PY 365 exam 2

about 1.5 million people over the age of

65 changed residences in 2016

becoming a grandparent

65 million grandparents in the U.S.; more grandparents today than at any time in history; most men and women can expect to spend over half their lives in roles as grandparents; most grandparents live within 10 miles of at least one grandchild

becoming a parent; statistics on having a child

85% of adults in the US will become parents; the childbirth rate is at a historic low for teenagers and emerging adults; the average age women give birth is 26; has increased almost 4 years over the past three decades 40% of all births are to unmarried parents

dealing with adult children in crisis

A major cause of distress for middle-aged and older adults are the problems of their adult children; primary cause for depressive symptoms and worry in older adults; "parents are only as happy as their least happy child"

caregiving orientation

A system activated in adults when they interact with infants and young children Most adults provide security, comfort, and protection

parent-child relationship in adulthood

Attachment centers around communications over physical proximity; most adult children live near their parents, have frequent contact, feel emotionally close, and share similar opinions; the frequency of contact has increased over the past 25 years

what is attraction

Attraction determines where lust will be directed; the attraction system is associated with increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin

career as a spouse becomes

a factor in the individual's own life; Creating a household and family is entered in the "quality of life" equation

feminization of poverty

a term used to describe the trend that an increasingly larger proportion of people living in poverty are women

work engagement

approach to work that is active, positive, and characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption; Opposite of job burnout

gender roles in early partnership

egalitarian roles; roles based on equality between gender

in reality, only a small number of caregivers report

elevated levels of depression or physically health compared to non-caregivers

examples of role transitions

emerging adult moves from constraints of being a high schooler to a relatively free college student, young adults transition from being a spouse to a new parent, middle-age adults move from being the parent to a dependent teenager to the parent of an independent adult

positive psychology

emphasis of psychology research to turn away from negative outcomes like mental illness and crime, and toward positive outcomes such as well being, optimism, and spiritual growth

maslow's theory has little

empirical testing; not stated scientifically; adaptations and applications of positive well being

personality

enduring set of characteristics that define our individuality and affect our interactions with the environment and other people

two distinct kinds of cohabitation relationships

engaged cohabitation, pre engaged cohabitations

what is a convoy

ever-changing network of social relationships that surrounds each of us throughout our lives

what did thomas leopold do?

examined the effects of young adults living with their parents; Young adults remaining home had a higher level of solidarity with their parents; promotes generations solidarity for both adult children and parents as they grow older

What are social roles

expected behaviors and attitudes that come with one's position in society; successful aging

social role theory

explanation of gender roles based on children viewing the gender divisions around them and then modelling their behavior on those divisions

economic exchange thoery

explanation of gender roles stating that men & women form intimate partnerships based on an exchange of goods & services

self-determination thoery

explanation of personality based on individuals evolved inner resources for growth and integration; richard ryan and edward deci; need for personal growth and personality development is essential to human nature

best practice is to

expose children to vocational possibilities at a young age; or encourage parents and educators to foster children's interests and talents regardless of gender

examples of theories using distal causes

factors that were present the distant past; evolutionary psychology

frequency of face to face contact with social network members

family visits (the solid line) remain fairly stable between the ages of 17 and 85 - somewhere between once a month and once a week. On contrast, visits with non-family members (friends, neighbors, and acquaintances) started out high in emerging adulthood (at least once a week), declined sharply through young adulthood, and then declined more gradually until late old age (at least once a month)

competence

feeling of effectiveness as one interacts with one's environment

factors affecting the decision to retire

finances (work-related value, retirement-related value), health, family, career commitment, leisure-time interests

personality factors

groups of personality traits that occur together in most individuals; How many factors are there?

family and medical leave act

guarantees workers at large companies 12 weeks of job protection but is unpaid

hedonia

happiness that involves the presence of positive feelings and the absence of negative feelings

how does job loss impact women?

have higher rates of mental health problems and lower levels of life satisfaction

choice of relationships

helps determine who we choose; often someone with similar personality traits

Cognitive complexity

higher levels of thinking and reasoning

people low in agreeableness are at

higher risk for heart disease

successful aging was measured by

how many roles an older person relinquished and how willingly

evolutionary psychology

individuals who carry gens for cooperativeness, group loyalty, adherence to norms, and promotion of social inclusion; humans have biological systems fostering the formation and maintenance of social relationships; "need to belong"

how does job loss impact young people

interferes with career establishment and identity as an adult

the five-factor model

inventory of five basic personality factors first demonstrated by Costa and McCrae; "Big five model" "O.C.E.A.N"; NEO personality inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3); FEM is the standard, through other personality models and tests exist

problems of grandparents assuming the roles of parents

lack of sufficient funds; About 20% of grandparents live below the poverty line; without legal custody, they can't collect child support, get medical care for the children, or interact with the children's school

friendship networks throughout lifespan

large in emerging and young adulthood; friendships network declines in size starting in middle adulthood and continuing until the end of life; poor social connections is a bigger factor in premature death than tobacco use, obesity, and excessive alcohol use; physical health is enhanced due to social contact

