hose/delaminating hose. (3) Couplings. (4) Sharp bends/kinks. (5) Change in hose size or orifice by adaptors. (6) Improper gasket size.

What are some of the causes friction loss in a fire hose?

(1) movement of water molecules against each other. (2) Inside surface of piping. (3) Pipe fittings. (4) Valves

What are some of the common causes of friction loss in piping?

Strictly for fire protection, for sanitary and fire protection purposes, and fire protection and manufacturing processes.

What are some of the common uses of a private water system?

They differ in weight, height, if they have a pump or not, self filling tenders, and some that can carry more than 2,000 gallons.

What are some of the different characteristics of water tenders used for shuttle operations?

(1) Driving too fast for road conditions. (2) Failing to anticipate obstacles (including other vehicles, debris, or pedestrians in the road). (3) Improper use of auxiliary braking devices. (4) Improper maintenance of tire pressure and adequate tread depth.

What are some of the most common causes involving driver error?

Did the line burst, did the water main fail or did the hydrant fail

What are some problems that may need to be addressed if a supply line that was charged suddenly loses water?

(1) Inability to position the pumper close enough to the water. (2) Wet/soft ground approaches. (3) Inadequate depth of water source. (4) Silt or debris laden water (5) Freezing weather. (6) Swift water.

What are some problems that might impede access to a draft site?

(1) Magnitude and frequency of hazardous materials incidents that require foam operations for mitigation. (2) Never foam concentrates are more easily used by structural and wildland firefighters. (3) Improvements in the design of foam proportioning equipment and systems have made their inclusion in apparatus more feasible. (4) Use of foam may help reduce water usage; a significant factor where supply is limited.

What are some reasons for the increase of foam products?

Position the engine where backing is not needed, do a walk around before leaving, all equipment is secured and doors are closed, have 1 or more spotters, have lights to see the spotters (8-10 feet behind), do not go faster than the spotters can go, use hand signals, portable radios, backup cameras, 2 short horn blasts when starting to backup, don't allow anything to be in your view when backing up.

What are some recommended braking policies?

People most severely threatened by conditions of the hazard, largest number of groups of people in the same place, getting a person from a window, getting a person from a roof, removing people from aerial ladders and platforms, lowering a stokes basket, and water rescue.

What are some rescue scenarios that aerial apparatus may be used for?

(1) Immediate increase of engine temp from lack of coolant circulation. (2) Oil film "burning" on hot surfaces. (3) Damage to heads and exhaust manifolds. (4) Damage to the turbocharger that can result in seizure.

What are some results of not shutting down the truck properly?

(1) Always stay clear of wire rope during operation. (2) Never touch wire rope while in tension or under load. (3) Never touch wire rope while someone else is at the control or during operation.

What are some safe practices with the winch operation?

(1) Position apparatus in a safe area and do not leave it unattended. (2) Communicate with the entire fire-ground organization for safe and efficient operations. (3) Keep headlights on whenever the engine is running. (4) Back apparatus into a position facing an escape route. (5) Close all windows and doors to prevent burning embers from entering the cab. (6) Establish an anchor point before beginning fire attack. (7) Draw apparatus and crews to the flanks of the fire rather than attempting a frontal attack if the fire is spreading rapidly upslope. (8) Position the apparatus to maximize protection from heat and fire, taking into consideration overhead power lines, heavy fuel load areas, and incoming air drops. (9) Keep a charged line ready for apparatus protection. (10) Do not drive the apparatus into unburned fuels higher than the vehicle's underside clearance. (11) Position apparatus using previously burned areas whenever possible. Attacks made from the unburned side must allow sufficient distances to accommodate loss of water supply or mechanical failure. (12) Consider the location of operating crews when moving apparatus. Do not drive into smoke near the location of other crews. Whenever driving through smoke, proceed slowly, sounding the horn.

What are some safety concerning when pumping a grass fire?

(1) Wear protective head gear, eyewear, gloves, and hearing protection because noise can reach over 90 dB. (2) Open and close valves and nozzles slowly to prevent water hammer. (3) Operate the engine throttle slowly to prevent sudden pressure changes that may damage equipment or injure personnel. (4) Secure test nozzles and observe hose from a safe distance. (5) Ensure that no people or obstructions are in the path of a hose stream. (6) Be sure that personnel are protected from any open manholes if using a test pit. (7) Chock apparatus wheels. (8) Monitor air quality for the presence of CO.

What are some safety guidelines that should be done when doing performance testing?

Leaking fuel, hydraulic fluid, water from the engine or cooling system, or motor oil. Overheating of any mechanical components, unusual noises or vibrations, drifting of the aerial when raised, gauges reading abnormality, odor of burning fluids, interlock failure, and any drop in voltage.

What are some signs of mechanical trouble with the aerial device?

Static water source, the temp is between 0-110, water temp between 35-90, barometric pressure at least 29 inches, and at least a 2.5 inch diameter hose for the supply line to test the pump.

What are some site considerations when performing pumper performance tests?

Special rescue operations, trapped victims in deep holes, trenches or other subterranean features, or automobiles that are in an embankment.

What are some situations that may require below-grade aerial operations?

(1) The reach of the fire stream is considerably longer than those of low energy systems. (2) It produces a small uniform air bubbles that are very durable. (3) Foam produced by the system adheres to a fuel surface and resists heat longer than low energy foam. (4) Hoselines containing high energy foam solution weigh less than those containing plain water, or low energy foam solution. (5) It may provide a safer fire attack that allows effective reach from a greater distance.

What are some tactical advantages of CAFS?

Surface conditions, grade, windy conditions, electrical hazards and ground or overhead obstructions, angle and location of aerial device operation, special situations.

What are some tactical considerations affecting aerial apparatus positioning?

(1) Substance abuse. (2) Prescription drug and some over the counter drugs taken as directed. (3) Personal issues such as divorce, bankruptcy, or impending hardship. (4) Death in the family. (5) Illness (6) Depression. (7) Fatigue

What are some temporary impairments that effect the driver/operator?

Overconfidence in your driving ability, inability to recognize a dangerous situation, false sense of security because of a good driving record, misunderstanding of apparatus capabilities, and insufficient training on a piece of apparatus.

What are some things that a lack of driving skills may result from?

(1) exercise caution when navigating through vehicle and pedestrian traffic. (2) Be aware of narrow and one-way streets and alleys. (3) Always approach incidents from uphill and upwind, when possible. (4) Place the apparatus in a position that minimizes the angle and extension to which the aerial device will be raised. (5) If the apparatus is to be positioned in a dead-end access, back the apparatus into position if possible. This will make an escape faster if it becomes needed. (6) Avoid spotting the apparatus in a location that will require the apparatus to be stabilized on top of debris or otherwise unstable surfaces. (7) Park the apparatus in a manner that does not block other apparatus that need to be closer to the work area (if the aerial apparatus is going to be used in a support role). However, do not park it so far away that is difficult to carry ground ladders and other portable equipment to the rescue scene, if needed. (8) Do not block scene access to later arriving fire vehicles. (9) Avoid parking in a position where apparatus exhaust fumes, noise, or vibrations will affect victims and rescuers. (10) Shut down the engine if the apparatus is used solely for providing additional support personal. (11) Traffic cones should be placed to direct traffic away from the apparatus and/or incident.

What are some things that drivers should consider when approaching, positioning, and operating at specific incidents?

Large pieces of glass, roof mounted signs, steel gates, concrete blocks, awnings, and parapet walls.

What are some types of falling debris you need to be on the look out for at a house fire?

Wildland (brush trucks), ARFF trucks, fireboats, aerials with a pump (Quint), Rescue trucks (squad), and trailer mounted fire pumps

What are some types of specialty fire apparatus and their uses?

Traffic signals at stations and on apparatus routes, strobe light activated preemption devices, traffic signal preemption devices, and GPS based traffic signal preemption.

What are some types of traffic control devices?

They need more room to operate the steps of setting up the aerial. Also, operating the controls at fast speeds can cause undue damage to the system.

What are some unique concerns of operating articulating aerial apparatus?

(1) establish a continuous minimum flow during intermittent use of water in fireground operations to keep the pump from overheating. (2) Pull al length of the booster line or other small diameter line off the reel and fasten it to a sturdy object. (3) Open the valve that supplies the booster reel and discharge water in a direction that will not interfere with the operation or damage other property. The booster line may also be directed back into the tank to circulate water continuously.

What are some ways of keeping the pump from overheating?

They can be used to get victims off larger planes or to get personnel access to smaller planes caught in trees. They can be used for elevated standpipes or piercing nozzles and thermal imagers.

What are some ways that aerial apparatus may support operations involving aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) incidents?

(1) Hose length - increase diameter and decrease length. (2) Hose diameter - increased to point where its still safe to handle. (3) Sharp bends (kinks) in the hose - employing proper hose handing techniques.

What are some ways to reduce friction loss with a hose layout?

(1) Pull the apparatus past the front of the building, if feasible, when arriving at an incident where no fire is evident (investigation mode). This position allows personnel on the apparatus to view 3 sides of the building. (2) Consider the best access point for personnel and equipment entering the occupancy when parking the apparatus. This will allow personnel efficient access to the building to begin an investigation. (3) Remain with the apparatus (based on local policy) in the event connections for water supply or FDC need to be made or to assist in pulling attack hose lines and operating the pump.

What are somethings that need to be done when positioning the apparatus?

Angle of approach, angle of departure, and break over angle

What are somethings that need to be thought of when driving over speedbumps, curbs, steep ramps, similar obstacles on the road?

(1) Distance of the trailer from the base of the building involved. (2) Angle of trailer placement in regard to the position of the tractor. (3) Proper overhead clearance. (4) Side and rear obstructions. (5) Grades and slopes of the working area

What are somethings that the tiller operator must be aware of?

(1) With the rear tires off the ground, the truck has less resistance to sliding downhill. (2) The rear compartments will be more difficult to reach once the apparatus is leveled.

What are somethings to remember when positioning with the front of the apparatus up-hill?

(1) It will be easier to reach the ground with a platform operating off the rear of the apparatus. (2) It is more likely that the front tires will be lifted off the ground, causing the frame rails to sag and making the device more difficult to stow properly after operations are complete.

What are somethings to remember when positioning with the rear of the apparatus up-hill?

Source pumpers get the water from a source. Relay pumper boosts the water from the source pumper. Fire attack pumpers get the boosted water and fights fire with it.

What are source pumpers, relay pumpers, and fire attack pumpers?

Engine speed, pump shift indicator, pump engine control interlock, priming system, vacuum test, pumping test, overload, pressure control test of the fire pump, intake relief valve, gauge test flowmeter, and tank-to-pump flow rate.

What are tests are included when conducting performance testing?

Adequate water capacity, efficient fill and dump time, suspension and steering matched to terrain requirements, right sized chassis, right size engine, enough braking power to stop, proper tank mounting and baffling, correct tank venting system, and it can dump water from either side.

What are the 2 basic functions of mobile water supply apparatus on the fire ground?

The advantages are the increased reach, very durable air bubbles, longer heat resistant than low energy foam, it weights less, and a safer distance for fire attack. The disadvantages is it is expensive, can have a high nozzle reaction, and more training is needed to operate.

What are the advantages and limitations of compressed air foam systems?

The property owner has control over the water supply source, and either of the systems (fire protection or domestic/industrial) are unaffected by service interruptions to the other systems.

What are the advantages of having a private water system?

They reduce the time it takes to do pressure calculations when the driver is deploying handlines and master stream devices.

What are the benefits of using flowmeters on the fire ground?

(1) Fire attack and overhaul with standard fog nozzles - 0.2 to 05 percent. (2) Exposure protection with standard fog nozzles - 0.5 to 1.0 percent. (3) Any application with air aspirating foam nozzles - 0.3 - 0.7 percent. (4) Any application with CAFS - 0.2 to 0.5 percent.

What are the commonly used guidelines in proportioning class A foam?

(1) Primary feeders - large pipes (mains). (2) Secondary feeders - pipes used to reinforce the grid. (3) Distributors - individual fire hydrants and blocks for consumers.

What are the components of a grid system?

They are either hands-free or hard wired transmitter/receiver located at the tip and aerial controls of the ladder.

What are the components of voice communications systems for aerial apparatus?

Direct pumping is where the tenders pump directly into the attack pumper. Nurse tenders take the water from the tenders and give it to the attack pumper. Portable tanks are where the tenders dump water and the attack pumper gets water from these tanks.

What are the differences between direct pumping operations, nurse tender operations, and portable water tank operations?

Direct-application, roll-on, bank-down, and rain-down methods

What are the different techniques for applying foam?

Aerial ladder platform, telescoping aerial platform, articulating aerial platforms

What are the different types of elevating platform apparatus?

Fixed monitors (deck guns), combination monitors, and portable monitors

What are the different types of mater stream appliances?

Atmospheric, head, static, normal operating, residual, and flow (velocity pressure).

What are the different types of pressure?

Atmospheric, head, static, normal operating, residual, and flow or velocity

What are the different types of pressure?

(1) It increases the purchase price and maintenance cost of new apparatus. (2) Hose reaction may be erratic if the foam solution is not supplied to the hoseline in sufficient quantities. (3) In the event of a hose burst, the compressed air will intensify the reaction of the hoseline. (4) Additional training is required for personnel who will operate and conduct fire attack operations using CAFS equipment.

What are the disadvantages of the CAFS system?

Elevation pressure increase, less friction loss can be overcome, and capacity of the pump is decreased.

What are the effects as the amount of lift required to reach the pump increases when drafting?

Friction los, elevation pressure loss, and appliance loss

What are the factors that contribute to total pressure loss?

(1) Type of foam concentrate used. (2) Accurate proportioning of the foam in the solution. (3) Quality of the foam concentrate. (4) Method of aeration.

What are the factors that determine the degrees of expansion of the foam?

Exhaust brake, engine compression brake, transmission output retarder, and electromagnetic retarder

What are the four types of auxiliary brakes that aid in slowing the vehicle?

In need of a warranty claim, in case of an accident, or to document the need for a new apparatus.

What are the functions of apparatus maintenance and inspections records?

(1) Place the apparatus directly at the location from which the intake hose may be deployed. (2) Set the parking brake and chock the wheels when the final position has been achieved. (3) Follow SOPs regarding the placement of traffic control devices or use of warning lights if it is close to the roadway. (4) Do not engage the pump until all connections are made, and it is ready to be put into operation. (5) Park the vehicle short of the final drafting spot if the area around the actual spot is limited as the intake hose and strainer are connected to the apparatus. Once they are connected, the driver may slowly position the pumper at the final spot while the firefighters carry the hose and strainer, placing them in the desired position. (6) Inspect the gaskets to be sure that they are in place and no dirt or gravel has accumulated inside the coupling. the strainer and the required lengths of the intake hose must then be coupled and made airtight. (7) Place each section of hose in line with the other before the coupling is turned. If the gasket are in good condition and the coupling is on correctly, it should be possible to achieve an airtight connection with the couplings hand tight. (8) If needed, you can use a rubber mallet to make the connections tighter. (9) Fasten a rope to the end of the strainer to aid in the handling of the hose and proper positioning of the strainer.

What are the hose and strainer to the pump in a drafting operation?

Positive displacement, oil-less, exhaust, vacuum, and air primers

What are the main categories of primers?

Solid, fog, broken stream

What are the main types of fire hose nozzles available?

Handline nozzles, smooth bore nozzles, fog nozzles, air-aspirating foam nozzle, master stream foam nozzle, medium and high expansion foam generating device.

What are the major types of portable foam application devices?

Direct reading conductivity testing, conductivity comparison testing, conductivity calibration curve testing.

What are the methods done for doing a foam solution conductivity test?

(1) Foam concentrate displacement method. (2) Foam concentrate pump discharge volume method. (3) Foam solution refractivity testing. (4) Foam solution conductivity testing.

What are the methods for testing a foam proportioning system for calibration accuracy?

Extrication equipment such as spreaders and shears, combination spread and shear tools, and extension rams. These tools are powered by either hydraulic pressure, compressed air or apparatus power take-off system.

What are the most common rescue tools found on pumping apparatus?

Aerial ladder, tillered trailer, aerial ladder truss, fly section, base rails, top rails, stabilizers, selector valve, stabilizer cylinder, aerial device hoisting cylinder, aerial device extension cylinder.

What are the primary features of aerial apparatus and aerial devices?

Direct pumping operation (pumping directly to the attack pumper), nurse tender operation (tender-nurse tender-attack pumper), and portable water tank operation.

What are the primary methods for operating a dump site?

It varies directly with the length of hose, it increases squared when the velocity increases, when flow is constant it will decrease as the diameter of the hose increases, for a given velocity it is the same no matter the pressure.

What are the principles of friction loss?

To have it for only fire fighting, to have it for sanitary and fire fighting, to have it for fire protection and manufacturing, to have control over it, the water is not effected by service interruptions.

What are the purposes of a private water supply system?

Fire pump, water tank, supply and attack hose, ground ladders, aerial device or elevated platform

What are the qualifications for an apparatus to be a quint?

(1) If possible, position the apparatus so that backing will not be needed. (2) Walk all the way around the apparatus to clear any obstructions. (3) Ensure that all equipment is secured and compartment doors are closed. (4) Require the use of one or more spotters. (5) Preposition lights to illuminate the area where the spotter will stand (8-10 feet) behind the apparatus. (6) Back the apparatus at a very slow speed and use caution to not outpace the spotter. (7) Use hand signals that are agreed upon and understood by the spotter and driver. (8) Use portable radios. (9) Use backup cameras in addition to the mirrors, if possible. (10) Sound 2 short blasts of the vehicle's horn immediately before backing the apparatus. (11) Avoid mounting equipment on the apparatus that may interfere with the driver's rear visibility.

What are the recommended backing up polices?

Find the number of GPM or Q (flow rate/100). Find friction loss (FL=CQ^2L). Find the total amount for Q ((flow in line #1)+(flow in line #2)/100). Find friction loss for both supply lines (FL=Q_total^2 x C x L). Add the FL from the supply hose line, one hose line, 10 psi for the wye, and any elevation pressure.

What are the steps for computing pressure loss in an equal length wyed hose assembly?

(1) Carefully add foam concentrate to each of 3 labeled plastic 100 ml or larger graduated bottles. Place 2.7 ml of concentrate into one bottle, 3 ml into the 2nd, and 3.3 ml into the 3rd bottle. (2) Fill each bottle with water to the 100 ml mark. (3) Add a plastic stirring bar to each bottle and cap tightly. (4) Thoroughly shake each bottle to mix the water with foam concentrate.

What are the steps for doing a foam solution refractivity test?

(1) Lower the jacks on side A to the point where the stabilizer begins to bear chassis weight. (2) Lower the jacks on side B to the point where the stabilizer begins to bear weight. (3) Continue to lower the jacks on Side B to half of the remaining intended extension. (4) Return to side A and lower the jacks to the intended extension. (5) Return to side B and lower the jacks to the intended extension.

What are the steps for lowering the stabilizers?

(1) A fixed pitot with a remote gauge capable of being read at the pump panel is recommended for this procedure. If a handheld pitot gauge is used instead, it should be held with the blade opening at the center of the stream with the tip approximately one-half the nozzle diameter from the end of the nozzle. A pitot gauge held too close to the nozzle will register a reading higher than the actual pressure. (2) The driver must ensure the apparatus engine temp and oil pressure remain within normal operating ranges for the duration of the test. (3) Any unusual vibration or performance defect that is encountered while conducting the test should be documented and reported.

What are the steps for preparing the apparatus for a pump test?

(1) Open the tank-to-pump. (2) Open the discharges to the hoselines to be used. (3) Open the valves, and the hose lines begin to fill with water. (4) Increase the throttle and the pressure in the hose line will increase. If the nozzle is already open, the air will bleed off and you may set the discharge pressure accordingly. Otherwise, when hose lines are ready for water, open the appropriate discharge pressure is developed. (5) Reach the proper pressure only when water is flowing. Once the hose line opened, you may need to adjust the pressure accordingly.

What are the steps for putting the pump into operation?

(1) Connect the valve to the hydrant. (2) Connect the original supply line, laid by the first pumper, to the supply line outlet. (3) Open the hydrant. The clapper valve has operated to allow water to flow in the supply line. (4) Connect the second pumper to the large diameter pumper intake connection on the 4 way valve. (5) Open the pumper intake valve. Open the 4-way valve on the hydrant to supply the pump without interfering with the flow through the original supply line. (6) Connect one of the pumper discharge outlets to the second intake of the hydrant valve.

What are the steps for the operation of a 4-way pump?

(1) release the extension arm pin that holds it in the vertical position. (2) Lower the extension arm to the horizontal position. (3) Reinsert the pin through the extension beam and arm. (4) Position the stabilizer pad under the jack. (5) Turn the screw portion of the jack to lower it onto the plate. (6) When the stabilizer shoe rests firmly on the pad, repeat the process for the other side of the apparatus.

What are the steps for using manual stabilizers?

(1) Sweep or vacuum large, loose dirt particles, (2) Use warm soapy water or commercial cleaning products specified by the apparatus manufacturer to avoid possible damage to interior surfaces, (3) avoid using solvents such as lacquer thinner, acetone, laundry soap, bleach, and naphtha, (4) Ventilate the cab or crew riding areas when using cleaning agents, (5) Take care when using any liquids around the vehicle's electrical system, (6) Keep compartments, hinges, slide tracks, and seals clean and free of debris. Lubricate according to the manufacturer's specifications.

What are the steps in cleaning the interior of the truck?

(1) A discharge line from a 2nd pumper is connected to the intake of the apparatus being tested. (2) The discharge pressure from the supply pumper should be increased until the internal intake relief valve on the test pumper opens. (3) The pressure at which the internal intake relief valve actuated is recorded. (4) The recorded pressure should be compared to past test results as well as operating procedures used by the FD where the pumper is in service. If needed the valve may be adjusted to the desired setting.

What are the steps to test the internal intake pressure relief valve?

Direct pumping system, gravity system, and combination system.

What are the three methods of moving water in a system?

(1) Venturi effect created by the pressure of a water stream flowing through a restricted orifice inducts (drafts) foam concentrate into the water stream. (2) A pressurized proportioning device injects foam concentrate into a water stream at a set ratio and at a higher pressure than the water flow.

What are the two basic principles of how a proportion system works?

The application are of areas that require maximum penetration, vertical surfaces, surface of fuels, and to suppress vapors.

What are the uses of Class A foam and Class B foam?

Direct pumping system, gravity system, combination system

What are the various means of moving water for a system?

Separating, cooling, suppressing or smothering.

What are the various ways that foam works?

Induction, injection, batch mixing, and premixing.

What are the ways that foam is proportioned?

It can cool or absorb heat from the fire. It can also smother, exclude oxygen, from the fire

What are the ways that water can extinguish fire?

Percentage method ((static-residual)(100)/static), First-digit method(static-residual and then multiply by 1,2,or 3), and squaring the lines method(static-residual multiply that with the squared number of supply lines).

What are the ways you can determine how much water you can get out of a hydrant?

Portable (gas powered) or fixed

What are two types of electric power generators used in emergency services operations?

Exhaust brake, transmission output retarder, engine compression brake, and electromagnetic retarder.

What are types of auxiliary braking systems?

Ground ladders (attic, roof, extension), forcible entry (axes, halligan, pike poles, crowbars, claw tools, chain saws, wrenches, hammers, cutting touches), Ventilation equipment, salvage/overhaul/loss control equipment (squeegees, water vacuums, TIC, portable pumps, sprinkler controls, roof patching materials, battery operated saws), portable hand lights extinguishers, SCBAs and extra bottles, bolt cutters, ladder belts, spanners, AED, utility and life safety rope, and meters.

What are types of portable equipment carried on aerial apparatus?

Get the wind direction and speed, approach uphill/upwind/upstream, don't drive the engine directly to the material involved, park well short of the material so it can be identified.

What basic principle should be considered when responding to any potential hazardous materials incident?

It reduces the oxygen level that may result in the destruction of vegetation and aquatic life.

What can occur when foam solution makes its way to a natural water source?

Weather, fuel, topography, building construction, spacing between the fire building and the exposure, and the intensity of the fire.

What conditions may affect exposure hazards?

If it is lateral, place the outrigger on the uphill section first, place the other down until the truck is even, and work off of the up hill side. If it is longitudinally, operate on the side that creates the less stress on the vehicle.

What considerations should be taken when stabilizing on uneven terrain?

Engine speed switch, light switches, override switches, breathing air level gauge, hydraulic oil pressure gauge, hydraulic oil temperature gauge, aerial deadman foot switch, load chart and load minder, water flow gauge, cradle indicator light, extension indicators, stop and lock controls, rung alignment indicator, inclinometer, hour meter for operation time, nozzle stow indicator, engine starter switch, communications equipment, elevated master stream controls, hydraulic lock valve, rescue/waterway switch, auxiliary hydraulic pump or emergency pump switch, switch for the emergency operation pump.

What controls and instruments may be located on the control pedestal?

Amount of water, type or quality of water, and accessibility of water

What determines a drafting site?

The amount of water required at the incident and the distance between the incident scene and the water source.

What determines the need for relay pumping?

The size of the pumper that can overcome friction loss, elevation, and the height of the drafting operation.

What determines the overall capacity of a relay pumping system?

(1) A gauge to determine intake pressure. the gauge should be calibrated to a range of 30 in Hg to zero for a vacuum gauge, or 30 in Hg vacuum to 150 PSI for a compound gauge. (2) A gauge with a range of 0-400 PSI, at least, to determine pump discharge. (3) A pitot tube with knife edge and air chamber rated from 0-160 PSI, at least, is required if a flowmeter is not used. (4) Smooth bore nozzles of the appropriate size to provide the volumes pumped for the required tests. (If a flowmeter is used, fog nozzles may be substituted providing they are rated for the required flows). (5) A means to secure the nozzles (ropes, chain, or test stand). (6) A hand tachometer. (7) Appropriate means to record the test results.

What equipment is required for performance testing?

Intake pressure gauge, pump discharge pressure gauge, pitot tube with knife edge and air chamber, smooth bore nozzles, hand tachometer.

What equipment is required for performance tests on fire department pumpers?

Pressure loss of 25 psi, friction loss in the hose from the pumper to the FDC, friction loss in the hose on the fire floor, nozzle pressure, elevation pressure

What factors affect pump discharge pressure in hose lays for use in supplying fire department connection for standpipes?

Surface conditions, grade, windy conditions, electrical hazards and ground or overhead obstructions, angle and location of aerial device operation, and special situations

What factors must the driver must consider when determining this final operating position of the aerial apparatus?

Amount of water, type of quality of water, accessibility of water.

What factors should be considered when selecting a drafting site?

A fire pump, water tank, supply and attack hose, ground ladders, aerial device or elevated platform, capable of supplying its own elevated master stream, can fight fire, can protect itself against the radiant heat.

What features must an apparatus have to be considered a quint?

Check the fluid level in the hydraulic reservoir, use the dip stick or sight gauge, check the fill hydraulic fluid when the stabilizers are in the stowed position, check the communication systems, extend the ladder and check the rungs, place in full horizontal position at full inspection.

What guidelines should be followed when conducting a visual inspection?

Include the friction loss for the master stream device, length of the wye lay out is between the pumper and the wye, is the master stream supplied by a different number of hose lines or diameter, round up the pressure to the nearest 5 PSI, pump discharge pressure should not exceed test pressures, PDP should provide for the residual pressure at the intake.

What guidelines should be followed when making a pump chart?

Mounted at the top of a straight section of the discharge pipe so that only a small portion of the device extends into the waterway. This method of placement reduces the impediment to water flow and lessens the chance of damage from any debris in the pipe. As water moves past it, a sensor measures the speed at which it spins and translates the information into a flow measurement.

What is a paddlewheel?

Employs a stainless steel spring probe to detect water movement in the discharge piping. The greater the flow, the more the spring is bent. An electrical charge is transmitted from the spring to a display unit for review by the driver. With only one simple moving part, it's design tends to require very little maintenance.

What is a spring probe?

(1) Master pump intake pressure indicating device. (2) Master pump discharge indicating device. (3) Pumping engine tachometer. (4) Pumping engine coolant temp indicator. (5) Voltmeter. (6) Pump pressure controls (discharge valves). (7) Pumping engine throttle. (8) Primer control. (9) Water tank to pump valve. (10) Tank-fill valve. (11) Water tank level indicator

What is included on the pump panel instrumentation?

All applicable driving regulations for emergency and nonemergency situations. Departmental regulations. Hydraulic calculations. Specific operational questions regarding pumping. Department procedures or guidelines

What is included the written test for driver?

Theoretical lift is the pressure created by a total vacuum, and the water could be raised by atmospheric pressure to a height based on that pressure. It decreases as altitude increases. Maximum lift is the height at the cutoff of where water can be lifted. Dependable lift is the height of the column of water that is needed to give the correct flow to fight fire.

What is meant by theoretical lift, maximum lift, and dependable lift?

Rolls of plastic sheeting that may be used to cover contents, water vacuums, deodorizing equipment, infrared heat detectors, TIC, portable pumps, sprinkler control equipment, floor squeegees, roof patching materials, wood or foam blocks to lift furniture off the floor, electric and/or battery-operated saws and other portable electrical equipment, and canvas hall runners and tarps for debris collection.

What is some additional equipment carried on aerials?

Around the pump, direct injection, balanced pressure foam proportioning systems, (2) Compressed air foam systems (CAFS) combined with or in addition to another proportioning system, (3) Balanced pressure proportioning system to provide reliability of foam proportioning at larger flows, (4) Fire pumps ranging in capacity from 750 to 3,000 GPM or greater, (5) Large onboard tank of foam concentrate, which is usually found on industrial pumper, often contain 500 gallons or more of foam concentrate. (6) Large fixed foam/water turret capable of flowing the entire capacity of the fire pump.

What is some equipment that can be found both on municipal and industrial foam pumpers?

(1) Two 6 ft lengths of 1/4 inch diameter, 300 PSI hose with screw fittings and gauges. These gauges are connected to fittings at the pump panel. (2) Clamp to hold the pitot tube to the test nozzle. (3) Test stand to hold the gauges. (4) Stopwatch.

What is some equipment that could serve to make performance testing easier and more efficient?

Flathead axes, halligan tool, pickhead axes, pike poles, plaster hooks, crowbars, claw tools, sledgehammers, hacksaws and keyhole saws, wrenches, hammers, rotary saws, reciprocating saws, chain saws, hydraulic door opens (rabbet tool), and cutting torches

What is some forcible entry tools found on a aerial?

The average amount off water used per day based on the total amount of water used in a water distribution system over a period of 1 year.

What is the average daily consumption (ADC)?

Friction loss = flow rate (gpm/100) squared

What is the condensed Q Formula?

(3 inch hose) FL = Q2 (GPM/100), (4 inch hose) FL = Q2/5, (5 inch hose) FL = Q2/15

What is the condensed Q formula?

The manual version is a slide rule or dial and it shows you the pressure based on length and different factors. The electronic version, you plug in the numbers and the computer shoots out the pressure the line should be at.

What is the difference between a manual and a hydraulic calculator?

Level 1 staging is all, besides the first on engine company, stage 2 is usually for larger incidents or multiple alarms.

What is the difference between level 1 staging and level 2 staging?

The manufacturer test is a road test and a pressure test for the pump and valves. The certification test goes into a deeper pump, engine, and gauges test. The acceptance test crosses all the t's and dots the i's for the buying party.

What is the difference between manufacturers' tests, certification tests, and acceptance tests?

The parallel positon will give you the greatest volume at a given pressure. Pumping it in series will give you the greatest pressure by sending water into the eye of the 1st impeller. It is even sent higher when the water leaves and goes into the eye of the 2nd impeller.

What is the difference between pumping in the parallel position and the series position?

The primary controls are located on the turntable and the secondary are located at the tip of the ladder.

What is the difference between the primary control position and the secondary control position?

P (total number of pumpers needed) = R (Relay distance)/D (distance provided in a table) + 1

What is the equation that tells you how many pumpers are needed in a relay operation?

NPDP = PDP - Intake reading

What is the equation to find the Net pump discharge pressure?

Handling time = Fill site time + Dump site time

What is the equation to find the handling time it takes for a water shuttle operation?

Travel time = 0.65 + (1.7)(Distance)

What is the equation to find the travel time in a water shuttle operation?

Flow = (0.9 x Tank size)/trip time

What is the equation to find the water shuttle flow rate?

Attic ladders, roof ladders, and extension ladders

What is the ladders that are found on an aerial apparatus?

350 GPM in a ranging of 3/4 to a 3 inch

What is the max range flow rate and size for hand lines?

The maximum total amount of water that was used during any 24-hour period within a 3-year period. Unusual situations, such as refilling a reservoir after cleaning, should not be considered in determining the maximum daily consumption.

What is the maximum daily consumption (MDC)?

The maximum amount of water used in any 1-hour interval over the course of the day.

What is the peak hourly consumption (PHC)?

They allow one or more firefighters operating at the tip of the aerial device to breathe clean air without the need to don a standard SCBA.

What is the purpose of a fixed breathing air system on an aerial apparatus?

It controls sudden spikes in pressure of hand lines.

What is the purpose of automatic pressure control devices?

It means elevated, rotated, and extended in that order.

What is the purpose of raising the telescoping aerial device?

They are intended to enhance firefighter safety and reduce the possibility and reduce the possibility of damage to the pump and other water supply components that may be caused by water hammer when valves are operated too quickly or intake pressures rise dramatically.

What is the purpose of relief valves?

To deploy elevated master streams.

What is the purpose of water towers?

(1) Aerial/stabilizer - The aerial device function must not activate unless the stabilizers are fully deployed. (2) Body collision - The device will not move into regions where it would make contact with the body or cab. (3) Rotation Interlock (short-jack) - It will not rotate over the side of the apparatus where the stabilizers are not fully extended. (4) Max Elevation slow-down - It will slow down before reaching max elevation or extension. (5) Retraction - It will not retract completely without the activation of the retract override function. (6) Nozzle stow - It will not drop into the cradle if the master stream nozzle is not properly positioned. (7) Aerial function interlocks - It will not operate until the parking brake have been set and the transmission has been placed in neutral or the transmission is in the drive position with the driveline to the rear axle disengaged. (8) Cab interlock - The cab will not rise if the engine is running. (9) Tiller operator interlock - The engine starter will not work unless the tiller operator is seated and belted, or a tiller cab start button is engaged.

What kind of interlock devices are found on aerial apparatus'?

Location of the dump site, location of the fill site, route traveled between the fill and dump sites, and number of vehicles needed to keep a steady flow of water to the fire scene.

What major decisions affect the success of a water shuttle operation?

Foam concentrate displacement method, foam concentrate pump discharge volume method, foam solution refractivity testing, and foam solution conductivity testing.

What methods are used for testing a foam proportioning system for calibration accuracy?

Engine speed check, pump shift indicator, pump engine control interlock, priming system test, vacuum test, pumping test for fire pumps, overload test, pressure control test for fire pumps, intake relief valve system test, gauge test flowmeter test, and tank-to-pump flow test.

What minimum performance tests are required by NFPA 1911?

Everyone needs to wear a seat belt when the truck is in motion.

What must be ensured for all riders before the apparatus is put in motion?

Life safety is the first tactical priority at any incident. If there is an indication of an obvious rescue situation, position the apparatus to facilitate the most efficient deployment of ground ladders (or aerial device if so equipped)

What needs to be done when positioning the apparatus in a rescue situation?

Position the apparatus so that fire streams can be deployed to protect the exposures if the fire has the potential to threaten exposures. When positioning for exposure protection, consider the apparatus as a potential exposure. Avoid placing the apparatus in allocation that may subject it to high levels of radiant heat, falling embers, or other products of combustion.

What needs to be done when positioning the apparatus in a situation where exposures need to be protected?

Never operating the battery switch when the engine is running. Check the gauges and make sure that the levels are normal, if not shut off the engine. Before shutting down the engine, let the engine run 3-5 minutes to burn off diesel particulate.

What recommendations should always be followed when starting or shutting down an apparatus?

Place in a safe area and don't leave unattended, communicate with the entire fire ground organization, keep headlights on during operations, place it facing an escape route, close all windows and doors, establish an anchor point, fight from the flanks and not head-on, watch out for power lines/heavy fuel loads/air drops, keep a charged hose line for engine protection, don't drive into unburned fuel taller than the engine's underside clearance, park in the burned side, don't drive into smoke without making your presence known

What safety guidelines should be followed when positioning pumping apparatus in wildland fire attack?

(1) Park the apparatus off the roadway (if conditions permit) to avoid blocking other apparatus or evacuating civilians. (2) Clear away any nearby brush that may serve as fuel for a fire. (3) Position the apparatus on the leeward side of the structure to minimize exposure to heat and blowing embers. (4) Place the apparatus at a nearby but safe distance from the structure in order to keep hose lines short. (5) Keep doors and windows closed to keep out burning material. (6) Place the vehicles AC on recirculation mode to avoid drawing in smoke from the outside. (7) Do not position apparatus in close proximity to power lines, large trees, LPG tanks or other pressure vessels, and exposed structures.

What should be done with the apparatus when assigned to structure protection on a grass fire?

They tell who is responsible for the repairs, when and how often they should be done, and how to document them.

What should systematic maintenance procedures specify?

When the pressures are too high for one engine, to supply a high rise sprinkler or standpipe, when located a short distance from the water but huge distance from the fire.

What situations require tandem pumping operations?

Release the extension arm pin, lower the extension arm to the horizontal position, reinsert the pin, put the pad underneath the jack, turn the screw portion to lower the jack, after it is firmly on the pad repeat the process.

What steps are taken when placing stabilizers on midship aerials in service?

Use the upwind position, provide a means of egress, and way to deliver tools and equipment to personnel working on the roof.

What strategies and tactics may require access to upper levels?

Installed in-line eductor, around-the-pump, bypass-type balanced pressure, Variable-flow variable rate direct injection system, and variable flow demand type balanced pressure

What types of apparatus mounted foam proportioners are used in the fire service?

In-line eductors, foam nozzle educators, and self educting master stream nozzles.

What types of portable foam proportioners are used in the fire service?

Post type (downriggers), box (H-stabilizers), A-frame/scissor/X-style stabilizers (fulcrum-type stabilizers)

What types of stabilizing devices are available for aerial apparatus?

Circulating feed

When a fire hydrant receives water from two or more directions, it is said to have a circulating feed or a looped line. There is much less pressure loss in this system.

(1) Transmission in the wrong gear. (2) Lockup clutch with automatic transmission apparatus not working. (3) Clutch slipping. (4) Engine overheating. (5) Muffler clogged. (6) Tachometer inaccurate. (7) Engine governor malfunctioning. (8) Insufficient intake hose. (9) Intake strainer submerged incorrectly or intake screen clogged. (10) Lift higher than 10ft. (11) Intake hose clogged or lining collapsed. (12) Excessive air leaks on the intake side of pump as a result of bad pump seals. (13) Pump impellers clogged. (14) Clearance rings that are excessively worn. (15) Pump of intake hose not fully primed. (16) Malfunctioning relief valve or pressure governor. (17) Transfer valve in wrong position. (18) Malfunction of gauges. (19) Pitot gauge malfunctioning or clogged. (20) Nozzle too large or too small.

When a pump fails to meet the requirements of the service test, one or more issues could be the cause. What is the list of the common causes for failure?

Transmission retarder

When activated, transmission fluid is introduced into the retarder housing and energy is absorbed into the fluid through the opposing action of spinning vanes

Load shedding

When an overload condition occurs, it will shut down less important electrical equipment to prevent the overload.

Load shedding

When an overload condition occurs, the load monitor will shut down less important electrical equipment to prevent the overload

Load Shedding

When an overload condition occurs, the load monitor will shut down less important electrical equipment to prevent the overload.

Any problem that may be readily apparent from a distance such as body damage or a serve lean to one side. The terrain on which the vehicle is parked. Fire station apparatus floors, driveways, or parking areas may have sloped surfaces. Vehicle fluid leaks, such as water, coolant, oil, hydraulic fluid, or transmission fluid, which may indicate a serious mechanical problem.

When approaching a vehicle to be inspected, the driver should observe what?

Any problems to the body or has a lean to one side, the terrain (is it sloped), and if there are any vehicle fluid leaks such as water/oil/coolant/hydraulic.

When approaching a vehicle to be inspected, what should the driver/operator observe?

Second principle - Friction Loss

When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in the velocity of the flow

Principle of Friction Loss 2

When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increases in the velocity of the flow

60 degrees

When is maximum stability of a tractor-drawn aerial apparatus achieved?

What does US Department of Transportation of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) reccomend

When on Highway use sirens only to clear slow moving traffic. Warning lights should be used as necessary, but once onscene should be reduced as much as possible. Also consider front facing lights.

(1) Watch for pools of jet fuel - do not drive through them or close enough to present an ignition source. (2) Position upwind of any fire conditions or vapors from in-ignited pools of fuel. (3) Watch for wreckage or other debris (obscured by smoke or darkness) that may damage tires. (4) Stage the apparatus near the expected touchdown area when dispatched to an aircraft emergency landing. Complete the response only after the aircraft has touched down.

When responding to any type of aircraft incident and positioning on the scene, the driver should keep in mind what safety requirements?

When not climbing up or down the ladder, when not going in or out of the platform, and anytime the ladder is in motion.

When should personnel be safely anchored to a structural feature of the ladder or platform?

Aerial Stabilizing Principles

When the device is raised from the cradle the suspension begins to carry more weight( always use stabilizers when raising even a few feet) If the driver begins to rotate the extended aerial the center of gravity moves toward the side the aerial is operating on. As long as the gravity circle does not extend outside the base of stability the truck should remain stable.

(1) Be aware of personnel who are on the ladder sections behind them. (2) Take care to place feet on steps at the tip to avoid injury from moving ladder sections. (3) Be belted in position to protect against abrupt or unexpected ladder movements. (4) Be aware of impending water flow and monitor/tower reaction. (5) Be aware of electrical hazards and other obstructions.

When the tip is control is used, the operator at the tip of the ladder needs to take what precautions?

215 Multiple hoselines

When using more than one hoseline of equal length and equal diameter, friction loss calculations need only be made for one line. When the diameters vary, calculations must be made for each hoseline. The pump discharge pressure may then be set based on the higher pressure because the discharge valve for the hoseline requiring less pressure may be partially closed to reduce pressure in that hoseline.

(1) Be aware of the number, weight, and position of personnel and equipment on the device. (2) Monitor the wind, ice, and waterflow, ensuring not to exceed the load chart limitations. (3) Maintain 2-way communication with personnel at the tip or in the platform basket. (4) Observe personnel on the turntable who are helping observe the situation or are waiting to ascend. Personnel should keep well clear of the ladder at all times.

When working from the primary control position, the operator must practice what guidelines?

Cellar, piercing, and chimney

When would special purpose nozzles be used?

(1) Inspection of apparatus results in finding a system in need of repair, (2) The driver documents the defective system per local policy such as written or computerized document, (3) The status of the repair is followed up in a reasonable amount of time based on the nature of the problem. For serious issues or items meeting the NFPA 1911 "out of service" criteria, immediate action must be taken.

Whenever the apparatus or a piece of equipment onboard is found broken, defective, or in need of any type of repair the driver should follow the local SOP for documenting, reporting, and following up on the status of repair. What is a guideline for these actions to be undertaken?

Aerial Lifting

While most trucks are not rated to lift they can be used to create a high point

(1) Monitor all gauges associated with the engine as well as the operation of the fire pump. (2) Adjust the throttle until the desired flow rate is achieved if a flowmeter is in use.

While the pump is in operation, the driver must do what?

Visual Warning Lights

White lights are readily visible even during daylight hours. Because of this driving with them on is advised. Lower accident rates have been noticed when left on. Dim headlights and turn off spotlights if drivers may be blinded. Do not drive with high beams as they may obscure other warning lights.

(1) Quints may be customized to accommodate differences in geography, water supply, type of occupancy and construction, and many other factors, after the standard has been met. (2) Depending on the nature of the call, the apparatus may be operated as a ladder company, or both (if sufficient numbers of responders are available). This provides the fire department with more flexibility. The 1st priority is to always position the apparatus with the aerial device in mind. Simply stated, an apparatus has a limited aerial device range, but extra hose can be extended when needed. (3) The apparatus will be capable of supplying its own elevated master stream. (4) The apparatus may be used to extinguish fire encountered when an engine company is not present. (5) The apparatus may be used to protect itself in high radiant heat situations.

Why do some departments prefer quints?

It is easier to see cracks and wear and tear

Why is inspection of apparatus easier if the apparatus is clean/

Too much nozzle pressure could cause injury to the firefighter and make the hose line hard to move.

Why is it important to take into account nozzle pressure and reaction?

To test actual performance against the industry standards.

Why should fire pumps be tested at regularly scheduled intervals?

Flow pressure

Why water is flowing from discharge open, the forward velocity pressure is considered flow pressure.

What are some types of specialty fire apparatus and their uses?

Wildland Fire Apparatus - fights wildland fires Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Apparatus - provide immediate suppression of flammable liquid fires and suppression of vapors from fuel spills Fireboats - used for extinguishment of fires in the marine environment Aerial Apparatus Equipped with Fire Pumps - can be used of an engine or ladder company Rescue Apparatus Equipped with Fire Pumps - Used to extinguish small fires and provide protective hoselines at extrication and other incidents Trailer-Mounted Fire Pumps - long term pumping operations, such as for petroleum storage facilities or landfills.

Gross negligence

Willful and wanton disregard

Gross Negligence

Willful and wanton disregard.

Stokes basket

Wire or plastic basket type litter suitable for transporting patients from locations where a standard litter would not be easily secured, such as a pile of rubble, a structural collapse, or the upper floor of a building; may be used with a harness for lifting

Stokes basket

Wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients from locations where a standard litter would not be easily secured, such as a pile of rubble, a structural collapse, or the upper floor of a building; may be used with a harness for lifting.

Stokes Basket

Wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients from locations where a standard little would not be easily secured, such as a pile of rubble, a structural collapse, or the upper floor of a building; may be used with a harness for lifting.

Elevating platform

Work platform attached to the end of an articulating or telescoping aerial device

Elevating platform

Work platform attached to the end of an articulating or telescoping aerial device.

Performance Requirements

Written list of expected capabilities for new apparatus. The lists is produced by the purchaser and presented to the manufacturer as a guide for what is expected.

Performance requirements

Written list of expected capabilities for new apparatus. the list is produced by the purchaser and presented to the manufacturer as a guide for what is expected.

434 Intake should not drop

You should not attempt to correct minor fluctuations as long as the intake pressure does not drop below 20 psi. Pumping at a low residual pressure while being supplied by other apparatus. Also don't pump more than you intake. Is master intake drops below 20 PSI the throttle must not be increased

two common types of skidding are acceleration and locked wheel skids. in an acceleration skid the drive wheels lose traction on the road surface. to maintain control of the vehicle the driver operator should not apply the brakes, ease off the accelerator, and straighten out the front wheels as the vehicle begins to respond.

a locked wheel skid generally results from breaking too hard at a high rate of speed. the vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned. to regain proper control ease off the brake to unlock the drive wheels and then straighten the front wheels as the apparatus begins to respond to control. the vehicle May then be slowed gradually until it is a safe speed to continue driving

based on NFPA 1901 standard, for every discharge outlet equipped with a flow meter shall also be provided with what?

a pressure gauge. These flow meters must display flow in increments of 10 gallons per minute or less

Vacuum

a pressure that is somewhat less than atmospheric pressure, it is needed to facilitate drafting of water from a static source

Lantern or Slinger rings

a spacer that is supplied with packing that provides Cooling

Exposure

a structure or separate part of the fireground to which fire may spread by convection, radiation, or conduction. Wind may enhance the effects of radiation and convection wind blowing to exposure increase chances of fire spread. Water curtain doesn't stop much radiated heat water applied directly to surface is better. Convection can be helped by aiming the thermal column with fog nozzles

additional benefits aerial apparatus have are

ability to supply its own master streams and extinguish small fires when an engine company is not available

these allow rescuers to plug their equipment into standard electrical outlets or electrical equipment from other agencies that use different types of connections

adapters

Design and construction of water supply apparatus should meet what safety requirements

adequate water capacity, efficient fill and dump time, suspension and steering matched to terrain, properly sized chassis, adequately sized engine for vehicle size and terrain, sufficient braking ability, proper tank mounting and baffling, adequate tank venting system, ability to dump water from either side or rear of apparatus

the advantage and dis advantage to the inverter is

advantage-fuel efficiency as well as quiet disadvantages- they can be moved only a short distance away from the vehicle and have relatively small power supply capacities.

when should you begin waxing new apparatus?

after first 6 months

Driving techniques

aim high in steering, get the big picture, keep your eyes moving, leave yourself an out, maintain enough distance from the vehicle ahead to pull out of traffic safely if the need arises, make sure others can see and hear you.

what are some forms of polar solvents?

alcohol, acetone, ketones, and esters are also known as miscible liquids.

Selectable Gallonage Nozzles

allow the firefighter operating the handline to select the flow rate to suit fire and operating conditions, generally operating at 100 psi

Regen inhibit switch-

allows driver to keep from starting active regen process.

Manual parked regen switch-

allows driver to manually start active regen process.

NFPA 1582 deals with both vision

and hearing part of medical evaluation.

Blue light on traffic signals help to warn approaching apparatus

another emergency vehicle is about to come trough intersection.

NFPA 1500 prohibits anyone riding on tailboard, front bumper, or running boards of

any moving apparatus.

Quint

apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck; equipped with a fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and aerial devices. Must be equipped with a pump rated at a minimum of 1,000 gpm and a water tank of at least 300 gallons.

When driving a vehicle equipped with ABS, driver should

apply steady pressure on brake pedal; not pumping brakes.

1 cubic foot of water

approximately 62.4 pounds

Air Primers

are becoming more popular. uses a compressor (usually the air brake compressor since its not in use while pumping) to supply an airline to a jet pump creating a Venturi Effect that primes the pump using no moving parts or lubricants

Tactics

are the actual procedures and actions taken to successfully carry out strategies.

Rotary Pump

are the simplest of all fire apparatus pumps. In modern trucks is used as small capacity, booster-type pumps; low volume, high pressure pumps, and priming pumps.are either rotary gear or rotary vane and are driven by a a small electric motor or clutch to truck drive shaft.

Junction Box

are used to supply power to several connections from one supply source.

how does a Paddle Wheel flow meter work?

as water moves past the Paddlewheel, a sensor measures the speed at which it spins and translate the information into a flow measurement.

an impinging jet nozzle is capable of flowing approximately how many gallons per minute?

at 100 PSI it can flow approximately 125 gallons per minute.

Moving Victims Down Aerial Ladders

at least 1 and preferably 2 rescuers should be assigned to assist the victims in boarding and descent. When 2 or more are available 1 assists from inside the building while others remain on tip. Adults can be led, but a firefighter should always lead. Carrying is only a last resort. May use knee-sit method. Second method is victim rides the rails. Last is mot difficult and most risky and is over the shoulder and should only be performed with 2 rescuers.

when should water main valves be operated to keep them in good condition.

at least once a year

static is

at rest

how should ladders be placed for aircraft?

at the aft (rear) of the entry doors

NFPA 1901 requires vehicles over 36,000 lbs or greater be equipped with

auxiliary braking system.

average daily consumption is

average amount of water used per day over the period of a year

DOT establishes

basics requirements for licensing drivers.

NFPA 1901 requires all intakes or discharges that are 3 inches or greater

be equipped with slow acting valves installed on intakes and discharges prevent opening or closing of the valves in less than 3 seconds. Most pump connections will have drain valves on the line side of the control valve.

NFPA 1901 requires all equipment not needed while driving

be secured.

Beginning with engines in 2007 Diesel engine

became equipped with DPF.

Angle of departure-

bottom of back tire to bottom of rear bumper

Angle of approach-

bottom of front tire to bottom of bumper.

Break over angle-

bottom of front wheel and bottom of rear wheel.

Negligence-

breach of duty in which a person or organization fails to preform at he standard required by law, or that would be expected by a reasonable person.

this apparatus is light weight highly maneuverable and all terrain. can be mounted on one tun or larger chassis and usually has all wheel drive.

brush trucks, brush breakers or booster apparatus

what is a common method of measuring atmospheric pressure?

by comparing the weight of atmosphere with the weight of Mercury.

how are periphery deflected streams produced?

by deflecting water around and inside circular stem in the nozzle the water is then deflected by the exterior barrel of the nozzle. The position of the stem relative to the barrel will determine the shape of the fog stream.

a a fog stream may be produced by what?

by deflection at the periphery,by impinging Jets of water, or a combination of these methods.

how is the operation of a Clapper valve checked?

by removing the strainer from a large intake opening and reaching into the pump with a long wooden dowel or similar type of Rod The Clapper valve must be able to swing freely.

term used to describe a high energy foam generation system consisting of a water pump, a foam proportion system and an air compressor that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hose line

cafs compressed air foam system

Allowing Diesel engine to idle

can be bad on engine.

what is a ground water supply?

can be water wells or water producing springs

water pipe that is used underground is generally made of what?

cast iron, ductile iron, concrete, asbestos cement, steel, or plastic. (6 things)

what type of pump is a pump with one of more impeller that rotate and utilize Centrifugal force to move the water? Most modern fire pumps are of this type.

centrifugal pump

According to NFPA 1901, the quint (equipped with fire pump, hose, water tank, ground ladders, and aerial device) must be equipped with a pump rated at 1000 gpm and a water tank of at least 300 gallons.

ch1

Commonly known as brush trucks, brush breakers, or booster apparatus, [wildland fire apparatus] often have pump capacities and water tanks of 500 gallons or less.

ch1

Vehicles with a pump and roll system use a separate motor or a power takeoff (PTO) to power the fire pump.

ch1

When a small amount of electrical power is needed, a step up transformer called an inverter can be used to convert a vehicle's 12 or 24 volt DC current into 110 or 220 volt AC.

ch1

An apparatus weight when loaded with service equipment in compartments, hose, water, and crew must weight less than the GAWR (Gross Axel Weight Ratings) before it is placed in service. Per NFPA 1901 and 1911 , a side to side variance in weight souls not exceed 7 percent.

ch2

In general, steering wheel play should be no more than 10 degrees (2 inches on a 20 inch steering wheel) in either direction.

ch2

NFPA 1911 requires that all tires be replaced [every seven years], regardless of their condition.

ch2

The correct tire for any commercial vehicle is determined after the vehicles specifications are final. Tire selections for fire apparatus are based on [gross axel weight ratings] for the apparatus. Too much or too little pressure will damage ties and cause poor road handling characteristics, as well as excessive fuel consumption.

ch2

Wait until the apparatus is six months old to apply wax and polishes to the exterior of the apparatus.

ch2

While it is acceptable to perform engine compartment checks either before or after the engine has been run, most checks (with the exception of the transmission fluid level) should not be conducted while the vehicle is running.

ch2

[Air pressure protection valve] prevents air horns or other nonessential devices from being operated when the pressure in the reservoir drops below 80psi. Apparatus brakes should be thoroughly tested at least annually using methods outlined in NFPA 1911 Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Apparatus. These test determine the braking ability of apparatus while in motion and evaluate the parking brake while the vehicle is stopped.

ch2

[Curb weight] is the wrought of an empty fire apparatus fresh off the assembly line with no tools, water, equipment, or passengers. Three manufacturer determines the gross vehicle weight at which a vehicle can be safely operated on roadways in ideal conditions.

ch2

[Free Play] Amount of travel the clutch has before it begins to disengage the engine from transmission. Insufficient free play will cause the clutch to slip, overheat, and wear out sooner than necessary. The throw-out bearing will also have a shorter life. Excessive free play may result in the clutch not releasing completely which can cause harsh shifting, gear clashing, and damage to gear teeth.

ch2

[Manual shift transmission] A component of the train that receives torque from the engine and converts it to rotation to the wheels. A clutch is used to disengage the transmission from the engine to allow the apparatus to start, stop, or change gears to maximize engine performance.

ch2

[Throw-Out Bearing] The component used to push on the internal clutch fingers connected to the clutch pedal and when activated, disengages the clutch from the engine.

ch2

Active regeneration can also occur when the truck is parked. parked regeneration allows the cleaning of the DPF in stationary truck operations and requires operator involvement to initiate. The operator will be notified of the need for a parked regeneration by the illumination of the DPF light located in the cab. Parked regeneration cannot be initiated during pumping operations. Regeneration greatly increases the temperature of the exhaust exhorting the tail pipe.

ch3

Active regeneration can occur in two manners, in automatic mode or in manual (parked) mode. Automatic regeneration occurs when the engine load the exhaust temperature and engine speed are within an acceptable range. When the conditions are met, the engine will begin dosing fuel into the exhaust stream to raise the exhaust temperature and burn off the soot.

ch3

Disc and drum brakes will both overheat if braking and driving habits are poor. Radial tires and ABS braking systems do not reduce the potential for bake fade. Only effective handling and braking techniques can ensure maximum braking efficiency.

ch3

GPS based traffic signal pre-emption using a GPS device and radio transmitter in the apparatus data can be transmitted to a radio receiver on the traffic light in order to preempt a signal at the intersection. this system operates automatically as long as the apparatus is in range and the transmitter is turned on. this system also features a manual disabled mode that will prevent preemption of traffic signals after a vehicle has arrived at the scene. these devices are capable of determining location speed and status of the apparatus turn signal as well as maintaining a recorded database of unit indentification informationfor a historical record of signal use. In addition a priority mode may be programmed allowing emergency vehicles a higher control level than other Municipal Vehicles such as transit buses or snow plows.

ch3

In a study conducted by the SAE , it was determined that in 42% of all collisions the driver/ Operator was not aware of a problem until it was too late to correct.

ch3

It may take 3 to 15 times greater distance for a vehicle to come to a complete stopon snow and ice than it does on dry pavement

ch3

The Diesel Particulate Filter collects particulates (soot) from the exhaust stream and burns them more completely. Apparatus equipped with a DPF will have very clean emissions and no black smoke as is common with older diesel engines. Three soot burns out of the DPF naturally when the exhaust is very hot. If the apparatus makes frequent sort runs or operates in a very cold climate, the exhaust never gets hot enough to burn or the soot and an active regeneration is required.

ch3

There are 19,824 locations in the US where there is less than 100 feet following the railroad tracks. These sites account for an average of 122 accidents annually.

ch3

angle of approach angle- formed by level ground and a line from the point where the front tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the front of the apparatus.

ch3

angle of departure- angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the rear of the apparatus.

ch3

breakover angle- angle formed by the level ground in a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the bottom of the frame at the wheelbase midpoint.

ch3

engine lugging occurs when the throttle is applied when a manual transmission is in too high a gear for the demand on the engine a common example is trying to accelerate while a vehicle is moving up a steep grade when this happens the engine cannot respond to the amount of work being asked for at the throttle when this over throttling occurs with a diesel engine more fuel is injected than can be burned. this results in an excessive amount of carbon particles in the exhaust, oil dilution, and additional fuel consumption. If lugging does occur the driver operator should not allow the engine RPM to drop below Peak torque speed.

ch3

Studies show people respond better to sounds that

change pitch. Short air horn bursts and the constant up an down oscillation of an electronic or mechanical siren.

what is the process of switching between pressure and volume referred to?

changeover

electrical cords can be stored on apparatus n

coils, portable reels, or fixed automatic rewind reels.

what is a rescue pumper

combination of a rescue company and a fire department pumper

Intersections are the most

common place for emergency vehicles to have a collision.

Fixed Monitors

commonly called deck guns and permanently mounted on the apparatus

Wild land fire apparatus

commonly known ass brush trucks, brush breakers, or booster apparatus, vehicles have pum Capacity of 500 gallons

fire pumps are tested at regularly scheduled intervals to

compare actual performance to specific standards

foam

complete product

How water extinguishes fire

cool, absord heat, or smother

If the velocity is increased beyond a certain point the friction will become so great that the entire system is agitated by resistance. This agitation that causes the degree of turbulence is called what

critical velocity

what are some forms of hydrocarbons?

crude oil, fuel oil, gas, benzene, and kerosene are petroleum based and have a specific gravity less than 1

Constant flow fog nozzles

designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure. Most feature a periphery-deflected stream and have adjustable pattern. During the rotation the space between the deflecting stem and the interior throat of the nozzle remains the same allowing for a fixed gallonage in all patterns.

foam proportioner

device that injects the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to form the foam solution

Engine compression brake-

device that uses the engine and transmission to impede the forward motion of the vehicle by compression of the engine.

volt meter

device used for measuring existing voltage in in electrical system.

DEF

diesel exhaust fluid

DEF is

diesel exhaust fluid

Apparatus equipped with selective catalyst reductant (SCR) will have a tank in addition to the fuel tank that must be filled with

diesel exhaust fluid(DEF).

DPF

diesel particulate filter

DPF is

diesel particulate filter

what are the three methods of moving water in your system?

direct pumping system, gravity system, and combination system.

Braking distance-

distance the vehicle travels from the time the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop.

Engine governor cannot control speeds

downhill

driver/operator driving a vehicle equipped with standard transmission should not engage the clutch until the vehicle is under control and just before stopping the apparatus. once the driver operator has the skid under control gradually apply power to the wheels to further control the vehicle by creating traction or apply brakes as needed.

driver operators must balance the service brakes, transmission gear selection, and retarding device in order to maintain control when descending grades during icy conditions.

Society of automotive engineers (SAE) determined that in 42 percent of all collisions

driver was not aware of issue till it was too late.

Yellow lights help to illuminate reflective PPE with

drivers head lights.

Most driving regulations pertain to

dry, clear roads during daylight conditions.

actions to put an aerial device into service

elevate, rotate, extend, and thus controls should be in this order

Most common accident for drivers is slips and falls when

entering and exiting apparatus.

NFPA 1002 specific directions for driver candidates

evaluation.

nondestructive tests are conducted

every 5 years, after accidents, when aerial device is subjected to unusual stress, and following major repairs or overhauls

how often should tires be replaced?

every 7 years

DPF collects soot from

exhaust stream and burns it more completely.

what type of gas is produced from batteries when it is being charged?

explosive hydrogen gas

Automatic Transmission Control ATC

feature automatically reduces engine torque and applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction and begin to spin.

these apparatus protect hazards on and adjacent to water ways. they are also commonly operated in areas costing boat or ship traffic as well as harbors with wharves, piers and docks

fire boats

these apparatuses have capacities as high as 50,000 gpm and individual master stream deices on the vessels may discharge large volumes of water sometimes in excess of 10,000 gpm

fire boats

In order to meet NFPA 1002 driver must have successfully completed

firefighter 1 course or equivalent.

class b can also be called

flammable liquids

hydrocarbons will do what on water?

float

Master Stream Nozzles

flow 350 gpm or more

what reduces the number of pressure calculations required of the driver operator?

flow meters

Chimney Nozzle

flowing only 1.5 - 3 gpm at a pressure of 100 psi, creates a fine mist that converts to steam

what is newtons 3rd law

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

what's Newtons third law of motion?

for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction.

NFPA 1500 firefighters to don PPE before driving to call except

for helmet.

Pressure

force per unit area

pressure

force per unit area

Ability of an apparatus to traverse a standing body of water

fording

during first 6 months, how often should apparatus be washed and with what temp water?

frequently and cold water

Many manufactures recommended tanks be

fully filled or empty when driving.

these are most common power source used for emergency services

generators

NFPA 1500 require vehicles to come to complete stop before

going through an intersection with a red light.

Gravity Dump on Tanker/Tender

gravity is used to empty water from the tank. Often use 8" piping. Tank must have baffles and vents to prevent positive or negative pressures

what is a distributor?

grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers.

Vaulted surfaces

ground above underground vault such as underground parking structures, utility chases drainage culvert, basements that extend under sidewalks, /under ground transportation systems. Manhole covers are a good example of potential vaults

common equipment found on pumpers

ground ladders scbas forcible entry tools salvage tools portable water tank medical equipment

NFPA 1901 requires placard in every apparatus that list the vehicle

height, and weight in feet and tons.

HEST is

high exhaust system temp

Intake hose

hose used to connect Fire pumper/portable pump to nearby water source; maybe soft sleeve/hard suction hose

class b foam is designed solely for use on

hydrocarbon fuels

class b fuels are divided into what subcategories

hydrocarbons and polar solvents

portable lights are advantageous during incidents where

illumination is needed some distance away from piece of apparatus

Never shut down engine

immediately after a full load of operation or when engine is overheated. 3-5 minutes should be enough time to wait.

vaned circulating member of the centrifical pump that transmitted motion to the water.

impeller

intake orifice at the center of a centrifugal pump impeller

impeller eye

Water can smother fire in which ways

in combustible liquids whose specific gravity is greater than 1 AND when water converts to steam within a closed space

dynamic is

in motion

during a skid, apparatus not equipped with ABS, should turn the wheel

in the direction of the skid

Water is considered to be virtually ______ and its _______ varies at different _____

incompressible, weight, temperatues

relay pumping is used to

increase the volume of water

tandem pumping is used to

increase water pressure

what two conditions result in a restriction of the pipe size increase friction loss and a proportionate reduction in the amount of water vailable from the system?

incrustation of minerals on the interior surface of the pipe and sedimentation that settles out of the water,...... flushing hydrants periodically prevents these.

voltmeter is

indicates battery condition

valves for water systems are broadly divided into what types of valves?

indicating and non indicating types

scaled down versions of full size pumpers are called

initial attack fire apparatus.

in addition to the fire pump the apparatus must be equipped with

intake and discharge connections, pump controls and gauges, and variety of hose sizes.

The most common place for collisions is

intersections.

_____________ are typically used to power vehicle mounted flood lights

inverter

this can be used to convert a vehicles 12- or 24 volt dc current into 110-220 colt ac current

inverter

Pump Shift

involves transferring the power from the rear axle to the pump drive gears. The pump indicator light should not be relied on instead listen for sound of linkage engaging, or seeing speedometer reading at idle between 10-15 mph.