Older workers in jobs involving knowledge-based, crystallized abilities, and highly practice skills have

less job-related decline; workers in a job requiring manual skill and fluid cognitive abilities may show more decline with age

increase in cohabitation

living together i nan intimate partnership without marriage

factors that influence lonliness in older adults

loss of spouse or partner, limited income, functional limitations

younger workers enter the workplace with high expectations that

lower as they reach middle-age; Or younger workers are enthusiastic to begin their careers, but enthusiasm declines as they deal with family and financial issues

what is lust

lust is part of romantic, love, but also functions ind; lust is powered by androgens in both men and women

selection based on three distinct emotional systems

lust, attraction, and attachment

effects of parent's divorce during adulthood

many of the adult children never saw signs of unhappiness in their parent's marriages; taking on new roles, often long-term and not taken on willingly; uncertainty about holidays and family events; feeling of being caught in the middle between two angry parents

curvilinear relationship between

marital satisfaction and family stage; the highest satisfaction is before birth of first child and after all children have left home

Personality trait ranking remain

moderately stable throughout adulthood; stability increases with age; Increase in rank-order stability from age 6 to age 73; Patterns don't show gender differences and are very similar no matter what type of assessment method is used

couples that hold more egalitarian views early on,

more equally divided household tasks in later years; boys who grow up with working mothers are more likely to have egalitarian views

automony

need to feel out actions reflect our true inner selves and not someone else's rules or guidance

gender roles at midlike

no evidence of gender crossover in middle age; studied by jung and gutmann

ability/expertise trade-off

observation that as general ability declines with age, job expertise increases

shunning retirement (alternative to full retirement)

one-third of people 65 and over are still in the workforce

factors influencing ability to age in place

person's health, finances, attachment to neighborhood, distance form family members

instrumental qualities

personal characteristics that have an active impact, stereotypical male qualities

communal qualities

personal characteristics that nurture and bring people together; stereotypical female qualities

Workers who lose jobs often suffer from

poor mental and physical health; Increase in anxiety, depression, and alcoholism

the departure of the children

postparental; the role of transition is mostly positive

mature adaptation

potential progressive change in the ways adults adapt psychologically to the trials and tribulations they face

libido

sexual desire; freud believed libido was the foundation of all intimate relationships

relationships with siblings

sibling relationships are the longest-lasting; adult siblings have better relationships when they feel they have been treated equally by their parents

childless adults have a strong

social network of siblings, cousins, nieces, and nephews; fewer role transitions for childfree men and women

what were the 6 areas holland divided vocational interests into?

social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, and conventional

same-sex marriages and partnerships

the majority of same-sex cohabitating couples are married (61%); same-sex couples have less gender inequality and gender role differences; healthy relationships can generally be restored more quickly in same-sex couples than heterosexual couples

parenthood and marital happiness

the new role of parenthood brings a decrease in happiness and satisfaction

transition to adult hood

the period during which young people take on the social roles of early adulthood

emerging adulthood

the period from transition from adolescence to young adulthood (18-25)

establishing an intimate partnership/ mate selection

the process of choosing a long-term partner for an intimate relationship; 90% of the world will marry or enter into a formal romantic partnership at some point in their lives

job strain

the result of doing work that requires high levels of psychological demands from the worker but offers them little control

gender schema theory

theory that's states children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what is masculine and what feminine

exchange theory

we select mates by evaluating the assets we have to offer in a relationship and to the assets, the potential mate has to offer, and try to make the best deal

filter theory

we select mates by used finer and finer filtering mechanisms

questions we ask dealing with living in intimate partnerships

what happens after partners are selected?; why do some relationships succeed while others don't?; what makes the difference?

evocative transactions

when we behave in a way that elicits reactions from others that confirm our own personality or self-concept

Reactive transactions

when we react to or interpret, and experience in a way that is consistent with our personality

proactive transactions

when we select roles and environments that best fit our personalities

men stay in full-time jobs longer than do

women; men usually start their careers with full-time jobs and keep working full-time until the end of their career; women are more likely to change jobs for social or economic reasons

more men work full time than

women; women are more likely to leave jobs when children are born, more women in older age groups than men

focuses on concerns of child-free adults: childfree women are more likely to

work throughout their adult lives, have somewhat higher-level jobs, and earn more money

traits that makeup conscientiousness are more important predictors of

work-related markers of achievement; Integral to completing work effectively paying attention, striving toward high standards, and inhibiting impulsive thoughts and behaviors; Openness is another predictor of achievement

how does job loss impact middle-aged workers

worst for them; problems finding a job with comparable pay and prestige and too young to retire early

there are also social roles in

young adulthood

gender differences in leaving home

young men are more likely to live with a parent than young women

explain more on socioemotional selectivity associated with age groups

younger adults motivated to pursue information, knowledge, and relationships; older adults motivated to pursue emotional satisfaction, deepen existing relationships, and weed out those that aren't satisfying

convoy model

"Convoy relationships serve to both shape and protect individuals..."; reciprocal and development

in the US 61% of married couples with children under 18 are considered

"dual-career" families; Typical for men to remain in the workforce and for women to move into and out of employment due to family obligations; The number of years a woman stays in the workforce depends on the number of children they have - more children means less time in the workforce

caregiving for aging parents

10% of adults between the ages of 25 and 64 provided unpaid care for another person; the majority of caregivers are women; care receiver is usually a mother; middle-aged caregiver role is to arrange for services and assist with independent daily activities; 40% of middle-aged caregivers work full-time