Driver Operator

is fundamentally a "technician" who must be well trained in the location of each control, its function, how it operates, when it should be used, and the appropriate safety precautions.

Hearing Protection Requirements

is noise levels have potential to reach or exceed 90 decibels.

Stream from discharge opening

is not encased by a tube so it exerts forward but not lateral pressure

Lift

is the difference in elevation between the surface of the static water supply and the center of the pump intake.

Master Intake Gauge

is usually calibrated from 0-600 psi of positive pressure and 0-30 inches of mercury (vacuum) on negative side. provides a reading of residual pressure when the pump is operating from a hydrant or is receiving water through a supply line from another pumper. Also provides reading of the vacuum present at the intake of pump during priming or when operating from draft. As flow from pump increases, the vacuum reading increases because more negative pressure is required to overcome the friction loss in the suction hose. When Vacuum reading approaches 20 inches the pump is nearing its capacity and can't supply more lines.

Automatic regen mode

is when the computer starts the active regen process while driver is driving.

how does a spring probe flow meter work?

it employs a stainless steel spring probe to detect water movement in the discharge piping. The greater the flow the more the spring is bent. this design requires little maintenance.

if there's any question as to correct position for the transfer valve what should you operate at?

it is best to operate in parallel (volume) rather than Series (pressure). In parallel mode the pump will be capable of supplying 100% of its rated capacity at a 150 psi at 10 ft of lift with 20 feet of suction hose while drafting.

a kink or partially closed valve in the hose layout with cause a flow meter to what?

it will cause the flow meter to register a change in the meters reading

At 50mph an emergency vehicle may outrun

its audible warning device

these are used to supply power to several connections from one supply source

junction boxes

maintanence

keeping apparatus in a state of rediness

Backing accidents account for a

large majority of repair cost.

what is the primary feeder?

large pipes Mains with revolutie Whitesburg spacing that can buy large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to small remains.

Self educating master stream foam nozzle

large-capacity nozzle with built in foam educator.

DPF indicator-

lights up when filter is full of soot.

High exhaust system temp (HEST)-

lights when exhaust system is very hot due to active regen. In process.

Dynamic load

loads that involve motion. They include the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration/falling objects, as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device. When device must be operated in high wind try to spot truck minimizing extension and preferably operate parallel to the wind direction.

Tillers there is less weight over the axles which can cause more prone to

losing traction.

many jurisdiction divide their apparatus into three categories

major ff vehicles rapid intervention vehicles combined agent vehicles

Vacuum primers

makes use of the vacuum already present in the intake manifold of any gas powered engine. A line is connected from intake manifold of engine to intake of pump. Float valve prevents aspiration of water into engine. Works best at low rpms.

master stream appliances should be operated at a maximum of how many psi?

maximum of 80 psi

peak hourly consumption is

maximum water used in an 1hr interval over the course of the day

Vehicle mounted generators

may be powered by gasoline, diesel, PTO, or hydraulic systems, have 110 and 220 volt capacities, and have capacities up to 12,000 watts. Rescue apparatus may have fixed systems with up to 50,000 watts or greater.

these pumpers have smaller chassis, pump and agent tank sizes and are highly maneuverable apparatus ofter used where access is limited

mini/midi pumper

polar solvents will do what with water?

mix with it

foam solution

mixture of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air

mobile water supply apparatus have two basic functions

mobile shuttle operations and as a stationary reservoir or nurse tender

the OS&Y valve is commonly used on what systems?

most commonly used on on sprinkler systems but may be found on some water distribution system applications

constant flow nozzle pressure

most operate at 100 psi however some operate at 75 psi

vehicles with pump and roll system use a separate _________ or _____________ to power the fire pump

motor power take off (pto)

Electromagnetic brake retarder-

mounted in the driveline or supplied as an interval part of the rear axle(electromagnetic field inhibits rotation of the rotor).

what is a secondary feeder?

network of intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various Loops of primary feeder and Aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point.

what are the most common type of valves used on most public water distribution systems?

non indicating valves

portable master stream appliances should be operated at pressures not to exceed what?

not to exceed the manufacturer's recommendations. Generally for fixed master stream appliances in nozzle pressure of 80 psi is required.

what is the law of inertia

objects in motion tend to stay in motion, objects at rest tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force

what is the flow rate of a chimney nozzle?

one and a half to three gallons per minute at 100 PSI it produces a fine mist which turns to steam in the interior of the chimney flue.

a column of water 2.304 feet high exerts pressure at how many psi at the base?

one..... 1

what words appear in a window as a valve approaches one position or the other on the post indicator valve?

open or shut

indicating valve usually shows whether the gate or valve seat is blank blank or blank?

open, closed, or partially closed

High Pressure fog nozzles

operating at a pressure of up to 800 psi, producing a stream with significant forward velocity, but relatively low volume for water delivery recommended for wildland fires not structural 8-15 gpm

class a can also be called

ordinary combustibles

what is another name for a piercing nozzle and what are they commonly used for?

penetrating nozzles, they are commonly used in aircraft firefighting, car fires, or triple I water to voids addicts or other areas inaccessible to standard fire streams

what type of pump is a positive displacement pump using one or more reciprocating pistons to force water from the pump chambers?

piston pump

extension and retraction cables are made up of high strength steel called

plow steel

a good flow meter in good working order should be accurate to a tolerance of what?

plus or minus 3% based on the flow of 100 gallons per minute, should be no more than 3 gallons higher lower than the actual discharge.

overtaxing the electrical supply will result in

poor lighting quality damage to the lights and generator equipment and restricts other tools operated with the same power source.

these generators are powered by small gasoline or diesel engines generally have 110 and /or 220 volt capability. they can also be used in the compartment of an apparatus or carried

portable generators

valves in private fire protection systems that usually of what kind of type?

post indicator valve (PIV), and the outside screwing yoke (OS&Y) valve

PSIA

pounds per square inch absolute; takes into account the pressure of the atmosphere and is approximately equal to the gauge pressure plus 14.7

PSIG

pounds per square inch gauge; ignores the pressure of the atmosphere. Which is what most gauges are.

vehicle generators may be equipped with

powered by gasoline, diesel, power take off or hydraulic system have 110 and 220 colt capabilities have capacities up to 12,000 watts

Portable generators

powered by small gasoline or diesel engines generally have 110 and/or 220 volt capability. 5,000 watts is typically largest capacity

Back Pressure

pressure loss or gain created by changes in elevation between the nozzle and pump.

attack pumpers should be set to ____ mode and relay pumpers should be set to ____ mode

pressure, rpm

a grid system should consist of the following components?

primary feeders secondary feeders distributors

Solid fire stream

produced with a fixed orifice and a smoothbore nozzle. stream is tight with little spray or shower

Batch Mixing

production of foam solution by adding an appropriate amount of foam concentrate to a water tank before application; the resulting solution must be used or discarded following the incident.

The main purpose of a fire department pumper is to

provide adequate water pressure for effective fire streams

Fixed lights

provide lighting around apparatus/scene . May be raised or lowered. 500-1500 watts per light

because of ____________ system it allows the apparatus to be driven while discharging water and is an advantage when combating wild land fires.

pump and roll

NFPA 1001 sets

qualifications for aerial apparatus drivers

____________ is an apparatus equipped with a fire pump, water tank, and hose in addition to an aerial device and ground ladders

quint

Fire department pump ratings

rated max volume at 150 psi 70% at 200 psi 50% at 250 psi at draft

foam concentration

raw foam liquid before being combined with water and air

aerial apparatus should always be positioned with consideration of the

reach of the aerial device

Radial tires and ABS do not

reduce potential for brake fade.

ABS systems minimize the chance of a vehicle skidding when the brakes are applied forcefully as follows: using an onboard computer that monitors each wheel and controls pressure to the brakes maintaining optimal braking ability. using a sensing device to monitor the speed of each wheel sending a signal to the onboard computer. receiving information from the computer when a wheel begins to lock up. the computer Compares it to the information received from the other Wheels to determine if this particular wheel should still be turning. steering is maintained as long as the wheels do not lock.

reducing the brake pressure and allowing the wheel to continue to turn once it turns it is braked again.

Maintenance

refers to keeping apparatus in the state of usefulness or readiness.

Head Pressure

refers to the height of the water supply above the discharge orifice

Operators must be aware that warning lights and scene flood lights may reduce the effectiveness of

reflective trim on firefighters PPE.

what are wear rings?

replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and or the pump casing to allow a small running clearance between the impeller and pump casing without causing wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material.

Operational Strategies

represent the overall plans needed to successfully mitigate an emergency and terminate an incident. Will depend on prefire plans, prearrival info, and size up.

repair

restore that which has become inoperable

nfpa 1500 prohibits

riding on the outside of the apparatus

Emergency vehicle on response have

right away.

what are two examples of surface water supply?

rivers and lakes

Stability control systems helps to prevent

roll-overs and tipping caused by cornering.

what type of pump is a type of positive displacement pump commonly used in hydraulic systems a rotor with attached veins is mounted off center inside the pump housing, pressures imported on the water as a space between the rotor and the pump housing wall decreases?

rotary vane pumps

a pressure governor in the what mode will not automatically compensate for the reduced flow?

rpm ......only an apparatus equipped with an electronic pressure governor set in the PSI mode should compensate for the shutdown.

NFPA 1901, and 1500 require

seat belts to be worn.

Should the clapper be stuck open or closed, or be hampered by debris, the pump will not operate properly in what?

series or pressure

NFPA 1002

sets minimum qualifications for AO

Force

simple measure weight and is expressed in pounds or kilograms

what are the two types of centrifugal pumps that are used by the fire service?

single stage and multistage

May take 3-15 times more time to stop on

snow and ice.

3 nozzle types

solid, fog, and broken stream

The computer makes these decisions many times per second until the vehicle is brought to a stop. When driving a vehicle equipped with ABS the driver operator should maintain a steady pressure on the brake pedal rather than pumping the pedal until the apparatus comes to a complete stop.

some apparatus will automatically shut off the auxiliary brake in the car case of ABS activation. this does not help prevent skids or loss of traction unless the operator is applying the brakes apparatus without ABS require the auxiliary brake to be manually deactivated.(inclement weather situations)

Another name for a cellar nozzle?

some varieties are referred to distributors. These are usually lowered through holes or otheropenings to the cellar or deployed for attic or other void space fire. Distributor nozzles have unique flo rates that may differ from cellar

nfpa 414

standard for aircraft rescue and fire-fighting vehicles.

nfpa 1901

standard for automotive fire apparatus

ammeter is

status of alternator and charging system

Inverter

step-up transformer that converts a vehicles 12- or 24-volt DC current into 110- or 220- volt AC current. Used typically to power vehicle mounted floodlights and can only be moved a short distance

Static Pressure

stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose and adapters (also means at rest, without motion)

Total stopping distance-

sum of the driver reaction distance and the vehicle braking distance.

Atmospheric pressure

surround the earth and has depth and density, it is greatest at low altitudes and least at very high altitudes, at sea level, it is 14.7 psi

Double suction impeller on Single stage Centrifugal Pump

takes water in from both sides to equally and oppositely cancel out the lateral thrust causing the pump to be hydraulically balanced reducing stress on pump and truck.

water source could be

tank, pressurized water source (hydrant), or static water

the capacity of mobile water supply apparatus operating in a particular jurisdiction is based on a variety of factors including

terrain bridge and wight limits monetary constraints interoperability

Weight transfer follows the law of inertia which states

that"objects in motion tend to remain in motion; objects at rest tend to remain at rest until acted upon by outside force"

roll stability control integrated into the ABS system. in addition to the usual ABS sensors RSC includes a lateral accelerometer that senses when the side force caused by cornering approaches the rollover threshold. it becomes active when the ABS computer senses an imminent rollover condition even if the driver operator does not. ch3

the driver will notice a difference in the vehicle when stability control is functioning but should continue to drive and correct as normal. the computer will attemp to slow the vehicle by first reducing the torque from the engine. if the vehicle has an engine compression brake the driver will feel the additional deceleration as the retarder is applied. finally the computer may apply the service brakes at the wheels. ch3

Flow Pressure

the forward velocity pressure of water flowing from a discharge opening

if an attack team member sends a message saying that the volume of water at the nozzle has suddenly decreased without a corresponding change at the flow meter...

the hoseline may have burst

what are non-rising stem gate valves marked with?

the number indicating the number of turns necessary to completely closed the valve if the valve resists turning after fewer than to indicated number of turns it usually means debris or other obstruction or it may be corroded due to lack of maintenance.

Residual Pressure

the portion of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hose, or adapters

Normal Operating Pressure

the pressure found in a water distribution system normal consumption demands

coefficient of friction

the roughness of the inner surface of the pipe

automatic traction control automatically reduces engine torque and applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction and begin to spin. this transfers torque to the wheels that still have traction which helps improve overall traction on slippery roads.

the snow and mud switch may be activated if the driver operator needs to rock the apparatus out of a particular spot and the automatic traction control has deactivated the throttle. ch3

control valves in public water distribution system are generally what type of valves?

they are generally gate valves and may be of the rising stem (similar to OS&Y) or the non-rising stem type.

where are non indicating valves normally installed?

they are installed in valve boxes or manholes, if below-grade valve is properly installed the valve can be operated above ground with a special socket wrench on the end of a reach rod.

nozzles designs on hand lines maybe what?

they may be solid, fog, or broken screen design ranging in sizes from a 3/4 inch booster nozzle to a nozzle suitable for 3 inch diameter hose line.

what is the operating pressure of a high pressure fog nozzle?

they operate at pressures of up to 800 PSI they produce a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery. They are best suited for Wildland fires, their water flow is only 8 to 15 gallons per minute.

modern fire department Pumpers are equipped with what type of pumps?

they're equipped with centrifugal pumps as their main pump

ceramic seals

this material offers Superior resistance to warping, stretching, and corrosion.

Traffic signal preemption devices microphone on traffic signals

to help change lights for emergency vehicles with sirens(may adjust light from several hundred feet to about half a mile).

AHJ may make changes to dimensions of driving course

to make more feasible for local conditions.

Visual lead time is the time needed

to stop the apparatus or perform an evasive maneuver at the current rate of speed.

maximum daily consumption is

total amount of water used during any 24hrs within a 3 year period

NFPA 1451 controls fire apparatus

training and testing.

nfpa 414 classifies apparatus by the _________

type of suppression agent agent capacity number of drive wheels

INTERAXLE DIFFERENTIAL LOCK the inter-axle differential allows for speed differences between the rear driving axles. the inter-axle differential lock feature allows the operator to lock out the inter-axle differential action between the rear tandem driving wheel axles creating one solid drive line between the rear axles. in this condition each axle receives full Torque from the engine

under normal conditions where traction is favorable leave the control in the unlocked position. When approaching or anticipating poor tractive conditions move the control to the lock position after regaining normal traction move the control to the unlocked position. ch3

intersections equipped with traffic control systems that are activated by the vehicles siren will have 3 inch white and blue lights mounted near the regular traffic light facing each direction of travel.

upon receipt of a signal and preemption of the traffic signal a white light indicates the direction of the approaching apparatus which further indicates that the green signal will be forthcoming. all other directions of travel will display a blue light to indicate that an emergency vehicle is approaching. when the other emergency vehicles approach from different directions the blue light will indicate that control of the signal has been gained from another Direction. they will have a red signal requiring a stop at the traffic light while the other apparatus passes through the intersection. ch3

Hydraulic Hose

use steel and aircraft type, steel braided hose. Must be rated to withstand pressure at least 4 times greater than normal operating pressure.

Primer

used to remove all or most of the air from the pump so drafting from a static source is possible. Done by lowering the atmospheric pressure within the pump casing. Primer is tapped into the pump at the highest point on the suction side or the impeller eye and use a priming valve. All intakes on a centrifugal pump are below the eye of the impeller so air cannot play a factor in the system

Jet Assisted Dump

uses a small diameter in-line discharge inserted into the piping of the tank discharge. The in-line discharge is pumped creating a venturi effect that increases flow.

Exhaust brakes-

uses valve to restrict the flow of exhaust which creates back pressure which adds to the vehicles braking ability.(least capable of all braking systems).

Transmission retarder-

uses viscous property of the automatic transmission fluid to retard driveline.

Automatic Fog nozzle

variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure. Most operate at 100 psi with some operating at 75 psi or even 50 psi. If gallonage supplied changes the nozzle automatically adjusts by a spring activated device that changes the space between the baffle and the interior throat based off of pressure

these have a larger capacity than portable units.

vehicle mounted generator

The fire stream is influenced by...

velocity, gravity, wind, and friction with the air

spiral divergent chamber of a centrifugal pump in which the velocity energy given to water by the impeller blades as converted into pressure

volute

these are used to tx water to areas where a water system is nonexistent or inadequate

water tenders or tankers

A full tank makes for better braking due to

weight pressing down on suspension.

Manual parked regen

when driver parks apparatus parks vehicle and starts active regen process.

at speeds above 50 miles per hour an emergency vehicle may outrun effective range of its audible warning device. Sirens Mounted on emergency vehicles operating at slower speed project out much further in some instances. increasing the speed of an apparatus by 20 miles per hour can decrease the audible distance by 250 feet or more.

when more than one emergency vehicle is responding along the same route they should travel at least 300 to 500 ft apart. ch3

Maintain 3 points of contact

when stepping on apparatus.

Gross negligence-

willful and wanton disregard

automatic pressure control valves must operate

within 3-10 seconds and restricts the pressure from exceeding 30 psi above sea level

service tests are conducted

yearly

When driving downhill: use the service brake and auxillary brake as well as manually shifting to lower gears to limit speed. to prevent engine damage limit downhill speed to lower the maximum rpm. the engine governor cannot control engine speed downhill. The wheels turn the engine and driveshaft as gravity pulls the vehicle down the hill

"Freewheel" is the act of allowing the appartus to coast downhill out of gear. ch3

Level I staging-

( ems staging or staging on food on the stove calls)

What is the classification of aerial fire devices stated by IFSTA?

(1) Aerial ladder apparatus. (2) Elevating platform apparatus (aerial ladder, telescoping aerial, articulating aerial). (3) Water towers

Several types of problems may occur during drafting operations. They will fall into what categories?

(1) Air leak on the intake side of the pump. (2) Whirlpool allowing air to enter the pump. (3) Air leakage due to defective pump packing.

When AFFF or FFFP foam is applied to a fire involving a hydrocarbon fuel product, what actions will happen?

(1) An air/vapor excluding film is released ahead of the foam blanket. (2) A fast moving blanket of foam spreads across the surface of the fuel surrounding objects and providing insulation. (3) As the aerated foam blanket drains the water, more film is released giving the foam an ability to recover, or "heal" areas where the foam blanket is disturbed.

Many conventional primers use an oil supply or other type of fluid. What are the purposes of the oil/fluid?

(1) As the pump wears, the clearance between the gears and the pump case increases and the pump loses efficiency. (2) A thin film of oil/fluid is drawn into the pump and seals the gaps between the gears and the case. (3) The oil/fluid also fills any irregularities in the housing caused sediment or debris. (4) A coating of oil on the metal parts of the pump created by periodic operation of the primer will aid in the preservation of the pump. Most new pumpers are equipped with oil-less primers that do not require lubrication.

Torque

(1) Force that tends to create a rotational or twisting motion. (2) Measurement of engine shaft output. (3) Force that produces or tends to produce a twisting or rotational action.

Torque

(1) Force that tends to create a rotational or twisting motion. (2) Measurement of engine shaft output. (3) Force that produces or tends to produces or tends to produce a twisting or rotational action.

Manhole

(1) Hole through which a person can go to gain access to an underground or enclosed structure. (2) Opening usually equipped with a removable, lockable cover, that is large enough to admit a person into a tank trailer or dry bulk trailer. Known as a man way.

Manhole

(1) Hole through which a person may go to gain access to an underground or enclosed structure. (2) Opening usually equipped with a removable, lockable cover, that is large enough to admit a person into a tank trailer or dry bulk trailer. Also known as Manway.

Injection

(1) Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired. (2) Process of taking in materials through a puncture or break in the skin.

Mop-Up

(1) Overhaul of a fire or hazardous material scene. (2) In wildland fire fighting, the act of making a fire safe after it is controlled by extinguishing or removing burning material along or near the control line felling dead trees (snags), and trenching logs to prevent rolling.

Educator

(1) Portable proportioning device that injects a liquid, such as foam concentrate, into the water flowing through a hose line or pipe. (2) Venturi device that uses water pressure to draw foam concentrate into a water stream for mixing; also enables a pump to draw water from an auxiliary source.

Eductor

(1) Portable proportioning device that injects a liquid, such as foam concentrate, into the water flowing through a hoseline or pipe. (2) Venturi device that uses water pressure to draw foam concentrate into a water stream for mixing; also enables a pump to draw water from an auxiliary source.

Spotting

(1) Positioning the apparatus in a location that provides the utmost efficiency for operating on the fire-ground. (2) Positioning a ladder to reach an object or person.

Spotting

(1) Positioning the apparatus in a location that provides the utmost efficiency for operating on the foreground. (2) Positioning a ladder to reach an object or a person.

Attack Pumper

(1) Pumper that is positioned at the fire scene and is directly supplying attack lines. (2) Light truck equipped with a small pump and water tank. Also known as Midi-Pumper or Midi-pumper.

Attack pumper

(1) Pumper that is positioned at the fire scene and is directly supplying attack lines. (2) Light truck equipped with a small pump and water tank. Also known as Midi-pumper or Mini-pumper

Foam Concentrate

(1) Raw chemical compound solution that is mixed with water and air to produce finished foam; may be protein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, or alcohol types. (2) Raw foam liquid as it rests in its storage container before the introduction of water and air.

Foam concentrate

(1) Raw chemical compound solution that is mixed with water and air to produce finished foam; may be protein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, or alcohol types. (2) Raw foam liquid as it rests in its storage container before the introduction of water and air.

Foam solution

(1) The result of mixing the right amount of foam concentrate with water; foam solution exists between the proportioner and the nozzle or aerating device that adds air to create finished foam. (2) The mixture of foam concentrate with water before the introduction of air.

Mop-up

(1) overhaul of a fire or hazardous material scene. (2) In wildland fire fighting, the act of making a fire safe after it is controlled by extinguishing or removing burning material along or near the control line, felling dead trees (snags), and trenching logs to prevent rolling.

Strobe lights activated

(Emitters) mounted on the apparatus To activate sensors in the traffic lights. The emitter generates an optical signal that is received by the traffic light as the apparatus approaches

With proper Calibration, a flowmeter in good working order should be accurate to a tolerance of....

+/- 3%

181 Reducing Friction Loss

- Hose length- to reduce friction loss caused y hose length or diameter, reduce the length of the lay and increase the diameter of the hose. - Hose Diameter - by using a larger diameter hose for a long water supply distance, the hose may then be reduced to a diameter appropriate for a master stream or hand line. - Sharp bends (kinks) in the hose - Sharp bends or kinks can usually be minimized by employing proper hose handling techniques.

169 Advantages of water surface tension

- Water has a high surface tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into dense materials. -wetting agents may be mixed with water to reduce its surface tension to help penetrating ability. - (Side note: the greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed. The amount of surface area can be increased with the use of a fog stream or deflection of a solid stream off an object)

167 Characteristics of water/ weight

-Below 32 degrees is freezing point -above 212 degrees is boiling point -Water is virtually incompressible -Weight varies at different temperatures. -Water's density, or its weight per unit of volume, is measured in pounds per cubic foot -Ordinary fresh water is considered to weigh 62.4lb/ft^3 -8.3 lb/gal -7.5 gallons per cubic foot

144 Difference between dual and tandem pumping

-Dual Pumping Operations: Operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake-to -intake. The second pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the first pumper, which is directly connected to the water supply source. -Tandem Pumping: Short relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the second pumper; the second pumper then boosts the pressure of the water even higher. This method is used when pressures higher than the capability of a single pump are required. (Think pumping a high rise that is too tall for one engine to pump to)

412 Floating strainers inadequate depth for drafting

-FLOATING strainers may be used for water as shallow as 1 foot. -2 feet of water all around a barrel-type strainer is generally considered the minimum for that type of equipment. -Low-level strainers are most commonly used to draft from portable water tanks and may draw water as shallow as 1 to 2 inches., but might not provide the flow needed.

210 TPL, FL, EP, Appliance loss

-TPL = Total pressure loss TPL = Friction loss + elevation (loss or gain) + appliances FL=CQ^2 L --where FL = Friction loss in psi --C = friction loss coefficient --Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gallons per minute (gpm/100) --L hose length in hundreds of feet (feet/100) Appliance loss = 10 psi if gpm flow ≥350 gpm EP = 0.5 x H --where EP = Elevation pressure -- 0.5 is a constant -- H = height in feet EP (in Multistory Building) = (5psi) x (number of stories-1)

NFPA 1002 specifies a number of practical driving exercises must complete before they are able to run emergency calls

.(alley dock, serpentine, confined space turnaround, and dimmenshing clearance).

The pressure in the volute is much higher than that in the intake side of the pump at the eye of the impeller. a very close tolerance must be maintained between the pump casing and the Hub of the impeller this opening is usually limited to what

.01 inch or less any increase in the opening lessens the effectiveness.

a a 1-inch square column of water one foot high exerts a pressure of what at its base?

0.434 PSI

chocks should be placed in front and behind wheels with about ____in of space

1

Causes of friction loss in a fire hose

1 movement of water molecules against each other 2 Linings of fire hose/ delaminating hose 3 couplings 4 sharp bends/kinks 5 Change in hose size or orifice 6 improper gasket size

Atmospheric pressure vs mercury

1 psi makes a column of mercury 2.04 inches tall

Advantages of water as an extinguishing agent

1 water has a greater absorbing capacity 2 a large amount of heat is requireed to change water to steam, allowing more heat to be absorbed from fire 3 the greater the surface area of water, the more heat absorbed 4 at 212 F water converts to steam at 1700 times its original volume 5 it is inexpensive and usually readily available

advantages of water

1 water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents 2 a large amount of heat is required to change water to steam along and more heat to be absorbed from the fire 3 the greater the surface area of water exposed to more rapidly heat is absorbed. The amount of surface area can be increased with the use of a fog stream or deflection of a solid stream off an object. 4 at 212° F water converted to steam occupies approximately 1700 times its original volume helping to dissipate heat in a well vented Room the expansion ratios even greater at higher temperatures. 5 although some areas experience water shortages, generally it is an inexpensive and readily available commodity.

Disadvantages of water as an extinguishing agent

1 water has a high surface tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into dense materials 2 Water may be reactive with certain fuels (combustible metals, sodium metal, triethyl aluminum) 3 32 F freezing of water may cause operational problems 4 water is a good conductor of electricity 5 water is heavy and may lead to structural collapse

disadvantages of water

1 water has a high tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into dense materials. 2 wetting agents may be mixed with water to reduce its surface tension and increase its penetrating ability. Water may be reactive with certain fuels, combustible Metals, sodium metals, and triethyl aluminum. Due to levels of a opacity and reflectivity, radiant heat easily passes through water, rendering water curtains and effective. 3 in cold weather climates the 32 degrees Fahrenheit freezing temperature of water make create operational problems such as Frozen pumps and hose lines. 4 water is a good conductor of electricity. 5 8.3 lb per gallon water is relatively heavy agent. Accumulations of water within the structure can lead to an increase potential for structural collapse.

Mobile water supply apparatus must have minimum size tank of what?

1,000 gallons

what are the three main factors that influence a centrifugal fire pump's discharge pressure?

1- amount of water being discharged - the amount of output pressure is dependent on the volume of water it is discharging 2- speed at which the impeller is turning - greater pressure with increased impeller speed 3- pressure of water when it enters the pump from a pressurized source (hydrant, relay) Water flows through pump even if impeller is not turning so incoming pressure adds to discharge.

Time it takes train to stop

1-2 miles

how far does it take a fully loaded train to stop?

1-2miles

% to use for hydrocarbons

1-3%

When approaching a vehicle to be inspected, what should driver/operators observe? (p. 37)

1. Any problems that may be readily apparent from a distance such as body damage or a severe lean to one side. 2. The terrain on which the vehicle is parking. Fire station apparatus floors, driveways, or parking areas may have sloped surfaces. 3. Vehicle fluid leaks, such as water, coolant, oil, hydraulic fluid, or transmission fluid, which may indicate a serious mechanical problem.

NFPA 1002 requires driver/operators to be able to perform routine test, inspections, and servicing of the following systems

1. Batteries 2. Braking systems 3. Coolant system 4. Electrical system 5. Fuel system 6. Hydraulic fluids 7. Oil 8. Tires 9. Steering system 10. Belts 11. Tools, appliances, and equipment

Too much or too little pressure can cause

1. Damaged tires 2. Poor handling 3. Excessive fuel consumption

Four types of auxiliary brakes

1. Exhaust brake 2.Engine compression brake 3. Transmission Output retarder 4. Electromagnetic retarder

Effective lubrication depends on proper ______--

1. Grade lubricant 2. The frequency of lub 3. The amount used 4. Method

Guidlines for an apparatus or piece of equipment is found broken are

1. Inspection of apparatus results in finding a system in need of repair 2. The driver documents the deceptive system as per local policy such as written or computerized 3. The driver notifies their immediate supervisor of the defect and documentation 4. The status of the repair is followed up in in a reasonable amount of time based on the nature of the problem.

Injection

1. Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired. 2. Process of taking in materials through a puncture or break in the skin Most common in apparatus mounted or fixed fire protection systems.

Mop up

1. Overhaul a fire/hazardous material scene . 2. A wildland in fire fighting, the act of making a fire safe after it's controlled by extinguishing/removing burning material along/near the control line.

When approaching the vehicle to be inspected driver should observe

1. Problems that may be readily apparent from a distance such a body damage or severe lean to one side 2. The terrain on which the vehicle is parking 3. Vehicle fluid leaks

Foam concentrate

1. Raw chemical compound solution that is mixed with water and air to produce finished foam; maybe protein, synthetic, Aqueous film forming, high expansion, or alcohol types. 2. raw foam liquid as it rest in a storage container before the introduction of water and air

Insufficient free play will cause the clutch to

1. Slip 2. Overheat 3. Wwear out sooner

What step should be followed to clean interior

1. Sweep or vacuum 2. Use warm soapy water or commercial cleaning products to clean surfaces 3. Avoid using solvents 4. Ventilate the cab or crew riding area when using cleaning agents 5. Take care when using any liquids around electrical system 6. Keep compartment, hinges, slide tracks, and seals clean.

Most important things to check on tires

1. Tire type 2. Condition 3. Inflation

Recommendations for washing truck

1. Use garden hose without a nozzle 2. Rinse as much loose dirt as possible from the vehicle before applying soap. 3. Wash apparatus before dirt grit and road salt dry 4. Dont wash with hot water 5. Begin washing at the top of vehicle and move down 6. Dry apparatus w a clean chamois or a rubber squeegee

Before jump starting a vehicle driver must be aware of

1. Vehicle being used has the same voltage 2. Check manufactures operations manual to specify which battery the cables should be connected 3. Make sure that the cables are connected to the specified battery in the recommended manner

Torque

1. force that creates a rotation/twisting motion. 2. measurement of engine shaft output. 3. force that produces a twisting/rotation of action

private water supply systems exist for one of the three following purposes what are they?

1. provide water strictly for fire protection purposes 2. to provide water for sanitary and Fire Protection purposes 3. to provide water for fire protection and Manufacturing processes

what are the three basic rates of consumption when Engineers design a water distribution system?

1. the average daily consumption ADC is the average amount of water used per day based on the total amount of water used in a water distribution system over period of one year. 2. the maximum daily consumption MDC is the maximum total amount of water that was used during any 24-hour interval within a 3-year period. 3. the peak hourly consumption PHC is the maximum amount of water used in any 1-hour interval over the course of a day

a collapse zone of _____ the height of a building should be maintained

1.5x

limit of ice allowed on apparatus

1/4in on all surfaces

a distance of ____ft should be kept from power lines with 600-5000 volts

10

intake pressure relief valves are set to open when intake pressure rises above _____psi

10

steering wheel play should be no more than

10 degrees in either direction

Appliance Friction Loss

10 psi loss for every appliance with flowing 350 gpm or more. 25 for all master stream regardless of flow or if connected to waterway.

19824 locations in USA where there is less than a

100 feet from railroad crossing to intersection(122accidents annually in these areas.

Master Stream Fog appliance operating pressure

100 psi

mobil water supply are equipped w a tank capacity of at least ___________gallons

1000

nfpa 1901 requires a quint to be equipped with a pump rated at a minimum of ____________ gpm and a water tank of at least ______gallons

1000 300

Most priming pumps are intended to work best when the engine is set between ____ and ____ rpms

1000 and 1200 RPM

extrication hydraulic hoses should not exceed

100ft from power plant

brackets or cabinets must be able to retain the equipment against a force of up to

10x the equipments weight

Type of extension cord that provide great abrasion protection of fireground

12-gauge, 3 -wire cords, with 600 volt insulations and twist-lock receptacles

flows from a piercing nozzle is

125gpm at 100psi

atmospheric pressure at sea level is?

14.7 PSI which is considered standard atmospheric pressure

AHJ should have periodilly medical evaluations following NFPA

1500 standards

distance kept from apparatus that has become electrically charged

150ft

alcohol resistive properties will be effective for

15min

water converted to steam occupies

1700x its original volume

what are the six principles that determine the action or pressure on fluids?

1st principle- fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts. 2nd principle- would pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions. This principle is used in hydrostatic testing. 3rd principle- pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. 4th principle- the pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth. 5th principle- the pressure of a liquid in an open versus proportional to the density of the liquid. 6th principle- the pressure of a liquid at the bottom of vessel is independent of the shape of the vessel.

Medium Diameter Hose (MDH)

2 1/2 inch - 3in hose used for both fire fighting attack and relay-supply purposes.

Box stabilizer

2 piece aerial apparatus stabilization device consisting of an extension arm that extends directly out from the vehicle, and a lifting jack that extends from the end of the extension arm to the ground. Also known as H-jack or H-stabilizers

a pressure of 1 psi makes the column of mercury about how many inches tall?

2.04 inches tall. b (at sea level, mercury is 2.04 x 14.7 or 29.9 in tall.

Medium diameter hose (MDH)

2.5 or 3-inch hose used for both fire fighting attack and relay supply purposes. with MDH it is necessary to place a pumper at the hydrant to to supplement pressure to supply hose.

new standard is ___ft for overhead lines less than 350kv

20

increasing speed of apparatus ____mph can decrease audible distance by ____ft or more

20, 250

foam tank for municipal pumpers and industrial pumpers are between

20-100 gallons

Municipal fire pumpers foam tank size

20-100 gallons. Refilled from 5 gallon containers

Depending on the incident apparatus and equipment and personal operating within ________ feet of the base of a high rise fire may need to be protected from falling debris.

200

high expansion

200:1-2,000:1

electrical cords should not exceed

200ft

many power operated transfer valves operate at pressures as high as what?

200psi

low expansion

20:1

medium expansion

20:1-200:1

when relay pumping the intake pressure reading cannot be allowed to drop below how many psi?

20psi

a distance of _____ft should be kept between vehicles and railroad tracks

25

units operating at a high rise within ____ft of the building may need to be protected from falling debris

250

Increasing your speed by 20mph can decrease the distance of audible sirens by

250 feet.

a tote is

275 gallons or more

Foam expansion ratios for fog nozzles are what?

2:1 up to 4:1 Most efficient with regular AFFF and Class A Foam but may be used on alcohol resistant. are not acceptable with fluoroprotein or involving polar solvents due to poor aspiration without accepted aspiration device.

Selector valve

3 way valve on a fire department aerial apparatus that directs oil to either stabilizer control valves or the aerial device control valves. Also known as Diverter valve.

how much further does it take to stop a vehicle on snow or ice?

3-15x greater

% to use for polar solvents

3-6%

piercing nozzles are

3-6ft hollow steel rod that is 1.5in in diameter. Struck into place and are commonly used on aircraft firefighting, car fires or voided spaces. Can flow 125 gpm at 100 psi

chains may be ineffective in snow deeper than

3-6in

In tandem pumping apparatus may not be located greater than _____________ feet apart

300

lighting equipment carried on pumping apparatus can be portable or fixed. they range from _______ to ________

300 1000

Lighting equipment wattage

300 to 1,000 watts

When running code behind another apparatus you should give

300-500 feet distance.

when more than 1 apparatus is responding from the same directing, what distance should be kept?

300-500ft apart

electronic pressure governors prevent cavitation when intake pressure drops below

30psi

what is the maximum flow for hand line?

350 gallons per minute Anything over 350 is considered Master Stream

master stream nozzles are capable of flowing water in excess of how many gallons per minute, and must be properly secured for safe operation.

350 gpm

PTO fluid can be under pressures of

3500psi or more

hydraulic hoses used in the aerial device must withstand pressures of at least ____x greater than normal operating pressure

4

a pail is

5 gallons

a distance of ___ft should be kept from power lines over 5000volts

50

new standard is ___ft for high tension lines over 350kv

50

Solid stream nozzle pressure

50 psi

The friction loss in older hose may be as much as _____ greater than that of new hose

50%

Fireboats have what pumping capacity

50,000 gpm Individual master streams in excess of 10,000 gpm

brush trucks brush breakers or booster apparatus often have pump capacities and water tanks of __________gallons

500

Brush trucks, brush breakers and booster apparatus have pump capacities and waters tanks of what size

500 gallons or less However, some jurisdictions operate larger apparatus with pumps up to 1,000 gpm and water tanks of 1,000 gallons

Banks of lights mounted on booms wattage

500 to 1,500

__________ is typically the largest capacity of watts

5000

a barrel is

55 gallons

When loading LDH hose while driving don't go over

5mph.

Wait ______ months to apply wax or polishes

6

an eductor should be no more than ____ft above the liquid surface

6

each discharge equipped with a flowmeter must have a digital readout display mounted within _____in of the control valve for that discharge

6

each discharge equipped with a flowmeter must have a digital readout display mounted within how many inches of the control valve for that discharge?

6 inches of the control valve. If a pressure gauge is mounted at the 6-inch location in the flow meter must be mounted within two inches adjacent to the pressure gauge.

Each discharge equipped with a flow meter must have a digital readout display mounted within _______ of the control valve for that discharge. if a pressure gauge is mounted at that location, then the flowmeter must be mounted within ______ adjacent to the pressure gauge

6 inches, 2 inches

weight of water

62.4 lb/ft3 or 8.3 lb/gal

Per NFPA 1901 and NFPA 1911 a side to side variance in weight should not exceed ___________ percent

7

Tires should be replaced every _________ years

7

When loading equipment on fire apparatus axle loading should be balanced within

7 percent

side to side weight variance should not exceed

7%

Pool Volume Formula

7.5 Gallons per cubic ft X Volume of pool

What angles provide the max loading for any unsupported aerial?

70-80 degrees from horizontal. Also extension affects device stress. As extension increases aerial loading decreases. Aerials operating at a low angle of elevation and at long extension are at the weakest operational position.

Detached Waterway

75-80-80 for quick ladder pipe use. 75 degree elevation 80% extension and 80 psi nozzle reaction for 1.5" nozzle. Max lateral movement of 15 degrees to either side for older units.

guideline for quick ladder pipe use

75-80-80, 75 degree elevation, 80% extended length, and 80psi nozzle pressure for 1.5in tip

1901 requires a minimum pump capacity of ___________ gpm and a water tank with a capacity of at least _____________gallons

750 gpm 300 gallons

Minimum pump capacity of pumper

750 gpm and water capacity of at least 300 gallons. Pump capacities larger than 750 gpm increase in increments of 250 gpm with most municipal fire departments operating pumpers of 2,000 gpm or less.

Spotter should behind apparatus

8-10 feet driverside slightly to the left

when backing at night, lights should illuminate the area how far behind?

8-10ft Which is where backer should be so they are seen

Apparatus with air brakes are equipped with an air pressure protection valve that prevents air horns or other devices from being operated while the pressure in the air reservoir drops below

80 psi

Master Stream appliance pressure

80 psi

master stream Smooth Bore nozzles are generally operated at how many psi while fog appliances are generally operated at how many psi?

80 smooth bore, and 100 fog stream

at what pressure does the air protection valve engage to prevent use of non essential devices?

80psi

normal hydraulic pressure is between

850-3000psi

Kickplate

A 4-inch metal plate that runs around the bottom edge of any railing on a balcony or elevated walkway to prevent someone's foot from slipping off. Also known as Footplate.

Hydraulic Breaking Systems

A braking system that uses a fluid in a closed system to pressurize wheel cylinders when activated.

Air-actuated braking system

A braking system that uses compressed air to hold off a spring brake (parking brake) and applies air pressure to a service brake for vehicle stopping.

Hydraulic braking and systems

A break in system that uses a fluid in a closed system to pressurize wheel cylinders when activated

Air actuated braking systems

A breaking system that uses compressed air to hold off a spring break (parking brake ) & applies air pressure to a service brake for vehicle stopping. Modern fire pumping apparatus are equipped with air actuated braking system. In most vehicles after 1990

Air-Actuated Braking Systems

A breaking system that uses compressed air to hold off a spring break (parking break) and applies air pressure to a service brake for vehicle stopping.

Why is inspection of apparatus easier if the apparatus is clean? (p. 32)

A clean engine permits proper inspection for leaks and their source. Diesel fuel residue is problematic because it sticks to anything that it touches, leaving a gummy residue. Some of the most vulnerable areas are in the engine compartment where linkages, fuel injectors, or other controls may become inoperable due to collection of dirt. Fire apparatus should be kept clean underneath as well as on top. Oil, moisture, dirt, and grime should not be permitted to collect on the undercarriage so that mechanical defects are more obvious. Several components that may be visualized more easily include suspension and brake parts as well as spring shackles, driveline, and steering mechanisms.

Manual Shift Transmission

A component of the power train that receives torque from the engine and converts it to rotation to the wheels. A clutch is used to disengage the transmission from the engine to allow the apparatus to start, stop, or change gears to maximize engine performance.

Manuel shift transmission

A component of the power train that receives torque from the engine and converts it to rotation to the wheels. A clutch is used to disengage the transmission from the engine to allow the apparatus to start, stop, or change gears to maximize engine performance.

Manual shift transmisión

A component of the powertrain that receives Torque from the engine and converts it to rotation to the wheels. A clutch is used to disengage the transmission from the engine to allow the apparatus to start, stop, or change gears to maximize engine performance

32 Vehicle cleanliness- Road Salt

A corrosive effect on steel body components may occur. Frequent washing to remove these chemicals will reduce the likelihood of body and component damage.

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

A device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.

Diesel Particulate filter

A device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.

Jet Siphon

A device that speeds the process of transferring water from one tank to another. If operation requires more than 3 tanks and jet siphons and flows > 500 gpm parallel jet siphons should be used to supply primary tank.

Commercial Drivers' License (CDL)

A driver's license that is issued to individuals who demonstrate competence inspecting and driving vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Rating of 26,001 pounds or more.

Dead-End Hydrant

A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction.

184 Different feeders water dis system

A grid system should include the fallowing: -Primary feeders- large pipes (mains), with relatively widespread spacing, that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains. - Secondary feeders - Network of intermediate-sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point. - Distributors- Grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers

283 Diagnosing water flow problems

A kink or partially closed valve in the hose layout will cause the flowmeter to register a change in the meter's reading. Additionally, a hoseline may have burst if an attack team member sends a message saying that the volume of water at the nozzle has suddenly decreased without a corresponding change at the flow meter.

Exhaust Primer

A means of priming a centrifugal pump by using the fire apparatus' exhaust to create a vacuum and draw air and water from the pump similar to the venturi. High RPMs are needed and require heavy maintenance to remove carbon deposits. Common on skid mounted pumps or old trucks.

Huck Bolt

A mechanically applied rivet used in the construction of some aerial devices; they can only be removed by drilling.

Hydrocarbon fuel

A petroleum based organic compound contains only hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrocarbon Fuel

A petroleum-based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon

What is the open relay method?

A portable tank is at piece of the relay. The source pumper gets the water and pumps it to a portable tank. The next pumper takes that water from the portable tank and boosts it to another portable tank. The attack pumper takes water from that tank and fights fire. This eliminates pressure surges and inconsistent supply sometimes found in closed relays.

Rotary Gear Pump

A positive-displacement pump that uses two gears that rotate encased inside a pump casing to move water under pressure. The gears form water/air tight pockets as they turn from intake to outlet when gear turns to outlet all air or water in pocket is forced out. Total amount of water depends on size of pockets and speed of rotation. Is positive displacement due to definite amount of water. Has a pressure relief device in case pump tries to move too much water

Supported tip

A realtor is the one that is resting against the target location

Interlock

A safety device that prevents a component from functioning when another component is functioning

Interlock

A safety device that prevents a component from functioning when another component is functioning.

Air Brake Test

A series of tests used to ensure the serviceability of an air braking system. Tests include air loss, air compressor buildup, air warning, and emergency parking brake activation.

Air brake test

A series of tests used to ensure the serviceability of an air braking system. they include air loss, air compressor buildup, air warning, and emergency parking brake activation.

Four-Way Hydrant Valve

A specialized type of valve that can be placed on a hydrant and that allows another engine to increase the supply pressure without interrupting flow. Consists of a controlled valve and a clapper. Allows a boost in pressure to first truck by taking additional water and pumping through the valve. Makes your second truck the water supply pumper and first truck the attack pumper.

Post-Maintenance/ Repair Inspection

A specific inspection to an area of a chassis or apparatus to ensure that the unit is operating properly in accordance with the manufacture's initial design.

Post-maintenance/repair inspection

A specific inspection to an area of a chassis or apparatus to ensure that the unit is operating properly in accordance with the manufacturer's initial design.

Incident Management System

A system described by NFPA 1561 Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System that defines the roles and responsibilities to be assumed by responders and the standard operating procedure to be used in the management and direction of emergency incidents.

Hydraulic braking system

A system that uses fluid in a closed system to pressurize wheel cylinders when activated. It stops the vehicle.

Tilt Cab

A truck that uses a cab that lowers over the power train.

Tilt cab

A truck that uses a cab that lowers over the power train.

Torsional stress

A twisting action or an applied force resulting in a rotational twist.

Torsional stress

A twisting action or applied force resulting in a rotational twist. Nozzle reaction of solid and fog master streams may cause excessive side twist to an extended ladder is stream is projected toward either side of ladder. Most detatchable water pipes are restricted to 15 degree movement to either side to prevent this.

Outside Screw and Yoke (OS&Y) Valve

A type of control valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed. Also known as outside stem and yoke valve.

Outside screw and yoke (OS&Y) valve

A type of control valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed. Also known as the outside stem and yoke valve.

Vacuum Tender

A vacuum tender can self-fill from a static water source at a rate of up to 2,000 gpm (8 000 L/min) with alift up to 22 feet Also capable of discharging its tank at up to 1750 gpm

Midi-pumper

A vehicle that has a GVWR of 12,000 or greater. It is in between a mini-pumper and a regular pumper. It has a rating of but not greater than 1000 GPM.

Aircraft Rescue Firefighting Vehicle (ARFF)

A vehicle used to provide immediate suppression of flammable liquid fires and suppression of vapors from fuel spills. intended to carry rescue and firefighting equipment for rescuing occupants and combating fires in aircraft at, or in the vicinity of, an airport.

Pretrip road worthiness inspection

A visual inspection of an apparatus to ensure the major components of the chassis are present and in proper working condition.

Pretrip Road Worthiness Inspection

A visual inspection of an apparatus to ensure the major components of the chassis are preset and in proper working condition.

This braking systems reduce the possibility of an apparatus going into a slide, jackknife, or spin during heavy braking

ABS

175 ATM pressure

ATM pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi and is considered to the the "standard atmospheric pressure -gauges are set at zero at ambient pressure so you don't have to calculate the difference between the level you are pumping at and sea level

Burnback Resistance

Ability if a foam blanket to resist direct flame impingement such as would be evident in a partially extinguished petroleum fire.

Fording-

Ability of a apparatus to transverse a body of standing water.

Burnback resistance

Ability of a foam blanket to resist direct flame impingement such as would be evident in a partially extinguished Petroleum fire

Burnback Resistance

Ability of a foam blanket to resist direct flame impingement such as would to evident in a partially extinguished petroleum fire.

Pump and Roll

Ability of an apparatus to pump water while the vehicle is in motion.

Pump and roll

Ability of an apparatus to pump water while the vehicle is in motion.

Pump and roll

Ability of an apparatus to pump water while vehicle is in motion

Fording

Ability of an apparatus to traverse a body of standing water. Apparatus specifications should list the specific water depths through which trucks must be able to drive.

Automatic fog nozzles

Ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure.

Acceleration Skid

Accelerated skids usually occur when the gas pedal is applied too quickly.

Pre-incident planning

Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or a particular type of incident before an incident occurs

Preincident Planning

Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or a particular type of incident before an incident occurs.

Preincident planning-

Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or particular type of incident before an incident occurs.

Pre-incident planning

Act of preplanning an incident at a particular location or a particular type of incident before an incident occurs.

Net Pump Discharge Pressure (NPDP)

Actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump; difference between the intake pressure and the discharge pressure AKA Engine Pressure or Net Pressure

Net Pump Discharge Pressure (NPDP)

Actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump; difference between the intake pressure and the discharge pressure. Also known as Engine Pressure, or Net Pressure.

Net pump discharge pressure (NPDP)

Actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump; difference between the intake pressure and the discharge pressure. Also known as engine pressure or net pressure.

Pump discharge pressure

Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enter the hose line.

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)

Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hose line; total amount of pressure being discharged by a pump. In mathematical terms, it is the pump intake pressure plus the net pump discharge pressure. Measured in pounds per square inch or kilopascals.

Pump discharge pressure (PDP)

Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hoseline; total amount of pressure being discharged by a pump. In mathematical terms, it is the pump intake pressure plus the net pump discharge pressure. Measured in PSI or kilopascals.

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)

Actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hoseline; total amount of pressure being discharged by a pump. In mathematical terms, it is the pump intake pressure plus the net pump discharge pressure. measures in PSI.

Hydraulic System has 4 main components

Actuator-transforms power into mechanical force (Hydraulic Cylinders used for elevation and telescopic control. Rotary Hydraulic Motor used in rotary motion. One on platform and uses ring an pinion drive. The other operates a winch drive to extend and retract) Hydraulic Fluid- medium by which the system transmits force.( is used because it is virtually incompressible and allows force to be transmitted over large distances with little loss of power. may be under pressure of 3500 psi or more.) Don't fill while stabilzers are deployed or overfilling may occur Hydraulic Pump- creates the force that acts on fluid. Is powered by PTO off of vehicle's main engine. Is either load sensing piston pump, rotary vane pump. or rotary gear positive displacement pump. Hydraulic Reservoir- holds fluid that is moved in and out of the system.

(1) Ventilation. (2) Passenger rescue - If the tip of the device is to be placed in an aircraft doorway, the apparatus should be positioned for accessing the window of a building. If the objective is to provide access over a wing or remove victims from a wing, the positioning principles are basically the same as for providing access to the roof of a building. (3) Deploying handlines to the interior of the aircraft. (4) Master stream applications.

Aerial apparatus are more likely to be useful at non-accident-related fires involving large-frame aircraft. These incidents almost always occur on paved surfaces that allow the aerial apparatus a direct access to the aircraft. The aerial device may be used to provide access for the following;

Rescue, ventilation, elevated master stream

Aerial apparatus often respond to structural incidents. Their positioning is determined based off concerns such as building height and condition, as well as what immediate functions needed from the apparatus?

Water tower

Aerial device primarily intended for deploying an elevated master stream; not generally intended for climbing operations aka elevating master stream device. May be outfitted on pumper Range 50-130 ft capable of max flows from 1000-5000gpm. May be fitted with piercing nozzle capable of 300gpm flow.

Water tower

Aerial device primarily intended for deploying an elevated master stream; not generally intended for climbing operations. Also known as elevating master stream device.

Articulating aerial platform

Aerial device that consist of two or more booms that are attached with hinges and operated in a folding manner similar to an elbow. A passenger Carrying platform is attached to the working end of the device. Benefit is being able to go "up and over" Range 55-85ft. Some can telescope and articulate.

Articulating aerial platform

Aerial device that consists of 2 or more booms that are attached with hinges and operate in a folding matter. A passenger carrying platform is attached to the working end of the device.

Tractor drawn aerial apparatus (TDA)

Aerial ladder apparatus that consists of a trailer (tiller) section that contains the aerial ladder, ground ladders, and equipment storage areas. The trailer section is steered independently of the tractor by the tiller operator.

What are some types of interlock devices on aerial apparatus?

Aerial/stabilizer, body collision, rotation interlock (short-jack), maximum elevation slow-down, retraction, nozzle stow, aerial function interlocks, cab interlock, tiller operator interlock.

(1) Open a discharge valve to allow pressure in the pump to equalize. (2) Remove the cap from the end of the intake hose and attach a strainer. (3) Prepare the intake hose fro drafting. The strainer should be a minimum of 24 inches below the surface of the water, with at least 24 inches of water around the sides and bottom of the strainer. (4) Connect the discharge pressure test gauge to the pressure side of the test fitting on the pump panel. (5) Connect the proper number of hoselines and nozzles in order to flow the rated capacity of the fire pump. (6) Attach the pitot gauge by clamping it into position at the nozzle.

After the vacuum test is complete, how do you prepare the pumper for the remaining tests?

Class A Foam

Agents are extremely effective in attacking wildland fires and protect exposures

Most large, modern fire department pumping apparatus are equipped with __________

Air actuated braking systems (air breaks)

Most common priming problem?

Air leak (most common on intake side of pump) that prevents the primer from developing enough vacuum to successfully draft water. Most common cause of air leak is an open drain valve or open circulator.

these apparatus are used to provide immediate suppression of flammable liquid fires and suppression of vapors from fuel spills

Aircraft rescue and firefighting apparatus

357 accessibility NFPA requirements to pump capacity at how much lift

All fire pumps meeting NFPA and Underwriter's Laboratories Inc. requirements are rated to pump their capacity at 10 feet of lift. If the lift is less, the capacity of the pump is higher; if the lift is greater, the capacity decreases. A good working pumper can lift a max of 25 feet. To create an effective fire stream no more than 20 feet is recommended ( pump at 60% of rated capacity)

Series or Pressure Pumping in Multistage Centrifugal Pump

All water from the intake is directed to the eye of the first impeller. Depending on the pump the first stage will increase the pressure and discharge 50-70% of the volume capacity through the transfer valve and into the second eye. This second impeller increases the pressure and delivers it higher to the discharge. This results in higher max pressure, but at cost of lower volume due to the whole system relying on water brought in from one impeller to start the process. When in doubt on position of the transfer valve, it is best to operate in Parallel (Volume) rather than Series (Pressure). If more than 200 psi is needed Transfer should be in Series (Pressure)

Selectable gallonage nozzles

Allow the firefighter operating the handline to select the flow rate to Suit fire and operating conditions. Will supply rated flow as long as driver is pumping at correct pressure, usually 100 psi. similar to constant flow in that as long as pressures are right the gallonage is predictable.

Pump and roll

Allows the apparatus to be driven while discharging water advantage is when combating wildland fires. Vehicles with this feature use a separate motor or a power take off PTO to power the fire pump. If PTO is used the pressure developed is determined by the speed of the engine so vehicle speed increases pumps pressure. So if hoselines are being used drive by pressure gauge not speedometer. Lower gears helps to find the balance of speed and pressure.

Head

Alternate term for pressure, especially pressure to due to elevation. For every 1 foot increase in elevation, 0.434 PSI is gained. Also known as head pressure.

Head

Alternate term for pressure, especially, pressure due to elevation. For every 1-foot increase in elevation, 0.434 psi is gained (for every 1-meter increase in elevation, 9.82 kPa is gained). Also known as Head Pressure.

113 Ballets- backing policies x horn

Always fallow SOPs. IFSTA recommends that the driver/operator use the following general rules: - If possible, position the apparatus so that backing will not be necessary. -Walk all the way around the apparatus to clear any obstructions -Ensure that all equipment is secured and compartment doors are closed -Require the use of one ore more spotters -Preposition lights to illuminate the area where the spotter will stand approximately 8-10 feet behind the apparatus. -Back the apparatus at a very slow speed and use cation to not outpace the spotter -Use hand signals that are agreed upon and understood by the spotter and driver/operator -use portable radios, if feasible -Use backup cameras in addition to the mirrors, if the apparatus is so equipped. -SOUND TWO SHORT BLASTS OF THE VEHICLE"S HORN IMMEDIATELY BEFORE BACKING THE APPARATUS -Avoid mounting equipment on the apparatus that may interfere with the driver's rear visibility

Free Play

Amount of travel the clutch has before it begins to disengage the engine from the transmission.

Free play

Amount of travel the clutch has before it begins to disengage the engine from the transmission.

Free play

Amount of travel the clutch has before it begins to disengage the engine from the transmission. Is the distance that the pedal must be pushed before the throw-off bearing actually contacts the clutch release fingers.

Reckless disregard

An Act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any potential consequences of so doing. Reckless disregard, one not necessarily suggesting intent to cause harm, is a harsher condition than ordinary negligence

Reckless Disregard

An act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any potential consequences of so doing. Reckless disregard, while not necessarily suggesting intent to cause harm. is a harsher condition than ordinary negligence.

Reckless disregard

An act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any potential consequences of so doing. Reckless, disregard, while not necessarily suggesting intent to cause harm, is a harsher condition than ordinary negligence.

Load Management System

An electrical monitoring system that will shed electrical load in a predetermined order if the chassis voltage begins to drop below a predetermined level.

Load management system

An electrical monitoring system that will shed electrical load in a predetermined order if the chassis voltage falls below a predetermined level.

Anitlock Breaking Sytems

An electronic system that monitors wheel spin. When braking and a wheel are sensed to begin locking up, the brake on that wheel is temporarily released to prevent skidding.

Antilock braking system

An electronic system that monitors wheel spin. When braking and a wheel are sensed to begin locking up, the brake on that wheel is temporarily released to prevent skidding.

Telescoping aerial platform

An elevating platform equipped w/ piping systems & nozzles for elevated master stream operations. Telescoping aerial devices are not meant to be climbed & are equipped with a small ladder that is to be used only for escape from the platform in emergency situations Range 75-100ft

Telescoping Aerial platform

An elevating platform equipped with piping systems and nozzles for elevated master stream operations. They are not meant to be climbed and are equipped with a small ladder that is to be used only for escape from the platform in emergency situations.

Engine Compression Brake

An engine compression brake device is any device that uses the engine and transmission to impede the forward motion of the motor vehicle by compression of the engine.

Engine compression brake

An engine compression brake device is any device that uses the engine and transmission to impede the forward motion of the motor vehicle by compression of the engine.

Foam

An extinguishing agent formed by mixing a foam concentrate with water and aerating the solution for expansion; for use on Class A and B fires. It can be protein, fluoroprotein, film forming fluoroprotein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, alcohol type, or alcohol resistant.

Circle or walk around method

An inspection in which the driver or inspector starts at 1 point of the apparatus and continues in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction inspecting the whole vehicle.

Circle or Walk-Around Method

An inspection method in which the driver or inspector starts at one point of the apparatus and continues in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction inspecting the entire apparatus.

Functional Check

An inspection where a certain system of component an apparatus is operated to ensure that it is functioning properly.

Functional check

An inspection where a certain system or component of an apparatus is operated to ensure that is functioning properly

Functional check

An inspection where a certain system or component of an apparatus is operated to ensure that its functioning properly.

Skid

An uncontrolled slide across a surface in a wheeled vehicle.

Skid

And uncontrolled slide across the surface in a wheeled vehicle

Angle of approach

Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the front tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the front of the apparatus

Break over angle

Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the bottom of the frame at the wheel base midpoint

Angle of departure

Angle formed by level ground and in line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the Lowest projection at the rear of the apparatus

Apparatus brakes should be thoroughly tested at least _________ using the methods outlined in NFPA 1911

Annually

(1) Aim high in steering. Find a safe path well ahead. (2) Get the big picture. Stay back, and see the reaction of other motorists. (3) Keep your eyes moving. Scan the area-do not stare at one view. (4) Leave yourself an "out". Visualize an escape route to avoid a collision. Prepare for the unexpected. (5) Maintain enough distance from the vehicle ahead to pull out of traffic safely if the need arises. (6) Make sure that others can see and hear you. Use a combination of warning devices.

Anticipating that other drivers may not see, hear, or respond appropriately to approaching apparatus, the driver should use the following guidelines to help avoid potential collisions:

Most commercial and private vehicles built since 1990 are equipped with

Antilock Braking System (ABS)

An electronic system that monitors wheel spin. when braking and a wheel are sensed to begin locking up, the brake on that wheel is temporarily released to prevent skidding

Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)

Priming device

Any device, usually a positive displacement pump, used to exhaust air from inside a centrifugal pump and the attached hard suction; this creates a partial vacuum, allowing atmospheric pressure to force water from a static source through the suction hose into the centrifugal pump. Fall into several categories including positive displacement, exhaust, vacuum, and air primers.

Priming device

Any device, usually a positive displacement pump, used to exhaust the air from inside a centrifugal pump and the attached hard suction

Priming Device

Any device, usually a positive-displacement pump, used to exhaust the air from inside a centrifugal pump and the attached hard suction, this creates a partial vacuum, allowing atmospheric pressure to force water from a static source through the suction hose into the centrifugal pump.

Handling Nozzle

Any nozzle that can be safely handled by one to theee firefighters and flows less than 350gpm.

Handline nozzle

Any nozzle that can be safely handled by one to three firefighters and flows less than 350 gpm.

Vacuum

Any pressure less then atmospheric pressure or14.7. Absolute zero pressure is called a perfect Vacuum.

Fording

Apparatus ability to traverse a body of standing water. Apparatus specifications should list specific water depths through which trucks must be able to drive

NFPA 1901 requires that all apparatus with a GVWR of 36000 pounds or greater be equipped with an auxiliary braking system. using an auxiliary braking system not only helps to reduce brakes fade on long steep grades it can also significantly reduce service brake system maintenance cost.

Apparatus driver/operators should rememberto turn off the auxillary brake and reduce speed in inclement weather. Sudden application of Aux brake may otherwise torque the tires producing a skid.

Around the pump proportioner

Apparatus mounted foam proportioner in which a small quantity of water is diverted from the apparatus pump through an in-line proportioner; there it picks up the foam Concentrate and carries it to the intake side of the pump. It is the most common apparatus mounted foam proportioner in service.

Around the pump proportioner

Apparatus mounted foam proportioner in which a small quantity of water is diverted from the apparatus pump through an in-line proportioner; there it picks up the foam concentrate and carries it to the intake side of the pump. It is the most common apparatus mounted foam proportioners in service

Around the pump proportioner

Apparatus mounted foam proportioner in which a small quantity of water is diverted from the apparatus pump through an inline proportioner; there it picks up the foam concentrate and carries it to the intake side of the pump. It s the most common apparatus mounted foam proportioner in service.

Variable flow variable rate direct injection system

Apparatus mounted foam system that injects the correct amount of foam into the pump piping, thereby supplying all discharges with foam. The system automatically monitors the operation of the hose lines and maintains a consistent quality of foam solution. Powered by electric of hydraulic. Ratio is controlled by Positive displacement foam concentrate pump. Can be used with Class A/B but not alcohol resistant to to viscosity drawback is foam goes into all discharges connected to manifold.

Variable flow variable rate direct injection system

Apparatus mounted foam system that injects the correct amount of foam into the pump piping, thereby supplying all discharges with foam. The system automatically monitors the operation of the hoselines and maintains a consistent quality of foam solution.

Approaching from the uphill side

Apparatus should be driven past the fire building and the aerial device should be operated over the rear of the apparatus

Approaching from the downhill side

Apparatus should be stopped short of the fire building in the aerial device should be operated over the front of the apparatus

MIDI pumper

Apparatus size between a mini pumper and a full size fire dept. pumper. gross vehicle weight of 12,000 lbs or greater. Capacity not greater than 1000 GPM

Midi-Pumper

Apparatus sized between a mini-pumper and a full sized fire department pumper, usually with a gross vehicle weight of 12,000 pounds (6000kg) or greater. The midi-pumper has a fire pump with a rated capacity generally not greater that 1,000 gpm (4000 L/min)

Quint

Apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck ; equipped with a fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and aerial device NFPA 1901 states must have minimum of 1000 GPM Pump and minimum of 300 Gallon Tank

Quint (quintuple combination pumper)

Apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck; equipped with a fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and aerial device.

Quint

Apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck; equipped with a pump, tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and an aerial device.

Quint

Apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck; equipped with a tire pump, water tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and aerial device.

Chassis lubrication

Applying grease & other lubricants to specific parts of a chassis to reduce wear, noise, and binding.

Chassis Lubrication

Applying grease and other lubricants to specific parts of a chassis to reduce water, noise, and binding.

Chassis lubrication

Applying grease and other lubricants to specific parts of a chassis to reduce wear, noise, and binding.

Alcohol - resistant aqueous film forming foam concentrate AR- AFFF

Aqueous film forming foam that is designed for use with polar solvent fuels.

Alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foam concentrate (AR-AFFF)

Aqueous film forming foam that is designed for use with polar solvent fuels. For Polar Solvents 3-6% Hydrocarbons 1-6% Creates a membrane to seperate fuel from air. Apply gently so membrane is not broken.

Alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foam

Aqueous film forming foam that is designed for use with polar solvent fuels. See Aqueous Film Forming Foam and Foam Concentrate.

Generators

Are the most common power source used for emergency services. Run 110 or 220 Volt and can be powered by Gas, Diesel, PTO, or hydraulic systems

Collapse zone

Area beneath a wall in which is likely to land if it loses structural integrity.

Collapse Zone

Area beneath a wall in which the wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity.

Collapse Zone

Area beneath a wall in which the wall will likely land if it loses structural integrity. Apparatus and personnel should maintain a collapse zone of at least one and a half times the height of any building determined likely to collapse. When practical, the corners of a building may be advantageous positions for apparatus placement, especially aerial apparatus operating master streams. units operating at a high rise within 250 ft of the building may need to be protected from falling debris

Warm zone

Area between the hot & cold zone that usually contains the decontamination Corredor; Requires a lesser degree of PPE then the hot zone

Warm zone

Area between the hot and cold zones that usually contains the decontamination corridor; typically requires a lesser degree of PPE than the hot zone.

Warm Zone

Area between the hot and cold zones that usually contains the decontamination corridor; typically requires a lesser degree of personal protective equipment than the hot zone.

Aerial ladder truss

Assembly of bracing bars or Rods in triangular shapes that form a rigid frame work for the aerial Properly designed truss permits tension and compression to be distributed over the length for max strength and minimum weight. May have rivets, trusses may be welded(steel) or heliarced(aluminum)

Aerial ladder truss

Assembly of bracing bars or rods in triangular shapes that form a rigid framework for the aerial device.

Cable systems, aerial device hydraulic systems, slides and rollers, stabilizing systems, aerial device safety systems, breathing air systems, and communication systems

At a minimum, drivers of apparatus equipped with aerial devices must be able to perform basic inspection and maintenance on what systems?

Check valve

Automatic valve that permits liquid to flow in only 1 Direction. Example, In-line valve that prevents water from flowing into a foam concentrate container when eduction pressure is disrupted

Check Valve

Automatic valve that permits liquid to flow in only one direction. For example, the inline valve that prevents water from flowing into a foam concentrate container when eduction pressure is disrupted.

Check valve

Automatic valve that permits liquid to flow in only one direction. For example, the inline valve that prevents water from flowing into a foam concentrate container when eduction pressure is disrupted.

Main portions of Aerial Ladder

Base Rail- commonly called the beams are the lower chord. Top Rail- commonly called handrails are at the top chord on the opposite end of trusses from base rail. Rungs- portions attached between the 2 base rails and are used as steps. Built with "K" bracing for strength. NFPA 1901 has min and max dimensions for all

(1) If not automatically accomplished, activate the front brake lock to minimize longitudinal movement of the chassis. (2) Make sure that the PTO engagement light is lit before leaving the cab. (3) Chock the wheels.

Before the actual deployment of the stabilizers, driver should conduct some preliminary checks. first, they need to make the following quick observations to avoid potential problems.

(1) High exhaust system temperature (HEST) indicator - Lights when the exhaust system is very hot, usually due to an active regeneration in process. (2) DPF indicator - Lights to indicate that the DPF is loading up with soot. (3) Manual (parked) regeneration switch - Allows driver to manually initiate an active regeneration to burn off the DPF soot load. (4) Regeneration inhibit switch - Allows the driver to keep the engine from initiating an active regeneration process. Used in limited circumstances if the apparatus is parked on dry glass or over other combustible material where there is a risk that high exhaust temperatures may start a fire.

Beginning with engines produced in 2007, apparatus began to be equipped with a DPF. the driver needs to be familiar with what parts of the DPF?

Negligence

Breach of duty in which a person or organization fails to perform at the standard required by law, or that would be expected by a reasonable person under similar circumstances.

Negligence

Breach of duty in which a person/organization fails to perform at the standard required by law,/that would be expected by reasonable person under similar circumstances

Impinging Stream Nozzle

Breaks water into fine evenly divided particles by driving several jets of water together at an angle. Although narrow is possible most often wide is seen.

Signs of potential structure collapse

Bulging walls Sagging Roofs Large Cracks in exterior Falling bricks, blocks or mortar Interior Collapse

418 Round pools equation static water Capacity

C=7.5 X πr^2 X D C= Capacity 7.5 = Number of gallons per cubic foot π = 3.14 r = radius (1/2 the diameter) in feet D = Average Depth in feet

In some states AO must obtain a

CDL to operate fire apparatus.

Driver should check that the __________ are tight and protected with a film of grease, petroleum jelly, or battery terminal protection product

Cable connections

Biodegradable

Capable of being broken down into innocuous products by the actions of living things, such as micro organisms

Biodegradable

Capable of being broken down into innocuous products by the actions of living things, such as microorganisms.

Locked wheel skid

Caused by braking too hard at a high rate of speed & locking the wheels. The vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned

354 Cavition during drafting ops

Cavitation can be described as water being discharged faster than it is coming into the pump. This occurs when air cavities are created in the pump or bubbles pass through the pump. They move from the point of highest vacuum into the pressurized section where they collapse or fill with water. May cause damage to the pump. During cavitation , the pressure drops below atmospheric and the boiling point of water drops to the point that the water changes to a vapor and creates a void composed of water vapor or steam. - When a pump reaches the point of cavitation it is discharging all of the water that the atmospheric pressure or pressurized source can force into the intake, when water is discharged from the pump faster than it can be taken in, increasing the pump rpm will not increase the discharge pressure.

Repair work that involves complex tools, parts, or in depth mechanical knowledge is left to a

Certified mechanic.

Ch1 The main purpose of a fire department pumper is to provide adequate pressure for effective fire streams.

Ch1

Ch1 [Apparatus typing ](categorizing pumping and water supply apparatus based on capability) is intended to make it easier for incident commanders to call for exactly the types of resources they need to manage an incident.

Ch1

Pump charts

Charts Carried on a fire apparatus to aid the pump operator in determining the proper discharge pressure when supplying hose lines.

Pump charts

Charts carried on a fire apparatus to aid the operator in determining the proper pump discharge pressure when supplying hoselines.

Pump Charts

Charts carried on a fire apparatus to aid the pump operator in determining the proper pump discharge pressure when supplying hoselines.

Valves in Aerial Apparatus hydraulic system

Check Valve-prevents fluid from flowing back through a component and act as a safety if a leak develops in the system. Relief Valve-limits pressure built up in the system, thus preventing damage from overpressurization. Counterbalance Valve- prevent unintentional or undesirable motion of the device from its established position.

vacuum test

Checks for leaks in the priming device, pump, and intake hose by capping or closing the system and testing the ability to pull 22 inches of Hg. According to NFPA 1911 fire pumps of 1250 GPM capacity must achieve prime in <30 sec and those >1500 GPM must prime <45 seconds

Decomposistion

Chemical change in which a substance break down into two or more simpler substances. Result of oxygen acting on a material that results in a change in the materials composition; oxidation occurs slowly, sometimes resulting in the rusting of metals.

Decomposition

Chemical change in which a substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Result of oxygen acting on a materialmaterial that results in a change in the materials composition; oxidation occurs slowly = rust

Decomposition

Chemical change in which a substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Result of oxygen acting on material that results in a change in the material's composition; oxidation occurs slowly, sometimes resulting in the rusting of metals

Surfactant

Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; Allows water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels.

Surfactant

Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; allows water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels.

Surfactant

Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; allows water to spread more rapidly over the surface of class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels

A particular method of performing an apparatus inspection is referred to as the

Circle or walk around method

what type of valves are essential in the operation of a multi-stage pump?

Clapper (check) valves

Class B

Class B fuels are divided into 2 categories, hydrocarbons & polar solvents. Class B foam is effective in extinguishing these fires & suppressing vapors because it float on the surface of hydrocarbons. Class B foam is designed for hydrocarbon fuels and are not effective on polar solvents

Back flushing

Cleaning a fire pump or piping by flowing water through it in the opposite direction of normal flow.

The ________ _________ should not have insufficient or excessive free play

Clutch pedal

Portable tank

Collapsible storage tank used during a relay or shuttle operation to hold water from water tanks or hydrants; this water can be used to fight fire. Also known as a catch basin, fold-a-tank, porta-tank, or portable basin. Single tank is usually adequate for up to 300 gpm flow at fire. If more than 300 gpm use multiple tanks. Tank should be setup on a level surface and have a capacity of 500 gallons more than the truck supplying it. Draft should use a low level strainer for more continuous drafting

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Commonly called A triple F. Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete vapor, can form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills and fires and is a highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels. Also known as light water. Has fluorochemical (reduce surface tension so that a thin aqueous film is spread) hydrocarbon surfactants combined with solvents to create a high boiling point

Master stream appliances - fixed monitors

Commonly called Deck guns & permanently mounted on the apparatus

Piercing Nozzles

Commonly used in aircraft fire fighting, car fires, or void spaces. has a jet nozzle capable of flowing 125 gpm and driven in place by a striking tool

Staging area manager

Company officer of the 1st arriving company at the staging who takes command of the area and is responsible for communicating available resources and resource needs to operations section chief.

Staging area manager

Company officer of the first arriving company at the staging who takes command of the area & is responsible for communicating available resources & resource needs to the operation section chief

Staging Area Manager

Company officer of the first arriving company at the staging who takes command of the area and is responsible for communicating available resources and resource needs to the operations section chief.

Foam

Completed product after air is introdoced to foam solution aka finished foam. An extinguishing agent formed by mixing a foam concentrate w/ water and aerating the solution for expansion; Use on class A and class B fires. Foam maybe protein, Flouroprotein, film forming fluoroprotein, synthetic, Aqueous film forming, high expansion, alcohol type, or alcohol resistant

Foam

Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution. Also known as finished foam.

Cavitation

Condition in which vacuum pocket form due to localized regions of low pressure at the vanes in the impeller of a centrifugal pump, causing vibrations, loss of efficiency and possible damage to the impeller. Simply water discharged faster than it can be brought in. May occur when air cavities are created in pump or bubbles pass through the pump they move from highest vacuum into the pressurized section where they collapse or fill with water. Pressure gauge will fluctuate during cavitation. Nozzle will have popping or sputtering sound. Gravel sound through pump. Surest sign is lack of reaction on the pressure gauge to increases in throttle. Happens during drafting if EO doesn't keep discharge rates lower than intake.

Cavitation

Condition in which vacuum pockets form due to localized regions of low pressure at the vanes in the impeller of a centrifugal pump, casing vibrations, loss of efficiency, and possibly damage to the impeller.

Cavitation

Condition in which vacuum pockets form due to localized regions of low pressure at the vanes in the impeller of a centrifugal pump, causing vibrations, loss of efficiency, and possible damage to the impeller.

Jackknifing

Condition of truck tractor/semi trailer combination when their relative positions to each other form and angle of 90° or less about the trailer kingpin, such as turning the tractor tiller aerial apparatus at an angle from the trailer to increase stability when the aerial device is being used . 60° = greatest ability Jack knife goes away from fire or operational side. Over 90 degrees is a problem

Salt during cold weather can cause

Corrosive effect on steel body components

________________ twist help to minimize kinks in hose between the pumper and the hydrant.

Counterclockwise

Nozzle reaction

Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.

Nozzle Reaction

Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle or device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.

Nozzle reaction

Counterforce directed against a person holding nozzle or a device holding A nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.

_______ is the weight of an empty fire apparatus fresh off the assembly line with no tools, water, equipment, passengers

Curb weight

________ is stored in a tank downstream of the ______ and is injected into the fuel in order to reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engine

DEF DPF

Clean body and clean engines make it easier to see

Damage and leaks

Protein Foam Concentrate

Derived from animal protein sources that prevents the Concentrate from freezing, corrosion equipment and containers, bacterial decomposition of the Concentrate during storage, and control viscosity.

Constant flow fog nozzles

Design to flow is specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure

Chimney nozzle

Design to suppress fires in chimney flue's, consist of a solid piece of brass or steel with many small impinging calls. Flowing on the 1.5 to 3 GPM

Class A foam

Designed for use on class A combustibles. Class A foams, hydrocarbon based surfactants are essentially wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into combustible materials more easily than plain water.

15

Detachable ladder pipes should not have a horizontal range of movement exceeding _____ degrees in either direction.

Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

Device designed to protect against electrical shock; when grounding occurs , the device opens a circuit to shut off the flow of electricity. Also known as Ground Fault Indicator (GFI) Receptacle.

Ground fault circuit interrupt her GFCI

Device designed to protect against electrical shock; when grounding occurs, the device open the circuit to shut off the flow of electricity

Load sequencer

Device in an electrical system that turns lights on at specified intervals, so that the start up load for all of the devices does not happen at the same time.

Load Sequencer

Device in an electrical system that turns lights on at specified intervals, so that the start-up load for all of the devices does not occur at the same time.

Load sequencer

Device in electrical system that turns lights on at specified intervals, so that the start up load for all devices does not occur at the same time

Load monitor

Device that "watches" an electrical system for added loads that may threaten to overload the system

Load Monitor

Device that "watches" an electrical system for added loads that may threaten to overload the system.

Foam proportioner

Device that inject the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution.

Foam Proportioner

Device that injects the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution.

Foam proportioner

Device that injects the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution.

Stabilizer

Device that transfer the center of gravity of an apparatus and prevents it from tipping as the aerial device, hydraulic lifting boom, gin pole, or A-frame is extended away from the centerline of the chassis. Also known as outrigger or stabilizing jack.

Stabilizer

Device that transfers the center of gravity of an apparatus and prevents it from tipping as the aerial device, hydraulic lift him boom, gin pole , or A-frame is extend it away from the centerline of the chassis. aka outrigger or stabilizing jack. Virtually all are hydraulically operated.

Load monitor

Device that watches an electrical system for added loads that may threaten to overload the system.

Voltmeter

Device used for measuring existing voltage in an electrical system.

Voltmeter

Device used for measuring existing voltage in an electrical system. and provides a relative indication of battery condition

Refractometer

Device used to measure the amount of foam concentrate in the solution; operates on the principle of measuring the velocity of light that travels through the foam solution.

Slack adjusters

Devices used in an air brake system that connect between the activation pads and brake pads that compensate for brake pad wear

Slack adjusters

Devices used in an air brake system that connect between the activation pads and the brake pads that compensate for brake pad wear.

Slack Adjusters

Devices used in an air brake system that connect between the activation pads and the brake pads that compensate for break pad wear.

Diesel particulate filter DPF

Devise designed to remove diesel particulate matter/soot from exhaust gas of a diesel engine

What determines the velocity for a given volume of water?

Diameter of the Hose. The smaller the hose the greater the velocity needed to deliver the same volume. Friction loss increases as the length of the hose increases. Flow pressure will always be greater near the source of supply and lowest at the farthest point in the system.

these trap much of the particulate matter in the exhaust emissions

Diesel Particulate Filters (dpf)

This is problematic because it sticks to anything that it touches, leaving gummy residue

Diesel fuel residue

Ch5 183 Means of Moving Water ____________uses one or more pumps that takes water from primary source and discharges it through the filtration and treatment processes. from there a series of pumps Force the water into distribution system. if purification of the water is not needed the water can be pumped directly into the distribution system from the primary source. duplicating these pumping units and providing a secondary power source provides redundancy against failures in supply lines or pumps.

Direct pumping system

What are the differences between the direct application, roll-on, bank down, and rain down methods of applying foam?

Direct= right on burning material used on Class A fire Roll-on Foam directed at ground infront of spill, spreading foam across surface of liquid. For Class B and is only effective on pool of liquid on open ground. Bank Down-uses a vertical wall near spill to deflect and run foam down the side and across the Class B spill. Rain Down- practical when elevation is too high for roll-on or rain down. directs stream into the air above the spill allowing foam to gently fall to surface of Class B spill.

326 Tachometer

Displays the engine speed in revolutions per minute. Can help to determine problems during a pumping operation. During acceptance testing, the rpm required to pump the rated capacity is determined and the information is recorded on an identification plate on the pump panel. A gradual increase in the amount of rpm required to pump the rated capacity indicates wear in the pump and possible need for repair.

Reaction distance

Distance a vehicle travels while a driver transfers a foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal after perceiving the need for stopping.

Reaction Distance

Distance a vehicle travels while a driver transfers foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal after perceiving the need for stopping.

Braking Distance

Distance the vehicle travels from the time the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop.

Braking distances

Distance the vehicle travels from the time the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop.

Older apparatus may still have batteries that require the addition of __________- to replenish the cells fluid

Distilled water

Apparatus and personal should be_______________ of the main body of fire on Wild land fires

Downhill

Compartment doors, working on top of apparatus, hose restraints, hose chutes, and intake/discharge caps.

Driver and other personnel must work safely on and around apparatus. What are some of these safety issues?

NFPA 1002 requires

Driver/Operator be skilled in the performance of certain maintenance tasks

Tiller operator

Driver/operator of the trailer section of a tractor-tiller aerial ladder apparatus. Also known as the tillerman.

Due Regard

Driver/operators drive with "due regard" for the safety of others using the highways. State vehicle codes provide and give special privileges to the operators of the emergency vehicles; however, this does not relieve the operator from the duty and responsibility to drive with "due regard" for the safety of others.

Due regard

Driver/operators drive with "due regard" for the safety of others using the highways. State vehicle codes provide and give special privileges to the operators or emergency vehicles; however, this does not relieve the operator from the duty and responsibility to drive with "due regard" for the safety of others.

Due regard

Driver/operators drive with due regard for the safety of others using highways. State vehicle code provide and give special privileges to the operators or emergency vehicles

The driver begins his walk around inspection at the ___________ and works in a ____________ pattern

Drivers door Clock wise

Speed limits, direction of travel, direction of turns, and parking statues and ordinances.

Driving statutes usually describe vehicles that are in the emergency category; in most cases, the classification covers all FD vehicles when responding to a call and using lights and sirens. In some jurisdictions, statues may exempt emergency vehicles from driving regulations that apply to the general public if they are responding to a call. What are some exemptions?

Avoid using __________ or ___________ because they may grind grit or dirt into the glass surface.

Dry towels Cloths

Flowmeters, hydraulic calculators, pump charts, condensed Q method, and GPM flowing

During emergency operations, driver commonly use one or more of what methods of determining pressure loss and pump discharge pressure?

(1) Open a discharge drain valve. Some may feature threaded outlets that allow a hose to be connected and routed away from the apparatus to a safe discharge point. This feature is especially important when attempting to prevent the accumulation of water during operations affected by freezing weather or on unstable ground. Open some drain valves before the valve is under pressure to avoid potential damage. (2) Partially open the tank-fill valve or tank to pump line. Even if the water tank becomes full and overflows through the tank vent, this result is preferable to the pump overheating. the driver should create a flow sufficient to cool the pump without significantly diminishing the mount of water available for fire suppression.

During prolonged pumping operations, a bypass circulator may not provide sufficient cooling under some conditions and additional measures will be required to avoid overheating. What are they?

(1) Use a garden hose without a nozzle to apply water to the apparatus. High pressures can drive dirt and debris into the finish, (2) Rinse as much loose dirt as possible from the vehicle before applying soap. This will lessen the amount of grit that at be scratched into the finish. Never remove dirt by dry rubbing, (3) Wash the apparatus before dirt, grit, and road salt can dry on the surface. Use only cleaning products that have been specifically designed for use on automotive paint, (4) Do not wash with extremely hot water or while the surface of the vehicle is hot, (5) Begin washing from the top of the vehicle and work downward, (6) Dry the apparatus with a clean chamois that is rinsed frequently in clean water, or use a rubber squeegee. Failure to dry the vehicle thoroughly may encourage corrosion.

During the 1st 6 months after an apparatus is received, while the paint and protective coating are new and unseasoned, the vehicle should be washed frequently using cold water to harden the paint and keep it from spotting. What are some things to o to ensure that the new paint job is not damaged?

Electronic stability control

ESC applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that the operator positions the steering wheel. Better then RSC.

(1) The flow through any specific discharge. (2) The total water flow through the pump in "real time". (3) Total water flowed through the pump for the duration of the incident. (4) The amount of foam being flowed.

Each discharge equipped with a flowmeter must have a digital readout display mounted within 6 inches of the control valve for that discharge. If a pressure gauge is mounted at the 6 inch location, then the flowmeter must be mounted within 2 inches adjacent to the pressure gauge. Some apparatus also feature a monitoring device that offers what additional information to the driver?

Parallel or Volume Pumping in Multistage Centrifugal Pump

Each impeller takes water from a source and delivers it to a discharge. Each impeller is capable of delivering its rated pressure while flowing 50% of its rated capacity so volume is the sum of both stages. Maximum flow rating is at 150 psi, but the volume of the pump may increase with the capability of the source. When pumping higher than 150 volume capability decreases proportionately. When in doubt on position of the transfer valve, it is best to operate in Parallel (Volume) rather than Series (Pressure). Anytime 50% or more of the capacity of the pump is needed Transfer should be in Parallel (Volume)

Exhaust systems must periodically conduct a process of regeneration in which the ______________ is raised in order to burn off particulate matter accumulated in the filter.

Eexhaust temperature

Pressure Differential

Effect of altering the atmospheric pressure within confined space by mechanical means. When air is exhausted from within the space, a low-pressure environment is created and replacement air will be drawn in; when air is blown into the space, a high pressure environment is created and air within will move to the outside.

Electromagnetic retarder's

Either mounted in the driveline or supplied as an integral part of the rear axle. retarder dissipate heat to cool vanes into the surrounding air

Load management system

Electrical monitoring system that will shed electrical load in a predetermined order if the chassis voltage begins to drop below a predetermined level.

Modern day apparatus have sensitive ______________ that can be damaged or destroyed by water or cleaning fluids

Electronic equipment

Antilock braking systems

Electronic system that monitors the wheel spin. When braking and a wheel are sensed to begin locking up, the break on that wheel is temporarily released to prevent skidding. Assist in keeping the apparatus in a straight trajectory during heavy or emergency braking. Not a faster stop but a more controlled stop.

Engine compression brakes

Electronically actuated mechanical system added to the engine valve train. any device that uses Engine and transmission to impede forward motion of the motor vehicle by compression of the engine

214 What is "H" in EP= .5XH

Elevation height in feet

176 Pressure loss and gain elevation at location of nozzle

Elevation refers to the center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level. When the nozzle is above the pump there is pressure loss. When the nozzle is below the pump, there is pressure gain. The pressure gains or loss due to gravity are called elevation pressure.

NFPA 1071 is the standard for

Emergency vehicle technician professional qualifications which provides a basis to train and certify fire apparatus mechanics and fire department maintenance officers

Spring probe

Employs a stainless steel spring probe to detect water movement in the discharge piping. requires little maintenance

Open butt

End of charged hoseline that is flowing water without a nozzle or valve to control the flow.

45 Regen went into affect

Exhaust systems on newer apparatus may be equipped with systems to provide cleaner emissions from diesel engines. Diesel particulate filters (DPF) trap much of the particulate matter in exhaust emissions. These much periodically conduct a process of regeneration in which the exhaust temperature is raised in order to burn off particulate matter accumulated in the filter. In automatic mode the vehicle may be operated normally. -In addition to a DPF system, engines produced after January 1, 2010 may be equipped with an exhaust after-treatment system called Selective Catalyst Reductant (SCR). An SCR uses Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to help further reduce emissions. It reduces nitrogen oxide emissions. -It is extremely important to pay close attention to joints and flex-pipes on 2007 and later engines equipped with DPFs, because during the regen process the temperatures can reach extremely high temperatures. The exhaust leaks can damage surrounding components or set them on fire.

Fly section

Extendable section of ground extension or aerial ladder

Fly section

Extendable section of ground extension or aerial ladder. Also known as Fly.

Defensive attack

Exterior fire attack that is limited to controlling the spread of a fire, with an emphasis on exposure protection. Also known as defensive fire attack.

Defensive Attack

Exterior fire attack that is limited to controlling the spread of fire, with an emphasis on exposure protection. Also known as Defensive Fire attack.

Most common rescue tools found on pumping apparatus

Extrication equipment such as spreaders and shears, combination spread and shear tools, extension rams. These tools are powered by either hydraulic pressure or compressed air or apparatus PTO system.

(1) Review instructions before applying products on newer apparatus. the application of some products may no longer be necessary and, in fact, may damage some clear-coat protective seal finishes that are applied over paints, (2) Reference the manufacturer's manual before using any wax or polishes, (3) Wait until the apparatus is 6 months old to apply these products, if necessary, (4) Wash and dry the vehicle with a soft cloth or mechanical buffer.

FDs should follow the apparatus manufacturer's instructions regarding the application of wax or polishes to the exterior of apparatus, to include which of the following?

Condensed Q Formula (3 inch line)

FL = Q squared

Condensed Q Formula (5 inch line)

FL = Q^2/15

Condensed Q Formula (4 inch line)

FL = Q^2/5

94 Damage by excessive idle

Fallow manufacturer's recommendations on idling engines. Allowing a diesel engine to idle unnecessarily will waste fuel and may lead to the buildup of carbon in injectors, valves, and pistons and may cause damaged to internal engine components and emissions systems.

True or False most engine checks should be done while the vehicle is running.

False

83 Rules that govern states- middle paragraph

Federal laws, state or provincial motor vehicle codes, city ordinances, NFPA standards, and department policies all regulate driver/operators in their duties. Unless specifically exempt, fire apparatus driver/operators are subject to any statute, rule, regulation, or ordinance that governs any other vehicle operator.

Initial Attack Fire Apparatus

Fire apparatus whose primary purpose is to initiate a fire attack on structural and wildland fires and support associated fire department actions. Also know as Mid-Pumper or Mini-Pumper.

Aerial apparatus

Fire fighting vehicle equipped with a hydraulically operated ladder, elevating platform, or other similar device for the purpose of placing personnel and/or water streams in elevated positions.

Front-Mount Pump

Fire pump mounted in front of the radiator of a vehicle and powered off the crankshaft.

Front mount pump

Fire pump mounted in front of the radiator of the vehicle and powered off the crankshaft.

Front-mount pump

Fire pump mounted in the front of the radiator of a vehicle and powered off the crankshaft.

Aerial apparatus

Firefighting vehicle equipped with a hydraulically operated ladder, elevated platform, or other similar device for the purpose of placing personnel and/or water streams in elevated positions

Aircraft rescue

First option on larger commercial and some military planes is the escape chutes or slides at exits. Second option is to place a set of portable stairs at the exit. If these are not feasible then use aerial device.

3 types of Master Stream Appliance

Fixed Monitors, Combination monitors, Portable monitors

Class B

Flammable and combustible liquid and gas

Stabilizer shoe

Flat metal plate attached to the bottom of the aerial apparatus stabilizer to provide firm footing on the stabilizing surface aka stabilizer boot or stabilizer foot

Stabilizer Shoe

Flat metal plate attached to the bottom of the aerial apparatus stabilizer to provide firm footing on the stabilizing surface. Also known as Stabilizer Boot or Stabilizer Foot.

Stabilizer shoe

Flat metal plate attached to the bottom of the aerial apparatus stabilizer to provide firm footing on the stabilizing surface. Also known as stabilizer boot or foot.

Second principle of Pressure

Fluid pressure at a point in Fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions. Principle is used in hydrostatic testing

Principle of pressure 2

Fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions (hydrostatic testing)

Principle of pressure 1

Fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts

Bypass-Type Balanced pressure proportioner

Foam Concentrate proportioner that operates in tandem with a fire water pump to ensure a proper foam-Concentrate-to water mixture.

Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP)

Foam Concentrate that combines the qualities of fluoroprotein foam with those of aqueous film forming foam.

Film forming fluoroprotein

Foam Concentrate that combines the qualities of fluoroprotein with those of aqueous film forming foam

Rain-down application method

Foam application method that directs the stream into the air above the unignited or ignited spill or fire, allowing the foam to float gently down onto the surface of the fuel.

Bypass type balanced pressure proportioner

Foam concentrate proportional that operates in tandem with a fire water pump to ensure a proper foam concentrate to water mixture. Used on large apparatus installations such as ARFF trucks. is one of the most accurate methods of foam proportioning. is able to monitor supply and demand of foam.

Bypass type balanced pressure proprotioner

Foam concentrate proportioner that operates in tandem with a fire water pump to ensure a proper foam concentrate to water mixture.

Film forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP)

Foam concentrate that combines the qualities of fluoroprotein foam for long lasting heat resistance with those of aqueous film forming foam quick knockdown available in alcohol resistant.

Protein foam concentrate

Foam concentrate that consist of a protein hydrolysate plus additives to prevent the concentrate from freezing, prevent corrosion equipment & containers, prevent bacterial decomposition of the concentrate during storage & control viscosity

Protein foam concentrate

Foam concentrate that consists of a protein hydrolysate pus additives to prevent the concentrate from freezing, prevent corrosion equipment and containers, prevent bacterial decomposition of the concentrate during storage, and control viscosity. Has good heat stability and burnback ( ability to resist direct flame impingement) Becoming rare in modern fire service

Class B foam concentrate

Foam fire suppression agent designed for use on ignited on in-ignited Class B flammable or combustible liquids. Consist of synthetic (mixture of fluorosurfactants shelf life of 20-25 yrs flow better than protein and have longer vapor suppression) of protein base (animal protein shelf life of 10 yrs considered safer for environment) Do not mix different brands or types. Proportioned out 1-6%. Hydrocarbon 1-3% Polar Solvents 3-6%

Class B Foam Concentrate

Foam fire-suppression agent designed for use on ignited or in-ignited Class B flammable or combustible liquids.

Mechanical Foam

Foam produced by a physical agitation of a mixture of foam concentrate, water, and air.

Mechanical foam

Foam produced by a physical agitation of a mixture of foam concentrate, water, and air.

Mechanical foam

Foam produced by a physical agitation of a mixture of foam concentrate, water, and air. Are the most common foams in use

(1) Testing the foam to water concentration that the system and associated equipment are able to produce. (2) Testing the rate at which foam concentrate is consumed in proportion to a known flow of water through the system.

Foam proportioning equipment installed on an apparatus must also be tested for proper operation before being placed in service, and periodically thereafter. What are the methods that the equipment is checked by?

Variable flow demand type balanced pressure proportioner

Foam proportioning system that is used in both fixed and mobile applications; a variable speed mechanism drives the foam pump and automatically monitor wars the flow of foam to produce an effective foam solution

Variable flow demand type balanced pressure proportioner

Foam proportioning system that is used in both fixed and mobile applications; a variable speed mechanism drives the foam pump and automatically monitors the flow of foam to produce an effective foam solution. Foam concentrate pump supplies a venturi type proportioning device attatched to the water line. Advantage is flow of concentrate matches the pressure demand.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Foam provided by the manufacturer and blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedure, and waste disposal procedures of a specified material. Was known as MSDS.

Class A foam concentrate

Foam specially designed for use on class A combustibles. They are hydrocarbon based surfactants are essentially wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into combustible materials more easily than plain water. They are becoming more popular for use in wildland and structural fire fighting. Range is usuablly .1-1% Shelf life of 20 years. decomposes consuming oxygen in water killing fish.

Fourth principle - Friction Loss

For a given velocity, friction loss is approximately the same, regardless of the pressure on the water.

(1) The apparatus must accelerate to 35 mph from a standing start within 25 seconds. This test is conducted in 2 runs in opposite directions. (2) The apparatus must achieve a maximum top speed of 50 mph. This requirement may be waived for vehicles not designed for use on public roadways. (3) The apparatus must come to a full stop from 20 mph within 35 feet. (4) The parking brake installed on the vehicle must conform to the specs listed by the manufacturer.

For a road test to be done on an apparatus, what are the benchmarks it has to meet?

Third principle - Friction Loss

For the same discharge, Friction loss Varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of the hose. When the flow remains constant, the friction loss in the hose will decrease with a diameter of the hose is increased.

what is water hammer?

Force created by the rapid deceleration of water causes of violent increase in pressure that can be so powerful enough to rupture piping or damaged fixtures.

Water Hammer

Force created by the rapid deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Generally results from closing a valve or nozzle to quickly.

Water hammer

Force created by the rapid deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Generally results from closing a valve or nozzle too quickly.

Water hammer

Force created by the rapid deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Results in closing valves or nozzles too quickly

Pressure

Force per unit are exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa).

Pressure

Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch or kilopascals.

Pressure

Force per unit area exerted by a liquid/gas measured in pounds per square inch PSI/ kilopascals KPA

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Form provided by the manufacturer and blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical & chemical properties, health & safety hazards, emergency response procedures, & waste disposal procedures of a specified material

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

Form provided by the manufacturer and blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal procedures of a specified material.

_______ is the distance that the pedal must be pushed before the throw out bearings actually contacts the clutch release fingers

Free play

During the first six months after an apparatus is receive, while the paint and protective coating are new and unseasoned the vehicle should be washed

Frequently using cold water to harden the pain and keep it from spotting

_________ ________ due to distance and elevation are major considerations when supporting elevated streams.

Friction loss

210 Determining Friction loss

Friction loss is caused by a number of factors including the condition of the hose and couplings as well as any kinks in the hoseline. However, the primary consideration is the volume of water flowing per minute.

First principle - Friction Loss

Friction loss varies directly with the length of the hose or pipe.

Driver/operator PPE

Full PPE when operating at the pump panel in order to lessen the chance of injury. IFSTA also recommends chocking the wheels every time.

Getting in the cab and starting the apparatus is apart of the _____________ check

Functional

Discharge rate Formula

GPM = 29.7 x d squared x square root of NP

195 Discharge rate formula

GPM = 29.7 x d^2 x √NP Where: GPM = discharge in gallons per minute 29.7 = a constant d = diameter of the orifice in inches NP = Nozzle pressure in psi

____________ the maximum weight at which a vehicle can be safely operated on roadways in ideal conditions

GVWR

Elevation pressure

Gain or loss of pressure in a hose line due to a change in elevation . also known as elevation loss

Elevation pressure

Gain or loss of pressure in a hose line due to a change in elevation. Also know as elevation loss.

Elevation Pressure

Gain or loss of pressure in a hose line due to a change in elevation. Also known as Elevation Loss.

Ammeter

Gauge that indicates both the amount of electrical current being drawn from and provided to the vehicle's battery. Indicates status of the vehicles alternator and charging system

Anmeter

Gauge that indicates both the amount of electrical current being drawn from and provided to the vehicles battery

Aerial device

General term used to describe the hydraulically operated ladder or elevated platform attached to a specialty designed fire apparatus

Aerial device

General term used to describe the hydraulically operated ladder or elevating platform attached to a specially designed fire apparatus.

Most common power source used for emergency services

Generators

Appliance

Generic form applied to any nozzle, wye, Siamese, deluge monitor, or other piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose for the purpose of delivering water.

Appliance

Generic term applied to any nozzle, wye, , siamese, deluge monitor, or other piece of her were used in conjunction with fire hose for the purpose of delivering water

Appliance

Generic term applied to any nozzle, wye, Siamese, deluge monitor, or other piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose for the purpose of delivering water.

Compressed Air Foam Systems

Generic term used to describe a high energy foam generation system consisting of a water pump, a foam proportioning system, and an air compressor that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hoseline

Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)

Generic term used to describe a high-energy foam-generation system consisting of a water pump, a foam proportioning system, and an air compressor (or other air source) that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hoseline. features a rotary air compressor and standard centrifugal fir epump. A direct injection foam proportioning system is attached to the discharge side of the pump. Once concentrate and water are mixed compressed air is added before being discharged. Due to low eduction rates, a variable flow rate sensing proportioner is required to supply the stream at .1-1%

Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS)

Generic term used to describe a high-energy foam-generation system made up of a pump, foam proportioning, and an air compressor that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hoseline.

Altitude

Geographic position of a location or object in relation to sea level. The location may be either above, below, or at sea level.

Altitude

Geographic position of a location or object in relation to the sea levels. The location maybe either above, below, or at sea level

Preventive Maintenance

Goal is to eliminate unexpected and catastrophic failures that may endanger firefighters and the general public

Load chart

Graphical or tabular description of the load that can be distributed on an aerial device based on factors such an extension, elevation, stabilizer set-up, wind, water flow, and ice-load.

Load chart

Graphical or tabular description of the load that can be distributed on an aerial device based on factors such as extension, elevation, stabilizer set up, wind, water flow, and ice load. Ladders are often rated for higher tip capacities as elevation angles increase or when ladder is not fully extended.

Load Chart

Graphical or tabular description of the load that can be distributed on an aerial device based on factors such as extension, elevation, stabilizer set-up, wind, water flow, and ice-load.

Ch5 Means of Moving Water ____________ uses a primary Water Source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system the gravity flow from the higher elevation provides the water pressure. the pressure is usually only sufficient when the primary water source is located at least several hundred feet higher than the highest point in the water distribution system. the most common examples include a reservoir at a higher elevation that supplies water to a city below or a system of elevated tanks in a city itself

Gravity System

Distributors

Grid arrangement or smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers

Tire selections for fire apparatus are based on

Gross axle weight ratings

Vaulted surfaces

Ground above underground vaults such as underground parking structures, utility chases, drainage culverts, basements that extend under sidewalks, or underground transportation systems.

Vaulted Surfaces

Ground above underground vaults such as underground parking structures, utility chases, draining culverts, basements that extend under sidewalks, or underground transportation systems.

Equipment commonly found on pumpers

Ground ladders, SCBA, forcible entry tools, salvage tools and equipment, portable water tank, emergency medical equipment

Ammeter

Guage that indicates both the amount of electrical current being drawn from and provided to the vehicle's battery.

Multi stage centrifugal fire pump

Have an impeller for each stage mounted in a single housing. The impellers are usually mounted on a simple shaft driven by a single drivetrain

Multi stage centrugal pumps

Have impeller for each stage mounted in a single housing. The impellers are usually mounted on a single shaft driven by a single drive train. Generally, the impellers are identical and have the same capacity. The feature that makes multistage pumps more efficient is the capability to connect the stages in a series for maximum pressure or in parallel for maximum volume by use of transfer valve.

Hot zone

Hazardous area immediately surrounding the incident site; requires appropriate protective clothing & equipment & other safety precautions for entry. Limited to technician level personnel

The possibility for ________ _________ involvement should be considered during every response to a transportation incident.

Hazmat involvement

Dependable lift

Height a column of water may be lifted in sufficient quantity to provide a reliable fire flow. Lift may be raised through a hard suction hose to a pump, taking into consideration the atmospheric pressure and friction loss within the hard suction hose; it is usually considered to be 14.7 feet. Pump will deliver a percentage of its pump capacity and will decrease as lift increases

Elevation

Height of a point above sea level or some other reference point.

Elevation

Height of a point above sea level or some other reference point. Elevation refers to the centerline of the pump or the bottom of the static water supply stores above or below ground level.

Compressed air foam systems CAFS

Hi energy foam generation system consisting of a water pump, foam proportioning system, & Air compressor to inject air into foam.

Mechanical blower

High expansion foam generator that uses a fan to inject the air into the foam solution as it passes through the unit.

Mechanical Blower

High-expansion foam generator that uses a fan to inject the air into the foam solution as it passes through the unit.

Clapper valve

Hinged valve that permits the flow of water in One Direction only. Are essential to the operation of Multistage pump. If it gets stuck open the pump will not operate properly in series(Pressure)

Clapper Valve

Hinged valve that permits the flow of water in one direction only.

Clapper valve

Hinged valve that permits the flow of water in one direction only.

Siamese appliance

Hose appliance that has 2 or more female inlets and a single male outlet. It is equipped with hinged gates (clapper valve) that prevent water from being discharged through an open inlet.

Siamese appliance

Hose appliance that has two or more female inlets and a single male outlet. It is equipped with hinged gates (clapper valves) that prevent water from being discharged through an open inlet.

Wye

Hose appliance with 1 female inlet and 2 or more male outlets are usually smaller than the inlet, and are usually gated.

WYE

Hose appliance with one female inlet and two or more male outlets; the outlets are usually smaller then the inlets, and are usually gated

Solid Fire Stream

Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, as opposed to a fog or spray stream; a solid stream is produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream.

Solid fire stream

Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, as opposed to a fog or spray stream; it is produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream.

Solid fire stream

Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, is produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream

Intake Hose

Hose used to connect a fire department pumper or a portable pump to a nearby water source; may be soft sleeve or hard suction hose.

Intake hose

Hose used to connect a fire department pumper or a portable pump to a nearby water source; may be soft sleeve or hard suction type.

Federal laws, state and provincial motor vehicle codes, city ordinances, NFPA standards, SOPS. They pertain to all besides speed limits, direction of travel, direction of turns, and parking statutes and ordinances.

How are driver/operator regulated in their duties?

(1) Conduct testing using the actual hose that will be used during fire fighting operations. (2) Test one diameter of hose at a time, as well as hose of the same construction and manufacturer. Different kinds of hose may provide inconsistent results as material, construction, and wear affect friction loss. (3) Base the results of the test on the measuring devices used to record the data. Properly calibrated pitot tubes, in-line gauges, and flowmeters achieve reliable readings.

How are some ways that departments insure that their equipment is correct?

It can transport personnel to the roof and give them a platform to work off of.

How can aerial apparatus assist in ventilation operations?

It will be reduced if the length is shorten or the diameter of the hose is increased.

How can friction loss caused by hose length or diameter be reduced?

It can be used to determine the total pressure loss with solid and fog nozzles by determining the friction loss from a table and multiplying it by the number of 100 foot sections.

How can the GPM flowing method be used on the fire ground?

L(height of lift in feet) = 1.13Hg(inches of Mercury)

How do you determine max lift?

(1) Connect the supply line into an apparatus intake of the fire pump. (2) Make the connection to an intake with a closed gate valve. the pump is already in operation. Air in the empty supply hose will enter the pump and cause problems for the attack lines already being supplied. (3) Open the bleeder valve on the gated intake so that air can escape ahead of the water supply. When the air has been purged from the bleeder and a steady stream of water drains from the valve, it may be shut. The water supply is now at the pump and ready for the transition.

How do you do a change-over operation?

(1) Lay coupling so that they are pulled out straight, without flipping around. (2) Lay hose so that it never crosses over itself when paying out. (3) Maintain vehicle speed of 5 mph or less. At 5 mph, 7 feet of hose is pulled out each second. traveling more than 5 mph is likely to cause a hose jam in the hose chute.

How do you do an aerial hose chute?

Flow rate divided 100

How do you find Q?

EP = 0.5(Height) and EP = (5 PSI) x (Number of stories - 1)

How do you find elevation loss and one in a multistory building?

NPDP = PDP (Pump discharge pressure) - Intake reading

How do you find net pump discharge pressure?

PDP = NP (nozzle pressure) + TPL (total pressure loss)

How do you find pump discharge pressure?

GPM = 29.7 x D2 (Diameter of the orifice in inches) x square root of the nozzle pressure

How do you find the discharge rate?

Q = flow rate/100

How do you find the flow rate or Q?

The constant x Q (flow rate/100) squared x length

How do you find the friction loss (FL)?

FL = C (coefficient) x Q2 (Flow rate) x L (length)

How do you find the friction loss?

NR = .0505 x Q (Flow) x square root of nozzle pressure

How do you find the nozzle reaction in fog nozzle?

NR = 1.57 x D2 (nozzle diameter) x Nozzle pressure

How do you find the nozzle reaction?

C = 7.5 x L x W x D or if it is round C = 7.5 x pie x r2 x D

How do you find the water capacity of a pool?

(1) Ease up on the throttle pedal when shifting into or out of the locked condition. (2) Do not activate this switch while one or more of the wheels are actually slipping or spinning. (3) Do not spin the wheels with the inter-axle differential locked.

How do you reduce load on the driver train and avoid equipment damage?

(1) Bring the engine rpms to idle gradually. (2) Discontinue a pressure control device if in operation. (3) Close valves in a slow and smooth motion. the apparatus fire pump should now be disengaged. (4) Close the hydrant; operate the valve in the same slow manner to avoid water hammer and damage to the water supply system.

How do you shutdown a water supply operation?

(1) Using an onboard computer that monitors each wheel and controls pressure to the brakes, maintaining optimal braking ability. (2) Using a sensing device to monitor the speed of each wheel, sending a signal to the onboard computer. (3) Receiving information from the computer when a wheel begins to lock up. The computer compares it to the information received from the other wheels to determine if this particular wheel should still be turning. Steering is maintained as long as the wheels do not lock. (4) Reducing the brake pressure and allowing the wheel to continue to turn. Once it turns, it is braked again.

How does ABS systems minimize the chance of the vehicle skidding when the brakes are applied?

Separating (barrier between fuel and fire), cooling (lowers the temp of the fuel), and suppressing or smothering(Prevents the release of flammable vapors, reducing the risk of ignition or reignition)

How does foam fight fire?

PDP = Nozzle pressure + Total pressure loss

How is pump discharge pressure calculated?

When positioning apparatus at hydrant. The distance needed needs to be judged from the _________________ not the __________ because _________ may be located different distances from the curb.

Hydrant,curb,hydrants

A braking system that uses a fluid in a closed system to pressurize well cylinders when activated

Hydraulic braking system

Smaller apparatus and some older vehicles may be equipped with

Hydraulic braking systems.

Hoisting cylinder

Hydraulic cylinders used to lift the aerial device from its bed to a working position. Also known as elevation cylinder or lift cylinder. Mounted to the turntable by trunnion(pivoting end of the piston rod that is connected to the anchor ear by heel pin) Has a safety system in case of blowout that locks pressure in requiring bleeding to lower.

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons such as crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline,benzene and kerosene are petroleum based And have a specific gravity less than one (water being considered equal to one).

Hose Testing

IF scribe mark around coupling is found to have moved away more than 3/8" from the coupling then hose is OOS

336 Figure 10.2

IFSTA recommends chocking the wheels every time the driver exits the cab which adds an added measure of safety in the event the apparatus jumps into road gear. (picture shows front and back of tire)

Ideal Rescue Situation

Ideal approach is from upwind on level ground and without obstructions.

Principle of Friction Loss 1

If all other conditions are the same, friction loss varies directly with the length of hose or pipe

(1) be familiar with all the lubrication fill points. Most apparatus owner's manuals will include a diagram of lubrication fitting, (2) Wipe the fitting clean with a shop rag, (3) Press the end of the lubrication gun fill hose onto the fitting, (4) Operate the pump handle on the lubrication gun fill hose onto the fitting. Note: continuing to pump after resistance is felt causes excessive pressure and may damage rubber grease seals, (5) Continue this process around the vehicle until all lubrication points have been filled.

If chassis lubrication is within the responsibilities of the driver, what following steps need to be complete these duties?

Aircraft Rescue with aerial

If placing the tip of the device to access a wing position the tip as if you were accessing the roof. If placing the tip to an aircraft door position the tip as if accessing a building window.

(1) The driver should frequently check the stabilizers to ensure that they are in solid contact with the stabilizer pads and the ground. (2) Traffic moving by the area may cause vibrations that affect the stability of the apparatus, especially on the elevated roadways. (3) The driver should use caution when maneuvering the aerial device to make sure that it is not placed in a position where it may be struck by another apparatus or passing traffic. This is of particular concern when operating articulating apparatus that have the boom and knuckle behind the platform.

If the aerial device is going to be deployed on the highway, the driver must keep what safety considerations in mind?

(1) The diameter of the supply hose or the number of hoselines must be increased. (2) The pump discharge pressure of the pumpers involved in the relay must be increased. (3) More pumpers must be added to the relay to overcome friction loss or elevation.

If the amount of flow through a relay operation needs to be increased, depending on the size of the supply line and fire flow requirements, at least one of these three conditions must be met.

(1) Insufficient fluid in the priming reservoir. (2) Engine speed (rpm) is too low. (3) Lift is too high. (4) A high point in the intake hose is creating an air pocket.

If the previous measures are taken and priming is still not possible, what are some potential problems that be the cause?

(1) Ensure that the vehicle being used as the power source has the same voltage electrical system as the apparatus being jumped. This will prevent damage from occurring to either system, (2) Check the manufacturer's operations manual before jumping or charging the system. The operations manual should specify to which battery the cable should be connected. Most fire apparatus have more than one battery connected to the apparatus, (3) Make sure that the jumper cables are connected to the specified battery in the recommended manner. Be sure that all personnel in the area are wearing apparatus protective clothing including eye protection.

If the vehicle needs to be jump-started when away from the fire station, it my be necessary to connect it to another vehicle with jumper cables. Before do this, the driver must be aware of what important considerations?

For serious issues or items meeting the NFPA 1911 "out of service" criteria ______________ actions must be taken

Immediate

How does centrifugal pump work?

Impeller acts as the disk receiving the water through the eye in the center. This water contacts the vanes of the impeller and is thrown out to the volute around the outside edge of the pump housing The impeller transmits velocity to the water while the pump housing collects and confines the water creating pressure before directing it to a discharge. The Impeller being mounted off center helps the volute as it has gradually increasing size as it nears the discharge. This increase in size is needed because volume of water passing through it increases as it nears the discharge the speed of the impeller dictates the amount of pressure that is developed. The faster the disk is turned, the harder the water is thrown, giving the water more velocity. The velocity of the water is converted to pressure by confining the water within the container. The height to which the water rises, or the extent to which it overcomes the force of gravity, is based on the speed of the impeller's rotation. Volume capacity of pump is dictated by the size of the impeller. Larger impeller= larger eye and increased flow capacity.

212 what is L in FL=CQ^2L

In "customary" L = feet/100 In "Metric" L = meters/100

Trunnion

In a hydraulic cylinder, the pivoting end of the piston rod that is connected to the anchor ear by the hell pin.

Steering Wheel Play

In a steering system, the amount of travel between turning the wheel and when the steering system moves.

Steering wheel play

In a steering system, the amount of travel between turning the wheel and when the steering system moves.

What are the functions of apparatus maintenance and inspections records? (p. 31-32)

In a warranty claim, these records may be needed to document that required maintenance was performed. In the event of an accident, maintenance records are among those likely to be scrutinized by investigators. A completely documented history of recurrent repairs may also assist in deciding whether to purchase a new apparatus as opposed to continuing to repair an older vehicle.

Improper backing, reckless driving, excessive speed, lack of driving skill and experience, overloading and misuse, mechanical failure, and driver personal readiness.

In general, fire collisions are grouped into 7 basic causes, which reflect the lack of due regard and situational awareness. What are they?

Batteries, braking systems, coolant system, electrical system, fuel system, hydraulic fluids, oil, tires, steering system, belts, tools, appliances, and equipment.

In order to ensure operational status of the vehicle, NFPA 1002 requires the driver to be able to perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing of what systems on the truck?

(1) Monitor the water level in the onboard tank. (2) Estimate the amount of time that water in the onboard tank will last based on the rate of consumption. (3) Ensure that personnel who are operating in dangerous areas are aware when the water level drops and are withdrawn before running out of water. (4) Make a fairly accurate judgement of the duration of time a water supply will last based on the size of the tank and the approximate flow rate for specific hose lines, nozzles, and appliances. If the pump is equipped with a flowmeter a reading of the amount of water flowed through the line may be available.

In order to partially open the tank fill valve and not create the potential for pump cavitation, some drivers open the valve the distance of their thumb to the pump panel with their hand on the valve control. You must do what to accomplish this?

Vacuum

In the fire and emergency services, a pressure that is somewhat less than atmospheric pressure; it is needed to facilitate drafting of water from a static source.

Vaccum

In the fire and emergency services, a pressure that is somewhat less that atmospheric pressure; a vacuum is needed to facilitate drafting of water from a static source.

Relay Pumping unknown pressure to an unknown volume

Increase the throttle paying attention to the flowmeter for the discharge. Increase the engine speed until the flowmeter no longer increases. This will establish the correct discharge pressure to supply an adequate volume of water.

Initial attack fire apparatus

Initiate a fire attack on structural/wildland fires. Aka a midi pumper or minion pumper

Operational readiness inspection

Inspecting an apparatus & equipment on the apparatus ensure that all equipment is in place, clean and ready for service

Operational Readiness Inspection

Inspecting an apparatus and equipment on the apparatus to ensure that all equipment is in place, clean, and ready for service.

Operational readiness inspection

Inspecting an apparatus and equipment on the apparatus to ensure that all equipment is in place, clean, and ready for service.

Circle or walk around a method

Inspection Method in which the driver/inspector starts at 1 point of apparatus & continues in either clockwise/counter-clockwise inspecting entire apparatus

Tachometer

Instrument that indicates the rotational speed of a shaft in revolutions per minute (rpm); usually used to indicate engine speed.

Tachometer

Instrument that indicates the rotational speed of a shaft in revolutions per minute usually used to indicate engine speed.

Impeller Eye

Intake office at the center of a centrifugal pump impeller.

Impeller eye

Intake orifice at the center of a centrifugal pump impeller

Impeller eye

Intake orifice at the center of a centrifugal pump impeller.

Roll stability control (RSC)

Integrated into the ABS system. IncludeS Lateral accelerometer that senses when the side force caused by cornering approaches the rollover threshold.

Baffle

Intermediate partial bulkhead that reduces the surge effect in a partially loaded liquid tanker. Allows free movement of water at the bottom of the tank and free movement of air at the top during rapid filling or unloading. MFPA 1901 requires all tenders to dump @ minimum average flow of 1000 GPM for the first 90% of tank capacity.

Aeration

Introduction of air into a foam solution to create bubbles that result in finished foam

Aeration

Introduction of air into a foam solution to create bubbles that result in finished foam.

Steering wheel play

Is the amount of travel between turning the wheel and when the steering system turns. Steering wheel play should be no more than approximately 10° in either direction. On a 20" diameter wheel the play maybe about 2 inches

Curb weight

Is the weight of an empty fire apparatus fresh off the assembly line with no tools, water, equipment, or passengers.

Commerical drivers license (CDL)

It is issued to people who show the competence inspecting and driving vehicles with a gross vehicle rating of 26,001 pounds or more.

Pressure differential

It is not possible to pull water into the pump but can remove air causing a vacuum. Effect of altering the atmospheric pressure within a confined space by mechanical means. When air is exhausted from within the space, a low pressure environment is created and replacement air /water will be drawn in; when air is blown into the space, a high pressure environment is created and air within will move to the outside. Atmospheric Pressure decreases .5 psi or 1"Hg per 1000 ft of altitude. Most pumps can develop a vacuum of 22" of Hg

Adverse weather

It may take 3 to 15 times greater distance for a vehicle to come to a complete stop on snow and ice then it does on dry pavement

Acceleration skid

It usually occurs when the gas pedal is applied too quickly.

Initial Attack Fire Apparatus

Its primary goal is to initiate a fire attack on structural and wildland fires and support associated FD actions. Also known as a mini-pumper.

the reach of the fog stream is directly related to what?

Its width, the size of the water particles or droplets, the wind, and the volume of water flowing.

Knuckle

Joint between two sections of bloom in an articulating aerial device.

Knuckle

Joint between two sections of boom in an articulating aerial device.

Maintenance

Keeping equipment or apparatus in a state of usefulness or readiness.

347 Additional water from a hydrant

Know if you can take on another line with: Percentage method First-Digit Method Squaring-the-Lines Method

Self Educting master stream foam nozzle

Large capacity nozzle with built in foam eductor

Self-educting master stream foam nozzle

Large capacity nozzle with built in foam eductor.

Primary feeders

Large pipes (mains), with relatively widespread spacing, the conveying large quantities of water to various points to the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.

Level 2 staging

Large scale incidents, where a larger number of fire & emergency services companies are responding; these companies are sent to a specified remote location to await assignment

Level II staging-

Larger incident that would require a staging officer.

Stabilizing Aerial on Uneven Terrain

Lateral(Side to Side) lateral being easiest to correct. Most trucks can correct lateral unevenness on grades up to 5%. Typically stabilizers are lowered on the high side first then the low side brings to level. When capable operate off of the high side. and Longitudinal (Front to back) If the aerial turntable is no level, the rungs of the device will not be exactly parallel to the ground if the device is positioned over the side of the truck. This lack of parallel operation will generate lateral and torsional stresses within the structure of the device. Operate either directly over the front or back. Do not place crosswise. Articulating devices need to be operated from rear.

Exhaust brakes

Least capable of the four auxiliary brake devices. Uses a valve to restrict the flow of the exhaust which creates backpressure that adds to the engines inherent breaking ability

If a building is _________stories the pumper may be placed inside closest to the building with the aerial on the outside. Philosophy is that the building is low enough to be reached by the aerial even if it must reach over the pumper

Less than 5

CDL commercial driver license

License is issued to individuals demonstrate competence inspecting & driving vehicles w/ GVR of 26,001 lbs or more

Wildland/urban interface

Line, area, or zone where an undeveloped wild-land area meets a human development area.

Wildland/Urban Interface

Line, area, or zone where an undeveloped wildland area meets a human development area.

Polar solvents

Liquid having a molecule where the positive and negative charges are permanently separated, resulting in their ability to ionize in solution and create electrical conductivity. Water, alcohol, acetone, esters & Sulfuric Acid = Polar solvents Man modern fuels have up to 15% of solvent additives and should be treated as polar solvents. Require Alcohol resistant foam because of ability to mix with water and break down regular class B foam.

Polar Solvents

Liquid having a molecule where the positive and negative charges are permanently separated, resulting in their ability to ionize in solution and create electrical conductivity. Water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid are examples of polar solvents.

Polar solvents

Liquid having a molecule where the positive and negative charges are permanently separated, resulting in their ability to ionize in solution and create electrical conductivity. water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid are examples.

This prevents an overload of a vehicles electrical generation system

Load management systems

This watches the system for any added electrical loads that threaten to overload the system

Load monitor

This turns on various light at specified intervals so that the start up electrical load for all devices does not occur at the same time

Load sequencer

if an overload Condition occurs the load monitor will shut down the less important electrical equipment in order to prevent overload.

Load shedding

(1) Train all members specifically on how to perform the moving hose-load operation. The procedure must be contained in the department's written SOPs. (2) Assign at least 1 member, other than the driver and firefighters actually loading the hose, as a safety observer to the operation. the observer must have constant visual contact with the hose-loading operation, as well as visual and voice communication (usually via a portable radio) with the driver. (3) Close the area in which the hose loading is being performed to other vehicular traffic. (4) Drive the apparatus only in a forward direction, straddling or to one side of the hose, and at a speed no greater than 5 mph. (5) Do not allow members to stand on any portion of the apparatus while the vehicle is in motion.

Loading hose while driving the apparatus is particularly common when loading LDH supply hose. It is common for LDH to be loaded as the driver slowly drives the apparatus. NFPA 1500 provides what directions on how doing this?

Dynamic load

Loads that involve motion. They include forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, or falling objects, as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure. Also known as shock loading.

Dynamic Load

Loads that involve motion. They include the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, or falling objects, as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure. Also known as Shock Loading.

shocking load

Loads that involve motion; includes the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, falling objects, or the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure. Also known as Dynamic load

Shock loading

Loads that involve motion; includes the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, falling objects, or the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure. Also known as dynamic load.

Dumps site

Location approved for water shuttle apparatus to discharge their water for other apparatus to draw during incident operations.

Fill site

Location at which tankers/tenders will be loaded during a water shuttle operation.

Base

Location at which the primary incident Management Logistics functions are coordinated and administered; the Incident Command Post may be co-located with the Base. There is only one based per incident.

Base

Location at which the primary incident management logistics functions are coordinated & administered; Incident Command Post may be co-located with Base. There is only 1 base per incident

base

Location at which the primary incident management logistics functions are coordinated and administered; the Incident Command Post may be co-located with the base. There is only 1 base per incident.

Aerial Positioning

Long extensions at low angles place the max amount of stress on an aerial device and in some cases reduce load carrying capacity. When possible get as close to the desired objective as possible. Stability can be improved if device is operated over the trucks longitudinal axis. Over front and rear is most stable. Over either side is least stable and decreases load capacity. For rear mounted aerial backing in is preffered as this maximizes the reach

Electrical Hazards

Long standing fire service standard is 10 feet between aerial device and overhead high voltage lines from 600-50,000 Volts, and 50 feet from lines over 50,000 Volts. if unknown stay away 50 OSHA says 20 feet under 350 kV and 50 feet for over 350kV. When vehicle contacts a line and see a load the ground becomes charged in concentric circles. Straddling these band may be dangerous. Keep both feet in contact with ground next to each other to prevent contacting two areas that are charged differently. Exiting a vehicle is worse than staying inside. If you must clear the vehicle exit by jumping clear landing with both feet together. be sure to not fall over as this is worse. Then hop and shuffle with feet together. up to 150 ft out may still see charge.

Keeping apparatus body clean also helps promote a

Longer vehicle life

Salvage

Loss control starts from the minute the companies leave the stations and continues throughout the entire incident. NFPA 1901 requires Aerials to have multiple salvage covers as well as 2 scoop shovels

Friction Loss

Loss of Pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of the hose or pipe.

Brake fade

Loss of braking function which occurs due to excessive use of the brakes.

Brake Fade

Loss of braking function which occurs due to excessive use of the breaks.

Friction loss

Loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of the hose or pipe.

Friction loss

Loss of pressure created by the turbulence water movie against the interior walls of the hose or pipe

Proper ____________ helps prevent costly repairs and may reduce out of service time.

Lubrication

What two basic concepts of intake pressure relief valves are there?

Main feature of a relief valve is its sensitivity to pressure change and its ability to relieve excess pressure within the pump discharge. Those that relieve excess pressure on the discharge side of the pump (controls the pressure delivered to the nozzle from the pump) and those that relieve on the intake side of the the pump (an adjustable spring loaded pilot valve that reroutes water from the discharge to the intake when pressure rises above working or set pressure) Intake relief is recommended to be set to open when the intake pressure rises more than 10 psi above necessary operating pressure.

Fire department pumper

Main purpose is to provide adequate water pressure for effective fire streams

___________ refers to keeping apparatus in a state of usefulness or readiness

Maintenance

__________ and _______ records are documents that may serve several functions

Maintenance Inspection

What should systematic maintenance procedures specify? (p. 30)

Maintenance procedures, when they are performed, and who is responsible for conducting the maintenance. The procedures should also specify a method for reporting, correcting, and documenting all activities.

Three categories of aircraft rescue and fire fighting apparatus

Major fire fighting vehicles, rapid intervention vehicles, and combined agent vehicles.

NFPA 414 classifies ARFF Apparatus in 3 different categories according to their water carrying capacity. What are the three groups?...

Major firefighting vehicles Rapid intervention vehicles Combined agent vehicles.

216 Stand pipe

Many fire departments have predetermined pressures that is expected to supply the FDC in standpipe operations. My be referenced in department policies, preincident plans, or labeled on the face plate of the FDC OCFD = 125 psi + EP

Tire types have to

Match

Miscible

Materials that are capable of being mixed in all portions.

Miscible

Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportion's.

Miscible

Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions.

Gross Axle Weight Rating

Maximum amount of weight that an axle system can safely carry

404 Max Lift

Maximum height to which any amount of water may be raised through a hard suction hose to a pump; determined by the ability of the pump to create a vacuum. -in most circumstances maximum lift is approximately 25 feet.

Maximum lift

Maximum height to which any amount of water may be raised through a hard suction hose to a pump; determined by the ability of the pump to create a vacuum. In most cases this is 25 feet. Formula is Lift= 1.13 X Inches of Hg

Gross vehicle weight rating

Maximum weight at which a vehicle can be safely operated on roadways an ideal conditions. Also indicate the maximum weight for each axle on the apparatus, & w/ tire pressure recommendations

Combination Monitors

May be used in a mount on the apparatus or removed and used remotely from the vehicle

Diesel exhaust

May contain up to 100 harmful chemicals in compounds

Master stream appliances - combination monitors

Maybe used in a mount on the apparatus/removed & used remotely from the vehicle. Combination monitors often have flow limitations when they are removed from apparatus & placed on the ground.

Flowmeter

Mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing and provides a readout in units of gallons per minute GPMs.

Flowmeter

Mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing and provides a readout in units of gallons per minute or (liters per minute).

Flowmeter

Mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing and provides a readout in units of gallons per minute. Calibrate to within 3% and must display flow increments of 10 gpm or less.

Flowmeter

Mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing and provides a readout in units of gpm

Pin

Mechanical means to secure the master stream monitor to the ladder ; anchoring mechanisms may include pins, levers , or clamps. Used on Pinnable Telescoping Waterway to allow master stream monitor to be secured in 2 locations

Pin

Mechanical means to secure the master stream monitor to the ladder; anchoring mechanisms may include pins, levers, or clamps.

Huck bolt

Mechanically applied rivet used in the construction of some aerial devices; Huck bolt can only be removed by drilling

Power Take-Off

Mechanism that allows a vehicle engine to power equipment such as a pump, winch, or portable tool; it is typically attached to the transmission

Power take-off system

Mechanism that allows a vehicle engine to power equipment such as a pump, winch, or portable tool; it is typically attached to the transmission.

Power Take-Off (PTO) System

Mechanism that allows a vehicles engine to power equipment such as a pump, winch, or portable tool; it is typically attached to the transmission.

Roll on application method

Method of foam application in which the foam stream is directed at the ground at the front edge of the unignited or ignited liquid fuel spill; foam then spreads across the surface of the liquid. Also known as Bounce.

Reverse lay

Method of laying hose from the fire scene to the water supply.

Reverse Lay

Method of laying hose from the fire scene to the water supply. Consider adapters as connections will be reversed in hose bed is set for forward lay.

Forward Lay

Method of laying hose from the water supply to the fire scene.

Forward lay

Method of laying hose from the water supply to the fire scene. Consists of stopping at the hydrant dropping supply line and proceeding to the fire location. Too much distance may require an additional pumper in between.

Injection

Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired. (2) process of taking in materials through a puncture or break in the skin.

Nondestructive testing

Method of testing metal objects that does not subject them to stress related damage.

Nondestructive testing

Method of testing metal objects that does not subject them to stress related damage. Conducted every five years, after accident, when the aerial device has been subjected to our usual stresses and loads, following major repairs or overhaul. Best guarantee of performance is an organized system of apparatus testing an regular maintenance

What are some characteristics of initial attack fire apparatus?

Mini pumper - 500 gpm Midi pumper - 12,000 pounds and 1,000 gpm

application-rate

Minimum amount of foam solution that must be applied to an Unignited fire, spill, or fire spill to either control vapor omission or extinguish the fire measured per minute per square foot of area to be covered

Application rate

Minimum amount of foam solution that must be applied to an unignited fire, spill, or spill fire to either control vapor emission or extinguish the fire; measured per minute per square foot or area to be covered.

Application Rate

Minimum amount of foam solution that must be applied to an unignited fire, spill, or spill fire to either control vapor emission or extinguish the fire; measures per minute per square foot (or square meter) of area to be covered.

Proportioning

Mixing of water with an appropriate amount of foam concentrate in order to form a foam solution.

Premixing

Mixing premeasured portions of water and foam concentration in a container. Typically the method is used with portable extinguishers, skid-mounted twin-agent units, and vehicle-mounted tank systems.

Premixing

Mixing premeasured portions of water in foam concentrate in a container. Typically the premixed method is used with portable extinguishers, wheeled extinguishers, skidmounted twin agent units and vehicle mounted tank systems.

Pre-mixing

Mixing premeasured portions of water in foam concentrate in a container. Typically, the pre-mixed method is used with portable extinguishers, wheeled extinguishers, skid mounted twin agent units, and vehicle mounted tank systems

Foam Solution

Mixture of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air.

Pumper/tender

Mobile water supply apparatus equipped with a fire pump. In some jurisdictions, this term is used to differentiate a fire pump equipped mobile water supply apparatus whose main purpose is to attack the fire.

18 two basic functions mobile supply apparatus

Mobile water supply apparatus have two basic functions on the fire ground. The water tender may be used in a mobile shuttle operations. The apparatus may also be used as a stationary reservoir or "nurse tender".

Water tenders /tankers

Mobile water supply apparatus. Equipped with tank capacity of at least 1000 gallons. Have two basic functions on the fire ground one water tender maybe using a mobile shuttle operation and two as a nurse tender or stationary reservoir. In accordance with NFPA 1901 water tenders must be able to be filled at a rate of 1000 gpm. Also must be able to dump from Left right and rear. pumper assigned to the fill site must be rated with at least 1000 gpm. single axle are restricted to 2000 gallons however more axles = more gallons. NIMS typing of a tender requires a fire pump. Don't fill through top of tank.

If building is ____________ stories aerial must be placed inside closest to the building with the pumper on the outside. This gives aerial max reach. More hose can always be stretched, but more reach is impossible.

More than 5

Railroad

Most Rail companies advise to keep vehicles back at least 25 ft from track both on sides and in air if using an aerial.

Combination system

Most communities use the combination of the direct pumping and gravity systems.

Sprinklers

Most fires are controlled by activation of relatively few heads. Multi stage pumps should be in parallel (Volume) recommended discharge of 150 psi.

Unsupported tip

Most modern Ariel devices are designed to be operated in the unsupported position

Paddlewheel

Mounted at the top of the straight section of the discharge pipe so that only a small portion of the device extends into the waterway. Reduces impediment to waterflow and lessens the chance of damage from any debris in pipe.

Engine Brake

Multiply their effectiveness through the transmission gearing and the brake torque will increase as the transmission downshifts.

Elevated Platform Requirements

Must have Kickplate (A 4 inch metal plate that runs around the bottom edge of any railing on a balcony or elevated walkway to prevent someone's foot from slipping off) Have min floor area of 14 ft with a 24" tall rail completely around with no openings under the railing. 2 Gates for access with new standard of inward swinging 2 controls one at street level and 1 in platform. backup hydraulic is needed. heat protective shield and water curtain under platform capable of 75 gpm flow. Min load of 750lbs when fully extended and no water 500lbs when water in system. water delivery capable if discharging 1000 gpm at 100 psi in any position <110 ft must be able to raise to 90degrees in 150 seconds 1or 2 master streams with lighting air, and communications with fall protection anchors.

Standard for Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program

NFPA 1500

Visual acuity

NFPA 1582 Standard of comprehensive occupational medical program for for fire department, provide specific standards that contain that contain information and Pacific details on uncorrected vision and disease of the eye

Adequate hearing

NFPA 1582 contains a list of frequencies that a driver operator must be able to hear and recommends rejecting a candidate who has hearing loss Among those frequencies

Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus

NFPA 1901

(1) Number of firefighters to be supported by the system. (2) Capacity of compressed air cylinders. (3) Pressure requirements of the piping system. (4) Low air warning alarms. (5) Conformity to government regulations.

NFPA 1901 doe not require aerial devices to be equipped with breathing air systems. However, the standard does not contain requirements for breathing air systems if they are installed on aerial devices with elevating platforms. What are some of those requirements?

Ground ladders, SCBA, forcible entry tools, salvage tools and equipment, portable water tank, and emergency medical equipment.

NFPA 1901 specifies the minimum amount of equipment that must be carried on all fire department pumpers. Each jurisdiction may supplement this equipment based on local practices and conditions. What is the equipment commonly found on pumpers?

Engine speed check, pumping test, pumping engine overload test, pressure control system test, priming system test, vacuum test, water tank-to-pump test, engine speed interlock test, gauge and flowmeter test, and manufacturer's pre-delivery test.

NFPA 1901 standard requires what tests to be conducted for an apparatus that is equipped with a fire pump of 750-3,000 GPM?

Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus

NFPA 1906

This standard is for the inspection, maintenance, testing, and retirement of in service automotive fire apparatus.

NFPA 1911

Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Vehicles

NFPA 414

How do you find the net pump discharge pressure at draft?

NPDP = PDP (pump discharge pressure) + PC (Intake pressure correction)

Nozzle reaction for fog stream nozzle (formula)

NR = 0.0505 x Q x sqare root of NP

Nozzle reaction for solid stream nozzle (formula)

NR = 1.57 x d squared x NP

204 Calculating Nozzle reaction for a fog stream nozzle

NR=0.0505 x Q x √NP where NR = Nozzle reaction in pounds 0.0505 = a constant Q = Total flow through the nozzle in gallons per minute NP = Nozzle pressure in psi

203 Nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle

NR=1.57 x d^2 x NP --Where NR = Nozzle reaction in pounds --1.57 = constant -- d = nozzle diameter in inches -- NP = nozzle pressure in psi

In warranty claim these records may be

Needed to document that required maintenance was performed

ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL Also referred to as Electronic Stability Program is a more capable system than RSC. ESC applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that operator positions the steering wheel. To accomplish this the ESC includes a steering wheel sensor in addition to the lateral accelerometer. Most ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained.

Neither RSC nor ESC improves a vehicle's cornering performance. ch3

Secondary feeders

Network of intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point.

337-347? know about different ?olrant values

No clue what this one was

Bed ladder pipe

Non-telescoping section of pipe, usually 3 or 3 1/2 inches in diameter, attached to the underside of the bed section of the aerial ladder for the purpose of deploying and elevated master stream. Typically equipped with solid stream because range ineffective for fog. on older aerials. Most modern waterways are telescoping and are capable of 1000 gpm

Bed ladder pipe

Non-telescoping section of pipe, usually 3 or 3.5 inches in diameter, attached to the underside of the bed section of the aerial ladder for the purpose of deploying an elevated master stream.

154 Who to notify operating near rail roads

Notify the rail company to confirm that rail traffic has been halted along the section in question if stretching a hose line across a track is absolutely necessary. If this is not possible, the hose may be run underneath the rails on an aerial apparatus may be used to provide access for a hoseline over the top of a track location.

202 NP and reaction

Nozzle reaction illustrates Newton's Third Law of Motion: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It is the counter force pushed against the firefighters. Most fog nozzles operate at or below 100 psi. Most solid stream nozzles for handline use should operate at 50 psi. Portable master stream is generally 80 psi.

Piercing nozzle

Nozzle with an angled, case harden steel that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire.

Piercing nozzle

Nozzle with an angled, case hardened steel tip that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire. Also known as piercing applicator nozzle, puncture nozzle, or penetrating nozzle.

Piercing Nozzle

Nozzle with an angled, case-hardening steel tip that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire. Also known as Piercing Applicator Nozzle, Puncture Nozzle, or Penetrating Nozzle.

Two functions of mobile water supply apparatus

Nurse feed or mobile shuttle operation

What are the two basic functions of mobile water supply apparatus on the fire ground?

Nurse feeding and mobile shuttle operation

Acceleration skid

Occur when the gas pedal is applied to quickly

284 Pump charts

Often developed by a fire department and carried or mounted near pump panel. some may be available from manufactures.

(1) Remove the bayonet pins holding the jack and the extension arm in place. (2) Swing the jack away from the vehicle and pull the sliding extension arm out as far as it will go. (3) Allow the jack to hang down to the ground and position the stabilizer pad beneath it. Lock the extension arm in place by replacing the pins. (4) Lower the jack in the same manner as previously described for midship aerials.

On tractor-drawn(tillered) aerials, the extension arm is stored in a recessed position beneath the goose neck portion of the trailer. To put the extension arm in position, what are the steps?

Only after a proper size up confirms the location and extent of the fire can a pumper's _________ _________ be considered for water supply.

Onboard tank

(1) Include friction loss for master stream appliances (those flowing in excess of 350 GPM). (2) Ensure that the length of the wyed hoseline layout is the distance between the pumper and the wye. (3) Factor each scenario in cases where a master stream may be supplied by a different number or diameter of hoselines. (4) Round pump discharge pressure calculations to the nearest 5 PSI. (5) Do not let the pump discharge pressures exceed the test pressure for the diameter hose or the pumper involved in the calculation. (6) Do not exceed the department's maximum PDP policy if the department has one and the policy maximum varies from the hose manufacturer's max PDP. (7) To perform relay pumping calculations, the pump discharge pressure should provide for residual pressure at the intake of the pumper being supplied that is based on jurisdictional policy.

Once the information is gathered, the calculations must be made to determine the appropriate pump discharge pressure for each scenario developed by the FD. What are some guidelines when making the initial calculations?

(1) Pre-power transfer procedures differ by manufacturer and device type. Refer to the manual. (Some require front axle locks and specific cab control sequences). (2) If the truck begins to lean toward one side or other after the stabilizers have been deployed for a while, there may be a leak in the system. Stop the inspection, report the leak, and repair it immediately. (3) Some apparatus automatically transfer to aerial mode once the stabilizers have been properly set. (4) Only experienced driver should be allowed to rotate the aerial device while extending the device. Perform these actions separately during inspections. (5) When stowing the apparatus components after inspection, reverse the steps followed to deploy the components. All indicator devices should go out when the appropriate systems are de-energized. (6) When testing the emergency power unit (EPU), the main hydraulic system should be disengaged and a control valve must be open before turning on the pump to prevent deadheading.

Once the inspection is complete, the driver should finish the required forms and reports and send them on to the personnel responsible for the next action. What are the guidelines to be observed when completing operational inspections?

Size up

Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident

Size up-

Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident

Size-Up

Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident.

Size-up

Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident.

Deadheading

Operating a hydraulic pump without allowing flow through the system; this generates tremendous heat and pressure and can damage components.

199 High pressure fog nozzle

Operating at a pressure of up to 800 psi, high pressure fog nozzles produce a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery. Featuring a stream of fast-moving, fine spray, high-pressure fog nozzles may use an impinging stream. These nozzles are best suited for wildland fires and are not recommended for structural fire fighting due to their low water flow of only 8 to 15 gpm

Deadheading

Operating hydraulic pump without allowing flow through the system; this generates tremendous heat and pressure and can damage components

High pressure fog nozzle

Operating pressure of up to 800 psi, high pressure fog nozzles produce the stream with significant forward velocity, but A relatively low volume of water delivery. Best suited for wildland firefighting

Overload

Operation of equipment or a conductor in excess of its rated ampacity; continuous overload ay results in overheating that damages the equipment.

Overload

Operation of equipment or a conductor in excess of its rated ampacity; continuous overload may result in overheating that damages the equipment.

Overload

Operation of equipment or conductor in excess of its rated ampacity: continues overload may result in overheating that damages the equipment.

Dual pumping

Operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply 2 pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake to intake. The 2nd pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the 1st pumper, which is directed connected to the water source.

Dual pumping-

Operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake to intake. The second pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the first pumper, which is directly connected to the water source.

`Dual Pumping

Operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake-to-intake. The second pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the first pumper, which is directly connected to the water supply source.

Dual pumping

Operation where is strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers By connecting the pumpers intake to intake. The second pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the first pumper , which is directly connected to the water supply stores

What two inspections are conducted during a walk around inspection

Operational readiness inspection Pretrial road worthiness inspections

Class A

Ordinary combustible's

Mop-up-

Overhaul of a fire

______ may be a problem due to the large amount of electrical equipment added to modern fire apparatus.

Overload

What is the pressure correction formula?

PC (Pressure correction PSI) = Lift + Total Intake hose friction loss all divided by 2.3

218-219 Pump Discharge, pressure

PDP = NP + TPL where PDP = Pump discharge pressure in psi NP = Nozzle pressure in psi TPL = Total pressure loss in psi (TPL accounts for pressure loss due to friction, elevation, and appliances)

282 Types of flometers, what percent calibration

Paddlewheel Spring probe with proper calibration, a flowmeter in good working order should be accurate to a tolerance of plus or minus 3%.

Types of Flowmeters

Paddlewheel Spring probe

what are the two common types of flow meters?

Paddlewheel and spring probe

How is foam stored?

Pails 5 gallons barrels 55 Gallon totes 275 gallon apparatus tanks may range from 20-200 gallon

Two-stage pumps should be placed in the ____ position when priming.

Parallel (Volume) position. A pump in series (Pressure) may trap air that will need to be removed.

Distribution Systems

Part of an overall water supply system that receives the water from the pumping station an delivers it throughout the area to be served.

Distribution system

Part of an overall water supply system that receives the water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area to be served.

Distribution systems

Part of an overall water supply system that receives water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area to be served

What are the methods used to determine how much more water a hydrant can supply?

Percentage method ((static-residual)(100)/static), (0-10=3 more same lines. 11-15= 2 more same lines. 16-25=1 more same line. Over 25 may have more water but not as much as flowing through the first line) First digit method (static-residual=difference in psi. compare difference minus first digit of static X 1,2, or 3. if this multiplication is equal to or less than the Difference # then you can either have 3,2,or 1 lines added respectably ) (, squaring the lines method (number of lines ^2 X difference in static and residual = new residual number with possible new lines).( Each time the flow rate is doubled the pressure drop is quadrupled.)

Situational Awareness

Perception of one's surrounding environment and the ability to anticipate future events.

Situational awareness

Perception of one's surrounding environment and the ability to anticipate future events.

Situational awareness

Perception of one's surroundings and the ability to anticipate future events

Dry hydrant-

Permanently installed pipe that has pumper suction connections installed at static water source to speed drifting operations.

Dry Hydrant

Permanently installed pipe that has pumper suction connections installed at static water sources to speed drafting operations.

Dry hydrant

Permanently installed pipe that has pumper suction connections installed at static water sources to speed up drafting operations.

Dry hydrant

Permanently installed pipe that has pumper suctions connections installed at static water sources to speed drafting Ops.

Incident Commander (IC)

Person in charge of the Incident Command System and responsible for the management of all incident operations during an emergency.

Incident commander

Person in charge of the incident command system and responsible for the management of all incident operations during an emergency

Incident commander (IC)

Person in charge of the incident command system and responsible for the management of all incident operations during an emergency.

(1) Any time they are not actively climbing or descending the ladder. (2) Any time they are not actively entering or exiting the platform. (3) Anytime the device is in motion.

Personnel must be safely anchored to a structural feature of the ladder or platform when?

Class A Foam Concentrate

Phone specially designed for use on Class A combustibles. Class A foams, hydrocarbon-based surfacants are essentially wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into combustible materials more easily than plain water. Class A foams are becoming increasingly popular for use in wildland and structural firefighting.

Venturi effect

Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in the velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in pressure exerted against the side of the constriction.

Venturi Effect

Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in the velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in the pressure exerted against the sides of the constriction. Because the surrounding fluid is under greater (atmospheric) pressure, it is forced into the area of lower pressure.

Venturi effect

Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in the velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in the pressure exerted against the sides of the constriction. Because the surrounding fluid is under greater (atmospheric) pressure, it is forced into the area of lower pressure.

Commercial vehicles are required to have gvwr (gross vehicle weight rating) in ______ view

Plain

Fire department connection (FDC)

Point at which the fire department can connect into a sprinkler or standpipe system to boost the water pressure and flow in the system. It consists of a clappered Siamese with 2 or more 2.5 inch intakes or one large (4-inch) intake.

anchor points-

Point from which a fire line is begun; usually a natural or man made barrier that prevents fire spread and possibility of the crew being flanked while constructing a fire line.examples lakes, streams, roads, earlier burns, rockslides, and cliffs.

Anchor point

Point from which a fire line is begun; usually a natural or man-made barrier that prevents fire spread & the possibility of the crew being "flanked"

Anchor Point

Point from which a fire line is begun; usually a natural or man-made barrier that prevents fire spread and the possibility of the crew being "flanked" while constructing the fire line. Examples include lakes, ponds, streams, roads, earlier burns, rockslides, and cliffs.

Anchor point

Point from which a fire line is begun; usually a natural or man-made barrier that prevents fire spread and the possibility of the crew being "flanked" while constructing the fire line. examples include lakes, ponds, streams, roads, earlier burns, rockslides, and cliffs.

Fire department connection FDC

Point where Fire Dept. can connect into a sprinkler/standpipe system to boost water pressure & flow in the system. Connection consists of a clappered Siamese w/ 2.5 intakes or one large diameter 4' Intake In order to supply most efficiently need to position as close as possible to water source

What are the two types of electric power generators used in emergency services operations?

Portable and mounted

Aerial Ladder for Rescue

Position for rescue on the corner of the building so you can potentially reach victims on 2 sides of building and are safe on corner in case of collapse. If victim is to be lifted over top rail into basket EO should position truck with turntable directly in-line with target this allows the front of platform to be square to target. It the victim enters through the gate then position truck ahead or behind to square up.

Aerial Positioning for Ventilation

Position on unburned side of structure and as close as possible to area being ventilated. Aerial should not be placed with travel path crossing vent holes. Aerial should extend past the roof level. Also good to ladder the building from 2 different sides if crew is cut off from first. Take downwind windows first before upwind.

Aerial Positioning on Grades

Position the front of the truck up-hill. This brings the rear tires further off the ground making the truck less resistant to sliding downhill also rear compartments will be difficult to reach. Facing up hill the angle of the turntable is decreased making an increase in capability and stability. Position with the rear of truck up-hill. Makes it easier to reach the ground with the platform operating off rear. More likely that the front tires will raise off ground causing the frame rails to sag and making the device more difficult to stow. Facing downhill may reduce capability of truck

Highway Positioning

Position vehicle so operator side is protected. Turn the front wheels away from the firefighters working onscene. Consider shield apparatus 150-200 feet behind.

Spotting

Positioning the apparatus in a location that provides the utmost efficiency for operating on the fireground. Positioning ladder to reach an object/person

Piston pump

Positive displacement pump using one or more reciprocating Pistons to force water from the pump chambers. The pressure developed by this action causes intake and discharge valves to operate and causes the movement of air, water and foam. Can reach 1000 psi

Piston pump

Positive displacement pump using one or more reciprocating pistons to force water from the pump chambers.

Piston Pump

Positive-displacement pump using one or more reciprocating pistons to force water from the pump chambers.

Hot zone

Potentially hazardous are immediately surrounding the incident site; requires appropriate protective clothing and equipment and other safety precautions for entry. Typically limited to tech level personnel.

Hot Zone

Potentially hazardous area immediately surrounding the incident site; requires appropriate protective clothing and equipment and other safety precautions for entry. Typically limited to technician-level personnel.

Aerial ladder

Power operated ladder, usually employing hydraulics, that is mounted on a special truck chassis.

Aerial ladder

Power operated ladder, usually employing hydraulics, that is mounted on a special truck chassis. May be either straight chassis in rear or mid mount or tillered. Most common material is heat treated aluminum alloy and steel. Common Length of 50-137 ft. Working height is measured from ground to the highest platform handrail/ladder rung with the ladder at max elevation and extension.

Aerial ladder platform

Power operated ladder, usually employing hydraulics, with a passenger carrying device attached to the end of the ladder.

Aerial ladder platform

Power operated ladder,, usually employing hydraulics, with a passenger Carrying device attached to the end of the ladder. Working height is measured from ground to the highest platform handrail with the ladder at max elevation and extension. Range from 85-110 ft. Most common is straight chassis rear mount 3 axle.

Road tests

Pre-service apparatus maneuverability tests designed to determine the road worthiness of a new vehicle. done with vehicle surface weight. tests acceleration up to 35 mph in <25 sec. Full stop from 20mph in <35 ft and top speed of at least 50 mph

Acceptance testing

Pre-service tests on fire apparatus and equipment performed at the factory or after delivery, to assure the purchaser that the apparatus or equipment meets bid specifications.

Road Tests

Preservice apparatus maneuverability tests designed to determine the road-worthiness of a new vehicle.

Acceptance Testing

Preservice tests on fire apparatus or equipment, performed at the factory or after delivery, to assure the purchaser that the apparatus or equipment meets bid specifications.

Third principle of Pressure

Pressure applied to a complaint is transmitted equally in all directions

Principle of pressure 3

Pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted equally in all directions

Residual pressure

Pressure at the hydrant while water is flowing; represents the pressure remaining in the water supply system while the test water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through fire hose, pipe, fittings, and adapters. RESIDUAL IS THE REMAINDER OF THAT WHICH IS LEFT.

Residual pressure

Pressure at the test hydrant why water is flowing; represent the pressure remaining in the water supply system while the test water is flowing. Difference between Static and residual is used to determine how much more water the hydrant can supply.

Pressure governor

Pressure control device that controls engine speed, eliminating hazardous conditions that result from excessive pressure.

Pressure governor

Pressure control device that controls engine speed, eliminating hazardous conditions that result from excessive pressures. May be electronic or mechanical, only an apparatus equipped with an electronic pressure governor set in the PSI mode should compensate for the shutdown of a line. PSI mode attempts to keep constant pressure and governor will adjust rpm to keep steady pressure. If while in RPM mode the pressure increases beyond a preset range, the governor will reduce engine rpm to limit the increase in pressure.

First principle of Pressure

Pressure exerted by the weight of the water is perpendicular to the walls of the container

Friction Loss

Pressure loss due to friction

Back pressure

Pressure loss or gain created by changes in elevation between the nozzle And pump

Back pressure

Pressure loss or gain created by changes in elevation between the nozzle and pump.

_____________ help to ensure reliability, reduce the frequency and cost of repairs, and reduces out of service time

Preventive maintenance

_________________ and _______________________ are proactive measures that can ensure that a piece of fire apparatus is maintained in highest state of readiness and will operate safely and efficiently at emergency scenes

Preventive maintenance programs Routine maintenance checks

fire department pumpers

Primary fuction on fire ground is to provide water directly for fire streams or to support other pumpers or aerial.

Aerial device Control Positions

Primary is at lower controls which also has override. This position must be staffed by a trained member when in use and is responsible for the safe operation of device and safety of those around device. Must be aware of number, weight, and position of personnel and device. Monitor wind, maintain communication with tip and observe others. Secondary is at tip. This is a trained position and is responsible for the final positioning during rescue or firefighting ops. Must be aware of people on ladder sections behind them, Nozzle reaction and nearby overhead hazards.

What are 2 types of auxiliary cooling devices?

Primary use is to control the temp of coolant in truck engine while pumping. The marine (uses a water jacket) or immersion (uses coil or tubes to immerse within cooler). Both types are designed so that coolant in the radiator does not mix with the water from the fire pump.

Insurance services office (ISO)

Private national insurance organization that evaluates and rates fire defense for all communities through the fire-suppression rating schedule. Also serves as an advisory organization to other property-liability insurance companies

188 Private water systems to munic. water system

Private water supply systems are most commonly found on large commercial, industrial, or institutional properties, but may also be found in some residential developments. -In general the private water supply system exists for one of the three following purposes: --To provide water strictly for fire protection purposes --To provide water for sanitary and fire protection purposes --To provide water for fire protection and manufacturing processes.

Fire Flow Testing

Procedure used to determine the rate of water flow available for fire fighting at various points within the distribution system.

Fire flow testing

Procedure used to determine the rate of water flow available for fire fighting at various points within the distribution system.

Drafting

Process of acquiring water from a static source and transferring it into a pump that is above the source's level; atmospheric pressure on the water surface forces the water into the pump where a partial vacuum was created.

Drafting

Process of acquiring water from a static source and transferring it into a pump that is above the sources level.

Air Drop

Process of dropping water, short term fire retardant, or long term fire retardant from an air tanker or helicopter onto a wildland fire.

Air drop

Process of dropping water, short term fire retardant, or long-term fire retardant from in air tanker or helicopter onto a wildland fire

Air drop

Process of dropping water, short-term fire retardant, or long-term fire retardant from an air tanker or helicopter onto a wildland fire.

Overthrottling

Process of injecting or supplying the diesel engine with more fuel than can be burned

Overthrottling

Process of injecting or supplying the diesel engine with more fuel than can be burned.

Over throttling

Process of injecting or supplying the diesel engine with more fuel that can be burned.

Bleed

Process of releasing a liquid or gas under pressure, such as releasing air from the regulator or cylinder of a self-controlled breathing apparatus; or allowing air to escape from a hose-line before or during operations.

Bleed

Process of releasing a liquid/gas under pressure, such as releasing air from the regulator/cylinder of anSCBA; allowing air to escape from the hose-line

Bleed

Process of releasing an liquid or gas under pressure, such as releasing air from the regulator or cylinder of a self-contained breathing apparatus; or allowing air to escape from a hoseline before or during operations.

Eduction

Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or proportioner ; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi Method

Education

Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or proportioner; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi Method.

Eduction

Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or proportioner; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi method.

Batch mixing

Production of foam solution by adding an appropriate amount of foam concentrate to a water tank before application; the resulting solution must be used or discarded following the incident.

Batch mixing

Production of foam solution by adding an appropriate amount of foam concentrate to a water tank before application; the resulting solution must be used or discarded following the incident. is a simple but potentially inaccurate way of mixing foam, commonly used with class A foam

When approaching vehicle to be inspected indoors be sure that the area is _____________ before conducting the inspection

Properly Ventilated

According to NFPA 1901 piping for tank to pump should have

Pump Cap <500 GPM = Piping of 250 GPM Pump Cap >500 GPM = Piping of at least 500 GPM Many pumps are equipped with tank to pump piping as large as 4 inches.

What are common requirements for fire department pumpers?

Pump capacity of 750 gpm and a water tank with at least 300 gallons. Intake and discharge pump connections, pump controls and gauges and hoses of various sizes.

(1) Pressure loss (25 PSI) in the standpipe. (2) Friction loss in the hose lay from the pumper to the FDC. (3) Friction loss in the hose on the fire floor. (4) Nozzle pressure for the type of nozzle in use. (5) Elevation pressure due to the height of the building.

Pump discharge pressure will depend on what variables?

Centrifugal pump

Pump when one or more impellers that rotate and utilize centrifugal force to move the water. Are equipped as the main pump on modern fire apparatus. Does not use positive action to force water from the pump, instead it uses the velocity of the water produced by centrifugal force to provide the pressure needed to get proper discharge pressure. Maximum flow rating is at 150 psi, but the volume of the pump may increase with the capability of the source. When pumping higher than 150 volume capability decreases proportionately. Is classified as a nonpositive displacement due to not pumping a definite amount of water with each revolution. Based on principle that a rapidly revolving disk tends to throw water introduced at its center to the outer edges of the disk. Unlike positive displacement pump no harm results from shutting of all pump discharges for short periods of time. When closed the energy being built by impeller is dissipated as heat as water churns. if this continues it may heat to the point that metal parts expand causing damage Best to keep water moving as much as possible. Heat may be checked by placing hand on direct intake pipe.

Centrifugal Pump

Pump with one or more impellers that rotate and utilize centrifugal force to move the water. Most modern fire pumps are of this type.

Centrifugal pump

Pump with one or more impellers that rotate and utilize centrifugal force to move the water. Most modern fire pumps are of this type.

What is a relay pumper?

Pumper or pumpers connected within a relay that receive water from the source pumper or another relay pumper, raises the pressure, and then supplies water to the next apparatus. This pumper may be of smaller capacity due t its ability to use the acquired energy of previous pumpers in the relay. Maintain intake pressure of 20-30 psi.Pressure governor should be set for RPM mode. Adjustable intake relief valve should be set for 10 psi above the static pressure of water system or 10 psi over the previous pumpers discharge pressure.

427 Relay pumper

Pumper or pumpers connected within the relay that receive water from the source pumper or another relay pumper, raises the pressure, and the supplies water to the next apparatus. This pumper may be of smaller capacity due to its ability to use the acquired energy of previous pumpers in the relay.

What are water supply pumpers in a relay operation?

Pumper that takes water from a hydrant or static source and pumps it under pressure to the next apparatus in the relay pumping operation. They should be the apparatus with the largest pumping capacity due to lift and friction loss. Does not have residual pressure like other trucks will. Some cities refer to them as source pumpers. Failure to keep water moving may result in loss of prime or pump overheating. Overall capacity of the system is determined by the smallest pump and smallest diameter hose.

Water Supply Pumper

Pumper that takes water from a source and sends it to attack pumpers operating at the fire scene.

Water supply pumper

Pumper that takes water from a source and sends it to attack pumpers operating at the fire scene.

(1) Bridges that are too high above the surface of the water. (2) Bridges unable to support the weight of the pumper. (3) Very high banks around the water source. (4) Terrain surrounding a water source that will not permit apparatus to reach the water with intake hoses. (5) Physical barriers such as walls or concrete highway lane separators.

Pumpers may not be able to reach water in all areas. What kind of environments cause issues for drafting operations?

Tank to Pump Flow Test

Pumpers with tank cap of 500 gallons or less must be able to flow 250 gpm from tank. Pumpers with tank cap of more than 500 gallons must be able to flow at least 500 gpm from tank.

427 Fire attack pumper

Pumping apparatus located at the fire scene that receives water from the relay and is responsible for supplying the attack lines and appliances required for fire suppression.

What is the job of the fire attack pumper in a relay operation?

Pumping apparatus located at the fire scene that receives water from the relay and is responsible for supplying the attack lines and appliances required for fire suppression. Pressure governor should be in psi mode. Intake relief should be set between 50-75 psi. don't attempt to correct fluctuations unless intake drops below 20 psi. Relay pumping ends from fire scene first through to the source.

(1) ARFF vehicles (2) Wildland fire apparatus. (3) Mobile water supply apparatus. (4) Trailer mounted fire pumps. (5) Portable fire pumps.

Pumps powered by gasoline or diesel engines independent of the vehicle-drive engine are examples of auxiliary pumps. Some manufacturers have models that are powered by special fuels such as jet fuel for military or other special applications. Although used on some structural fire pumpers, what are the most common applications for auxiliary engine driven pumps?

Single stage centrifugal fire pump

Pumps used in the fire service constructed with a single impeller has a phenomenon of cavitation due to re circulation where excess capacity is not allowed to escape the impeller area. Can flow up to 2250 GPM

Electronic governor

REGULATES ENGINE RPM AND SPEED WHEN EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SWITCH IS ENGAGED THE ELECTRONIC GOVERNOR STOPS FUEL FLOW TO THE ENGINE SHUTTING IT DOWN. features cavitation protection by returning the engine to idle when intake pressure drops below 30 psi. Another advantage is that when a discharge is closed the engine rpm is adjusted and all other lines can maintain pressure.

Never acceptable to mix __________ tires with _____________ tires

Radial, Bias-ply-

Class A Foam Proportions

Range is usuablly .1-1%. Fire attack and overhaul with standard fog nozzle .2-.5% Exposure protection with standard fog nozzle .5-1% air aspirating foam nozzle .3-.7% CAFS .2-.5%

If the vehicle is driven with out automatic regenerations and the filter becomes to contaminated the vehicle will experience

Reduced power and driving capability until a regeneration cycle is complete.

Head Pressure

Refers to the height of the water supply about the supply above discharge orifice. For every 1 foot increase in elevation, 0.434 psi is gained

Water Safety

Regardless of presumed depth all firefighter operating around bodies of water must wear PFD and use safety lines

Large diameter hose LDH

Relay supply hose of 3 1/2 to 6 inches in diameter; used to move large volumes of water quickly with a minimum number of pumpers and personnel

Large diameter hose (LDH)

Relay supply hose of 3.5 to 6 inches in diameter; used to move large volumes of water quickly with a minimum number of pumpers and personnel.

Large Diameter Hose (LDH)

Relay-Supply hose of 3 1/2 to 6 inches (90mm to 150 mm) in diameter; used to move large volumes of water quickly with a minimum number of pumpers and personnel.

___________ means to restore that which has become inoperable

Repair

Wear Rings

Replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/or the pump casing to allow a small running clearance between the impeller and pump casing without causing wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material.

Wear rings

Replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/or the pump casing to allow a small running clearance between the impeller and pump casing without causing wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material.

Wear rings

Replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/order the pump casing to allow a small running clearance between the impeller & pump casing without causing wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material

Auxiliary Hydraulic Pump

Required by NFPA 1901 for use in event of failure. typically runs on 12 volt system or 110-volt AC power or small combustion engine. Provide all of the same motions but at reduced speeds and not meant for extended use.

Major fire fighting vehicle (ARFF truck), Rapid intervention vehicle (Brush truck), Combined agent vehicles (Fireboat)

Requirements for ARFF apparatus are found in NFPA 414. While this standard classifies apparatus by the type of suppression agent carried, agent capacity, or numbers of drive wheels, many local jurisdictions can divide their apparatus into what 3 categories?

Foam Expansion

Result of adding air to a foam solution consisting of water and foam concentrate. Expansion creates the foam bubbles that result in finished foam or foam blanket.

Foam expansion

Result of adding air to a foam solution consisting of water and foam concentrate. Expansion creates the foam bubbles that result in finished foam or foam blanket. NFPA 11 states low expansion has air to solution ratio of 20:1. Medium is 20:1-200:1 through hydraulically operated nozzle type delivery device and high expansion is 200:1-1000:1

Foam expansion

Result of adding air to foam solution consisting of water and foam concentrate. Expansion creates the foam bubbles that result in finished foam or own blanket

Turntable

Rotational structural component of the aerial device. It's primary function is to provide continuous rotation on a horizontal plane. Turntable must be able to override Platform control.

Turntable

Rotational structural component of the aerial device. Its primary function is to provide continuous rotation on a horizontal plane.

____________ uses diesel exhaust fluid to help further reduce emissions.

SCR system

Cold Zone

Safe area outside of the warm zone where equipment and personnel are not expected to become contaminated and special protective clothing is not required; the Incident Command Post and other support functions are typically located in this zone.

Cold zone

Safe area outside of the warm zone where equipment and personnel are not expected to become contaminated and special protective clothing is not required; the incident command post and other support functions are found in this zone.

Cold zone

Safe area outside of warm zone where equipment & personnel are not expected to become contaminated & special PPE is not required; IC post & other support functions are located here

Dump line

Secured hose line that is used to handle excess water during a relay operation

Dump Line

Secured hose line that is used to handle excess water during a relay operation.

Dump line

Secured hose-line that is used to handle excess water during a relay operation.

SCR

Selective Catalyst Reductant

Positive displacement pump

Self priming pump that utilizes a piston for interlocking rotors to move a given amount of fluid through the pump chamber with each stroke of the piston or rotation of the rotors. Used for hydraulic pumps on aerial devices' hydraulic systems and for priming pumps on centrifugal fire pumps. Are self priming, deliver a definite volume of water or air and exhaust air from the pump. They are "constant flow machines" in that they produce the same flow at a given speed regardless of discharge pressure. Still used for ability to pump foam and air.

Positive Displacement Pump

Self-priming pump that utilizes a piston or interlocking rotors to move a given amount of fluid through the pump chamber with each stroke of the piston or rotation of the rotors. Used for hydraulic pumps on aerial devices' hydraulic systems and for priming pumps on centrifugal fire pumps.

Positive displacement pump

Self-priming pump that utilizes a piston or interlocking rotors to move a given amount of fluid through the pump chamber with each stroke of the piston or rotation of the rotors. Used for hydraulic pumps on aerial devices' hydraulic systems and for priming pumps on centrifugal fire pumps.

Relief valves

Sensitivity to pressure change and it's ability to relieve excessive pressure within the pump discharge

Air brake test

Series of test used to ensure the serviceability of an air braking system. Test includes air loss, air compressor build up, air warning, & emergency parking brake activation.

Short jacking

Setting the stabilizers on one side of an apparatus for getting the stabilizers on the other side; done when access for full stabilization is restricted extend out stabilizer to the side of ladder operation. put the other side out as far as possible. Take caution when using waterway as nozzle reaction could move truck.

______________ should not be used to clean glass because even after being laundered they may still have metal shavings in cloth

Shop towels

tandem pumping

Short Relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the second pumper; the second pumper then boosts the pressure of the water even higher. This method is used when the pressure higher then the capability of a single pump are required

Tandem pumping

Short relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the 2nd pumper; the 2nd pumper then boosts the pressure of the water even higher. This method is used when the pressure higher than the capability of a single pump are required.

Tandem pumping-

Short relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the second pumper; the second pumper boost the pressure even higher. This method is used when attack pumper needs more pressure

Tandem Pumping

Short relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the second pumper; the second pumper then boots the pressure of the water even higher. This method is used when pressures higher than the capability of a single pump are required.

Apparatus in staging should _________________ ______ _________________ but t maintain a sense of readiness

Shut of emergency lights

MUTCD advises emergency vehicle ________ ______ __________ once they arrive on scene on highway

Shut off emergency lights

The driver operatpr should never shutdown the engine immediately after a full load operation or when the temperature gauge indicates that the engine is overheated. An idiling time of three to five minutes is enough to allow the engine to cool down to a normal operating temperature.

Shutting down an engine withoutsufficent cooldown may result in the following: -Immediate increase of engine temperature from lack of coolant circulation. - Oil film "burning" on hot surfaces. - Damage to heads and exhaust manifolds - Damage to the turbo charger that can result in seizure. ch3

362 What step do you start with when shutting down drafting operations/ What to do with positive displacement primer

Shutting down drafting operations: slowly decrease engine speed to idle, take pump out of gear, allow the pump to drain, remove connections, OPERATE THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PRIMER FOR SEVERAL SECONDS UNTIL PRIMER OIL OR FLUID COMES OUT OF THE DISCHARGE FROM THE PRIMING PUMP (that will aid in lubrication of priming pump)... Then pump should be thoroughly flushed with fresh water unless a very clean static water supply was used.

Force

Simple measure of weight usually expressed in pounds or kilograms. Is an influence that causes a change in speed, direction, or shape of a substance.

Force

Simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms

Force

Simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms.

Force

Simply measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms.

The tires also have to be the same __________ and ________ ratings

Size Weight

Midi pumper

Sized between mini and full sized. gross weight of 12,000 pounds. Rated capacity not greater than 1,000 gpm

351 Shutting down a hydrant in what manner

Slow and smooth to avoid water hammer and pressure surges on water systems.

Ice shrugging

Slowly extending and retracting the Ariel device to remove accumulated ice

Ice Shrugging

Slowly extending and retracting the aerial device to remove accumulated ice.

Ice shrugging

Slowly extending and retracting the aerial device to remove accumulated ice.

Mini pumper

Small fire apparatus mounted on a pick up truck sized chassis, usually with the pump having a rated capacity < 500 GPM. ADV- Speed and mobility

Mini pumper

Small fire apparatus mounted on a pickup truck sized chassis usually with a pump having rated capacity less than 500 gpm

Mini-pumper

Small fire apparatus mounted on a pickup truck sized chassis, usually with a pump having a rated of 500 GPM. It can respond to fires faster than a regular apparatus because it lighter and more mobile.

Mini-Pumper

Small fire apparatus mounted on a pickup-truck-sized chassis, usually with a pump having a rated capacity less than 500 gpm (2000 L/min). Its primary advantage is speed and mobility, which enables it to respond to fires more rapidly than larger apparatus.

Pickup tube

Solid or flexible tube used to transfer foam concentrate from a storage container to the in-line eductor or proportioner caused by venturi effect

Pickup Tube

Solid or flexible tube used to transfer foam concentrate from a storage container to the inline educator or proportioner.

Pickup tube

Solid or flexible tube used to transfer foam concentrate from a storage container to the inline eductor or proportioner

(1) Apparatus must be equipped with a fire pump. (2) The fire pump must be engaged before dumping. This adds time to the dumping operation. (3) Although water can be discharged without engaging the pump, it will be at a lower rate than if a gravity dump valve were installed. (4) High velocity of water discharge may miss the portable tank and strike people or other apparatus. (5) The mechanism may freeze between dumping operations in cold weather climates.

Some departments have chosen to install large gravity dumps on their water tenders to limit cost and address what operational issues that concern jet-assisted dumps?

Powering the Aerial device

Some trucks recommend that engine brakes or retarders be shut off prior to engaging PTO. Whenever possible position the aerial device before activating the fire pump, However when the fire pump is already active and in use, and hydraulic systems are needed the engine speeds need to be brought to near idle to allow PTO to engage. Ensure front brake lock is on to minimize longitudinal movement of chassis and chock the wheels before and after lifting of the apparatus

Rescue Pumper

Specially designed apparatus that combines the function of both a rescue vehicle and a fire department pumper.

Rescue pumper

Specially designed apparatus that combines the functions of both a rescue vehicle and a FD pumper.

Rescue pumper

Specially designed apparatus that combines the functions of both a rescue vehicle and a fire department pumper

Rescue Pumper

Specially designed apparatus that combines the functions of both a rescue vehicle and a fire department pumper.

Wildland fire apparatus

Specially designed wildland apparatus are often mounted on one ton or larger chassis featuring all wheel drive. Commonly known as brush trucks brush breakers or booster apparatus these vehicles offer a pump capacities and water tanks of 500 gallons or less

Post maintenance/repair inspection

Specific inspection to an area of a chassis or apparatus to ensure that the unit is operating properly in accordance with the manufacturers initial design

Military Specifications (Mil-Specs)

Specifications developed by the US department of Defense for the purchase of materials and equipment.

Military specification (Mil-Speces)

Specifications developed by the US department of defense (DOD) for the purchase of materials and equipment.

Military specifications (mil-specs)

Specifications developed by the US department of defense for purchase of materials and equipment

14 NFPA Standards 1901

Specifies the minimum portable equipment that must be carried on all fare department pumpers. - Including: Ground ladders, SCBA's, Forcible entry tools, salvage tools and equipment, portable water tank, and emergency medical equipment.

Volute

Spiral, divergent chamber of a centrifugal pump in which the velocity energy given to water by the impeller blades is converted into pressure.

Fulcrum type stabilizer

Stabilizing device that extends add an angle down and away from the chassis of an aerial fire apparatus. A.k.a. A-frame, scissor, or X-style stabilizer Similar to box style with main difference being fulcrum can only deploy in the fully extended position and not at all is obstructions are in the way. Fulcrum also has stabilizers lowered to within inches before pads are spotted correctly

Fulcrum-Type Stabilizer

Stabilizing device that extends at an angle down and away from the chassis of an aerial fire apparatus. Also known as A-Frame, Scissor, or X-Style Stabilizer.

Fulcrum-type stabilizer

Stabilizing device that extends at an angle down and away from the chassis of an aerial fire apparatus. Also known as a A-frame, scissor, or x-style stabilizer.

NFPA 414

Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Vehicles while the standard classifies apparatus by the type of suppression agent carried, agent capacity or number of drive wheels many local jurisdictions divide the apparatus in the three general categories.

NFPA 414

Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting vehicles

NFPA 1901

Standard for Fire apparatus, requirements of pumper design. Minimum capacity/750 GPM & water tank w/ capacity of at least 300 gallons. Pump capacities larger than 750 GPM increase in increments of 250 GPM with most municipal fire departments operating Pumpers of 2000 GPM or less. however industrial Pumpers may exceed 2000 GPM

NFPA 1911

Standard for Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, &Retrirement of In-Service Fire Apparatus States that pumper must be tested every year or when major pump repair or powertrain repair.

NFPA 1906

Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus

NFPA 1451

Standard for a fire and emergency vehicle operations training program

NFPA 1701

Standard for emergency vehicle technician professional complications; basis to train and certify fireapparatus mechanics and department maintenance officers.

NFPA 1002

Standard for fire apparatus driver/operator professional qualifications

NFPA 1962

Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Fire Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose

NFPA 1989

Standard on Breathing Air Quality for Emergency Services Respiratory Protection

NFPA 1150

Standard on Foam Chemicals for Fires in Class A Fuels

NFPA 1983

Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services

NFPA 1670

Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents

Staging

Standardized process or procedure by which available resources responding to a fire or other emergency incident are held in reserve at a location away from the incident while awaiting assignment.

Staging

Standardized process or procedure by which available resources responding to a fire or other emergency incident are held in reserve at a location away from the incident while awaiting assignment.l

Staging

Standardized process/procedure by which available resources responding to a fire/other emergency incident are held in reserve at a location away from incident, awaiting assignment

Quint (quintuple combination pumper)

Stands for quintuple combination pumper. Apparatus that serves as an engine and as a ladder truck; equipped with a fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, supply and attack hose, and aerial device or elevated platform

______ cleaning or _______________ water spray may remove lubrication from chassis, engine, pump and underbody.

Steam High pressure

The __________ __________ __________ should be no more than approximately 10 degrees in either direction

Steering wheel play

Inverter

Step up transformer that convert a vehicles 12 or 24 VoLt DC current into 110 or 220 Volt AC current. Typically used to power vehicle mounted flood lights

Inverter

Step-up transformer that converts a vehicle's 12 or 24 volt DC current into 110 or 220 volt AC current.

Inverter

Step-up transformer that converts a vehicle's 12- or 24-volt DC current into 110- or 220-volt AC current.

Static pressure

Store potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose, and adapters. Static means at rest, or without motion. Static means at rest or w/o motion True static is rarely found due to some movement within system, but pressure in a hydrant before it flows is considered static

Master stream appliances - Portable monitors

Stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they are to be used

Portable Monitors

Stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they are to be used

Total Stopping Distance

Sum of the driver reaction distance and the vehicle braking distance.

Total stopping distance

Sum of the driver reaction distance and the vehicle braking distance.

Jerome agents

Super absorbent liquid polymers capable of absorbing hundreds of times their own weight in water. These gels can be used as fire suppressant's and fire retardant. Gel's function by and trapping water in their structure rather than air, as in the case with firefighting foams

Gelling agents

Superabsorbent liquid polymers capable of absorbing hundreds of times their own weight in water. They can be used as fire suppressants and fire retardants. They function by entrapping water in their structure rather than in air, as is the case with fire fighting foams. Retain fire retarding properties better than Class A foamKnown as durable agents. Standard application is 1%, Fire Line is 1.5-2% and structural is 2-3% and may adhere for 24 hrs. also may be rehydrated using a fine mist for several day protection.

Static water supply

Supply of water at rest but does not provide any pressure head for fire suppression but may be employed as a suction source for fire pumps

Static Water Supply

Supply of water at rest that does not provide a pressure head for fir suppression but may be employed as a suction source for the pumps; for example, water in a reservoir, pond, or cistern.

Static water supply

Supply of water at rest that does not provide a pressure head for fire suppression but may be employed as a suction source for fire pumps; for example, water in a reservoir, pond, or cistern.

Atmospheric pressure

Surrounds the earth has depth and density, exerting pressure on everything. This pressure is the greatest at low altitude and least very high altitudes. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi

Aqueous Film Forming Foam

Synthetic foam Concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete vapor barrier over fuels spills and fires and is highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels.

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills & fires & is highly effective extinguishing & blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels

Hazard controls zone

System of barriers surrounding designated areas at emergency scenes, intended to limit the number of persons exposed to a hazard & facilitate mitigation. major incident has 3 zones: Restricted (hot) zone, Limited access (warm) zone, Support (cold) zone

Hazard-Control Zones

System of barriers surrounding designated areas at emergency scenes, intended to limit the number of persons exposed to a hazard and to facilitate its mitigation. A major incident has three zones: Restricted (Hot) Zone, Limited Access (Warm) Zone, and Support (Cold) Zone.

Hazard control zones

System of barriers surrounding designated areas of emergency scenes, intended to limit the number of persons exposed to a hazard and to facilitate its mitigation. A major incident has 3 zones; hot, warm, and cold.

These procedures should specify maintenance procedures when they are performed and who s responsible for conducting the maintenance. These procedures should also specify a method for reporting, correcting, and documenting all activities.

Systematic maintenance program

A pressure governor in the rpm mode will not automatically compensate for the reduced flow

TRUE

Aerial ladders, aerial ladder platforms, telescoping elevating platforms, telescoping water towers

Telescoping aerials include what?

Tender

Term used within the ICS for a mobile piece of apparatus that has the primary function of supporting another operation; examples include a water tender that supplies water to pumpers, or a fuel tender that supplies fuel to other vehicles.

Tender

Term used within the Incident Command System for a mobile piece of apparatus that has the primary function of supporting another operation; examples include a water tender that supplies water to pumpers, or a fuel tender that supplies fuel to other vehicles.

Tender

Term used within the incident command system for a mobile piece of apparatus that has the primary function of supporting another operation; example:water tender that supplies water to pumpers/a few opened her that supplies fuel to other vehicles

Water tenders or tankers capacity is based on what?

Terrain, bridge and weight limits, monetary constraints, interoperability

Hydrostatic Test

Testing method that uses water under pressure to check the integrity of pressure vessels.

Hydrostatic test

Testing method that uses water under pressure to check the integrity of pressure vessels. Pump body, intake and discharge piping system with exception of tank fill and tank to pump on tank side are subject to minimum pressure of 500 psi for minimum of 10 minutes.

13. What is the main purpose of a pumper

The Main purpose of a fire department pumper is to provide adequate water pressure for effective fire streams

NIMS-ICS

The US mandated incident management system that defines the roles, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations; creates unified incident response structure for federal, state, and local.

Raising The Aerial To A Victim

The best position is one which the extended and rotated aerial device is perpendicular to the objective thus reducing twisting stresses. If the ladder is at an angle to the building the beam on the building side should be above and over the objective to account for extra weight load. Always bring aerial in from above objective so victim doesn't try to jump

Terrain, bridge and weight limits, monetary constraints, and interoperability.

The capacity of mobile water supply apparatus operating in a particular jurisdiction is based on what factors?

Aerial Positioning on lateral grade

The center of gravity and theoretical gravity circle will be shifted to the lower side, If the aerial is raised over the lower side the gravity circle may extend beyond the base of stability. When shortjacked only operate off of side that outriggers are deployed on.

Throw out bearing

The component used to push on the internal clutch fingers connected to the clutch pedal and when activated, disengages the clutch from the engine

Throw-Out Bearing

The component used to push on the internal clutch fingers connected to the clutch pedal and when activated, disengages the clutch from the engine.

Throw-out bearing

The component used to push on the internal clutch fingers connected to the clutch pedal and when activated, disengages the clutch from the engine.

(1) Areas that require max penetration. Wet foam is very fluid and will easily penetrate Class A fuels. (2) Vertical surfaces. Dry foam forms a rigid coating that adheres well. It is slow to drain, allowing the foam to cling to a vertical surface for extended periods. Dry foam, which often resembles shaving cream, has very low water content and high air content. (3) Surface of a fuel. Foam must have the ability to cling and penetrate the surface of a fuel. Medium foam is able to penetrate a fuel while maintaining a sufficient blanket of protection.

The consistency of Class A foam may be tailored to meet specific applications. What are some common application needs of class A foam?

Adequate but reasonable water capacity, (2) Efficient fil and dump time, (3) Suspension and steering matched to terrain requirements, (4) Properly sized chassis, (5) Adequately sized engine for vehicle size and terrain, (6) Proper tank mounting and baffling, (7) Adequate tank venting system, (8) Ability to dump water from either side or rear of apparatus.

The design an construction process of mobile water supply apparatus should meet certain safety and efficiency requirements including what?

Reaction distance

The distance the apparatus travels while the driver/operator transfers his or her foot from the Excelerator to the brake pedal after seeing the need for stopping

Braking distance

The distance your vehicle travels from the time you apply the brake until you stop.

Narrow roads, long driveways, blind curves and intersections, winding roads, steep grades, inclement weather conditions, and freezing water.

The driver must consider what safety issues when planning a route of travel for water shuttle operations?

(1) Too much weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering and can damage the steering axle and tires. (2) Under-loaded front axles (caused by shifting weight too far to the rear) can make the steering axle weight too light to steer safely. (3) Too little weight on the driving axles can cause poor traction. (4) The drive wheels may spin easily.

The driver should ensure that the apparatus is properly loaded at all times. In what ways may poor distribution can make vehicle handling unsafe?

What are 3 examples of positioning aerial apparatus assigned to an initial response?

The first arriving aerial gets the front of the building, and the second gets the side or rear. When 2 aerials respond, the first one is positioned based on the scene and the other one stages one block away. It is located in front of the building for offensive and the corner for defensive.

What are the differences between a front mount pump and a rear mount pump?

The front mount is limited by the engine that drives it. The rear mount runs off a split-shaft transmission or a PTO system. The rear one does leave the driver open to being hit by oncoming traffic. The front one freezes and blocks air flow to the engine.

(1) The flow GPM through he eductor must not exceed its rated capacity. (2) The quality of foam may decrease or the flow may stop altogether if the GPM capacity of the eductor is exceeded. (3) The pressure at the discharge side of the eductor must not exceed 70% of the eductor inlet pressure. This back pressure is determined by adding NP, FL in the hose between the eductor and the nozzle, and the EP. Excessive back pressure may result in no foam concentrate being inducted into the water. (4) The concentration of foam solution will only blend accurately if the inlet pressure at the eductor is correct. (150-200 PSI). (5) Inlet pressure that is too low will not create the Venturi effect to pick up the foam concentrate or may pick up too lean mixture for suppression. (6) When inlet pressure is too high, the foam concentration may be too rich, sucking up the resources. (7) Eductors must be properly maintained after each use in order to ensure readiness for the next time. Use a bucket of water to immerse the foam pick up line for one minute. (8) Metering valves must be set to draw the correct % needed to develop the correct quality of foam for the fuel product. An incorrect setting may result in poor quality of foam blanket. (9) The foam concentrate inlet to the eductor should be no more than 6 ft above the liquid surface of the foam concentrate. If it is too high, the foam concentrate will be too lean or not at all. (10) Viscosity, or the thickness and ability of a liquid to flow freely, is affected by temp. Foam concentrates become more viscous in cold temps and less when heated. Frozen concentrates can not be educted.

The in-line eductor use the Venturi principle to draft foam concentrate into the water stream. What are some operating guidelines that need to be achieved for the correct foam blanket?

(1) Amount of water being discharged. (2) Speed at which the impeller is turning. (3) Pressure of water when it enters the pump from a pressurized source (hydrant, relay, etc.)

The increasing size of the volute is necessary because the volume of water passing through it increases asn it nears the discharge outlet. This gradual increasing of size reduces the velocity of the water, enabling the pressure to build up proportionately. What are the 3 main factors that influence a centrifugal fire pump discharge pressure?

What are some of the main characteristics of intake piping and discharge piping?

The intake = can be 4" or greater, pumps rated at greater than 1500 GPM need more than one intake, straightness of the pipe deals a lot with flow rate, tank to pump valves to prevent damage. The discharge = if the engine is rated @ 750 GPM then 2-2.5 discharges are needed (less than 750=1 discharge), minimum 2 inch piping for pre-connects, valves can be rotated to release a desired amount of pressure, thermal relief valve. All valves should be designed for operation at pressure of up to 250 psi. Tanks <1000 Gallons must have a tank fill of at least 1". Tanks >1000 Gallons must have at least 2"

Gross axle weight rating

The max amount of weight that an axle system can safely carry.

Gross Axle Weight Rating

The maximum amount of weight that an axle system can safely carry.

316 most common valves used

The most common type of valve is the ball-type valve that permits the full flow of water through a line with a minimum friction loss.

Water Supply Group Supervisor

The person in charge of the water supply group. reports directly up the chain of command to the Ops section chief or the IC. If Group expands too much a branch may be created. USe multiple radio frequencies when available.

Hydrocarbon fuel

The petroleum based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon such as crude oil, fuel oil, gas,and benzenes, are petroleum based and have a specific gravity less than one so will float. Need Class B foam because foam will float over hydrocarbons

312 Hydrostatic testing pump piping & values

The piping system and the fire pump itself must be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of 500 psi before being placed into service.

(1) Clogging of the strainer, resulting in reduced water intake. (2) Damaging or seizing up fire pumps. (3) Clogging fog stream nozzles.

The presence of silt or other waterborne debris may create several problems during drafting, including what issues?

354 Signs of Cavitation During drafting operations

The pressure gauge on the pump will fluctuate and hose streams may pulsate creating a distinctive popping or sputtering sounds as the water leaves the nozzle. In cases of severe cavitation, the pump itself may make noises described as sounding like gravel is passing through the pump. THE SUREST INDICATION of cavitation may be a lack of reaction on the pressure gauge to increases in the throttle.

Principle of pressure 6

The pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is independent of the shape of the vessel

Sixth principle of Pressure

The pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is independent of the shape of the vessel.

Principle of pressure 4

The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth

Fifth principle of Pressure

The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the density of the liquid

Principle of pressure 5

The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the density of the liquid

Fourth principle of Pressure

The pressure of liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth

337-338 What happens if no water is flowing through pump

The pump may overheat if water is not flowing for an extended period of time, and the discharge pressure is maintained at a high level. circulate water to prevent maybe use booster line back to tank.

(1) Type of concentrate used. (2) Whether or not the fuel is on fire. (3) Type of fuel involved (hydrocarbon vs polar solvent). (4) Whether the fuel is contained or uncontained.

The rate at which foam is applied depends on what kind of factors?

The maximum mph rating on the tire is

The rated upper limit of the tires performance

Foam solution

The result of mixing the appropriate amount of foam concentrate with water; foam solution exist between the proportioner and the nozzle before introduction of air

Principles of pressure

The speed at which fluid travels through a hose or pipe is determined by the pressure upon that fluid as well as the size of the orifice through which it is flowing

(1) Location of the dump site. (2) Location of the fill site. (3) Route of travel for water tenders between the fill and dump sites. (4) Number of vehicles necessary to maintain a constant supply of water at the scene.

The success of a water shuttle operation relies on what decisions that need to be made on the onset of the incident?

Total stopping distance

The sum of the driver/operator's reaction distance and the vehicles breaking distance

Visual leadtime

The time needed to stop the apparatus or perform and evasive maneuver at the current rate of speed

Tanker Formulas

The water shuttle flow rate. (Flow=(0.9xTank size)/trip time) or the ISO equation (Flow=(0.9xTank size)/(travel time + Handling time)) Travel time= .65 + 1.7XDistance. Assumes average speed of travel of 35 mph.

Gravity circle

Theoretical safety zone that surrounds the center of gravity on an aerial apparatus

Gravity circle

Theoretical safety zone that surrounds the center of gravity on an aerial apparatus.

Gravity Circle

Theoretical safety zone that surrounds the center of gravity on an aerial apparatus. If the driver begins to rotate the extended aerial the center of gravity moves toward the side the aerial is operating on. If this movement continued around it would form the gravity circle.

Theoretical lift

Theoretical, scientific height that a column of water may be lifted by atmospheric pressure in a true vacuum; at sea level, this height is 33.9 feet. For every 1000 ft above sea level atmospheric pressure decreases .5 psi. Theoretical is not possible.

most constant flow nozzles are designed to operate at what nozzle pressure

They are designed to operate at 100% PSI. However some nozzles May operate in 50 or 75 PSI. ( flows are the same for automatic fog nozzles).

Hoisting cylinder

They are used to lift the aerial device from its bed to a working position. Also known as elevation cylinder or lift cylinder.

Locked wheel skid

This type of skid is usually caused by braking too hard at a high rate of speed and locking the wheels. The vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned.

Locked Wheel Skid

This type skid is usually caused by breaking too hard at a high rate of speed and locking the wheels. The vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned.

Priorities for rescue

Those who are in the greatest amount of real or perceived danger are highest priority. Typically occupants located on or immediately above fire floor will be in greatest danger. Rescuers should give preference to people who are panicked and appear ready to jump if not helped, however DO NOT pass up those in greatest rescue just for panicked person in safe area. Second priority goes to largest group of people. Third Priority is the remainder of the people in the fire area based on proximity to the fire Fourth is everyone left in exposed area who are unable to escape by standard methods. Some cases may be able to provide reassurance and left until conditions improve to escape down interior stairs.

Selector valve

Three way valve on the fire department aerial apparatus that directs oil to either stabilizer control valves or aerial device control valves . also known as diverter valve. Is one of the most important valves in the system. By blocking flow to the system not in use it acts as an interlock to prevent stabilization and aerial device systems from operating at the same time.

Positioning Aerial for Rescue from Window

Tip must be positioned so that the area of the window opening is not diminished yet safe access to the aerial device is provided. When using a ladder the first rung should be even with the windowsill. On Aerial Platform position with top rail even with windowsill or with gate opening and floor even with windowsill.

Positioning Aerial for Rescue from Roof

Tip of aerial ladder should be placed so that 6 ft extends above the edge of the roof. Aerial platforms placed so that the bottom of the platform is just above and over the edge of the roof.

Blitz attack

To aggressively attack a fire from the exterior with a large diameter (2 1/2 diameter) or larger fire stream.

Blitz Attack

To aggressively attack a fire from the exterior with a large diameter (2 1/2 inch or larger) fire stream.

Blitz attack

To aggressively attack a fire from the exterior with a large diameter fire stream. 2.5 or larger

Hydrolyze

To cause or undergo a chemical process of decomposition involving The splitting of a bond and the attention of the element of water

Hydrolyze

To cause or undergo a chemical process of decomposition involving the spitting of a bond and the addition of the element of water.

Hydrolyze

To cause or undergo a chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the element of water.

Why should fire pumps be tested at regularly scheduled intervals? (p. 48)

To compare actual performance to specific standards. Fire departments should require regular inspections to detect deficiencies or failure of the fire pump and other fire suppression equipment.

Repair

To restore or put together something that has become inoperable or out of place.

Repair

To restore that which has become inoperable

Relay-

To shuttle water between a source and an emergency scene using mobile water supply apparatus

Relay

To shuttle water between a source and an emergency scene using mobile water supply apparatus.

Auger

Tool for boring (drilling) holes in floors and other solid barriers including ice.

Tillered trailer

Trailer equipped with steerable rear wheels.

NFPA 1701 providers a basis to

Train and clerify fire apparatus mechanics and fire department maintenance officers

Highest Level of Breaking Torque Provided by

Transmission Output Retarders and Electromagnetic retarders. These are unaffected by transmission gear shift changes.

When examining tire condition drivers should check

Tread depth, tread separation, cupping, excessive wear on side walls, cuts, dry rotting, crack tires, or impaled objects.

When approaching from the uphill side how should the aerial be positioned?

Truck should be driven past the fire and aerial should be operated over the rear

When approaching from the downhill side how should the aerial be positioned?

Truck should be stopped short of the fire building and the aerial should be operated over the front.

True or False most modern truck batteries are maintenance free

True

True or false the valve stem should not be cut cracked or loose

True

Box stabilizer

Two piece aerial apparatus stabilization device consisting of an extension arm that extends directly out from the vehicle, and a lifting Jack that extends from the end of the extension on to the ground. A.k.a. H - Jack or H - stabilizers Most common stabilizer type on new trucks. Are basically 2-part devices First is an arm that extends out from side of truck parallel to ground. Second is a stabilization jack attached to the extension arm the extends to ground to raise the truck. Operate extension as wide as possible. Deploy both stabilizers on one side of vehicle either side to side or front to back.

Box Stabilizer

Two-piece aerial apparatus stabilization device consisting of an extension are that extends directly out from the vehicle, and a lifting jack that extends from the end of the extension arm to the ground. Also know as H-Jack or H-stabilizers.

Outside screw & yoke

Type of control valve for sprinkler system in which the position of the screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed

In line foam eductor

Type of foam delivery device that is located in the water supply line near the nozzle. Foam concentrate is drawn into the waterline using the Venturi method

In line foam educator

Type of foam delivery device that is located in the water supply line near the nozzle. The foam Concentrate is drawn into the water line using the Venturi Method.

In-line foam eductor

Type of foam delivery device that is located in the water supply line near the nozzle. The foam concentrate is drawn into the water line using the Venturi method. Is a type of Low Energy Foam Proportioning system. Nozzle and Eductor must have same flow rate or foam may be too rich or too lean Should not be more than 6 feet above liquid surface

Jet ratio controller (JRC)

Type of foam educator that is used to supply self-educating master stream nozzles; may be located at distances up to 3,000 feet (900m) from the nozzle.

Jet ratio controller (JRC)

Type of foam eductor that is used to supply self Educting master stream nozzles; may be located at distances up to 3000 feet from the nozzle

Jet ratio controller (JRC)

Type of foam eductor that is used to supply self educting master stream nozzles, may be located at distances up to 3,000 feet.

Rotary vane pump

Type of positive displacement pump commonly used in hydraulic systems. A rotor with attached vanes is mounted off-center inside the pump housing; pressure is imparted on the water as the space between the rotor and the pump housing decreases.

Rotary Vane Pump

Type of positive displacement pump commonly used in hydraulic systems. A rotor with attached vanes is mounted off-center inside the pump housing; pressure is imparted on the water as the space between the rotor and the pump housing wall decreases.

Post indicator valve PIV

Type of valve used to control underground water mains found on the supply main installed fire protection systems

Post Indicator Valve (PIV)

Type of valve used to control underground water mains found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems. The operating stem of the valve extends above ground through a "post" and a visual means is provided at the top of the post for indicating open or shut.

Post Indicator Valve (PIV)

Type of valve used to control underground water mains found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems. The operating stem of the valve extends above ground through a "post," and a visual means is provided at the top of the post for indicating "open" or "shut".