The median length of parental leave taken by new mothers in the U.S. is

11 weeks; for fathers, 1 week; Spillover for parents extends beyond parental leave

genetics in personality

20% of the variance in personality types is heritable; The five major factors are influenced by genetics to about the same extent; Few gender differences

divorced and remarried adults statistics

25% of young adults who marry will divorce before their 10th anniversary; the rate of remarriage is highest among white men (75%); lowest among African American women (32%); among those who remarry, more than half divorce again; single parents must fulfill a larger share of adult family roles

lifelong singles stats

28% of U.S. households consist of just one person, 5% of the U.S. population over age 64 has never married; most older people who have never married are supported by a network of friends and more distant relatives; Living together apart

caregiving by older adults

3 million adults age 75 and older are caregivers for another person; the number of hours caregivers spend on giving care increases with their age

the childless

About 15% of women end their childbearing years with no children; the population of women who have reached the age of 40 and who are childless increased steadily until 2006, then began, falling

extended families

grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, and other relatives beyond the nuclear family

similarities between same-sex and heterosexual couples

Both partners likely work outside the home, divide up household chores and financial responsibilities, the one who makes more money does less housework

how are careers selected?

Careers develop over many years, Career path is not always linear

what were the three categories he divided the people in

Divorced (20 couples), Remained Happily married (58 couples), Had experience distress over several points (22 couples)

how do families influence career paths?

Families may openly encourage children to have high career aspirations; Families affect career choices in their children by the roles they model; sons of working mothers support their wives careers

what are the top reasons for relocating?

Family (17%), Health (13%), New or better home (11%), Less expensive homes (8%), Climate (2%)

evolutionary psychology

Field of psychology that explains human behavior in terms of genetic patterns that were useful in our primitive ancestors for survival and reproduction success; early forms of the theory believed that one's genes determine one's behavior, but more contemporary views are that the environment in interaction with evolved dispositions may bias men and women to behave in certain ways that are beneficial to survival

friendship factors and influence

Gender, race, and education: women have larger friendship networks than men; african Americans tend to ahve smaller friendships groups with more family members

becoming a care receiver

In a study, 93% of respondents named "remaining independent" as important, second only to "having good health"; living with children is more common than nursing home

examples of gender roles

In typical families with male-female parents, mother is the caregiver and does the bulk of the housework, father is the breadwinner and in charge of repairs around the house and yardwork; however, roles of men and women have become more similar in the past 50 years

careers depend on what

Interests and abilities, Education and training available (and affordability), Job market, Economy, How welcoming certain professions are too diverse genders, races, and ages

problems of parental origin

Reason parents are unable to care for their children; drug addiction, criminal behavior, domestic violence; the major source of stress for grandparents comes from lack of support from their own children

become a spourse or partner

Marriage remains the traditional form of intimate partnership; the proportion of people marrying is decreasing, while the age they marry is increasing; Average age of marriage, women: 27; men 29

evolutionary perspective on attraction

Mate preferences are genetically based; based on ancient ancestors need to increase their chances of reproducing and providing for children; men looked for women with good signs of health and fertility; women looked for men with qualities signaling good economic resources and health

men and women anticipate different career paths. How so?

Men usually plan to work steadily until retirement; Women plan to move in and out of the workforce as they have children; In nontraditional careers, women are more likely than men to cross the gender line; Men entertaining health care are more likely to choose less patient-centric jobs

social roles in middle adulthood

Middle years bring stable levels of physical health and increases in reported quality of life; Parenting role becomes less demanding; Most men and women become grandparents; Marriages and partnerships become happier; Relationships with parents change; Most adults have settled into careers

caregiving and health/ factors related to perception of greater stress for caregivers

Older age, preexisting health problem, caring for a loved one with dementia, being forced to delay education of career plans, marital problems, and financial problems

oxytocin role

Oxytocin plays a role in both mother-infant attachments and in a women's attachment to a mate

Biological clock

Patterns of change over adulthood in health and physical function

social clock

Patterns of change over adulthood in social roles; time schedule of the normal sequence of adult life experiences

work-family spillover

Positive feelings at work spill over into family satisfaction and work-family balance; Women have more positive feelings about work and family when they received more rewards at work, had more work commitment, and found their job beneficial to their children; Childcare is a major source of spillover; Women have increasingly entered the workforce, but work organizations have not always kept up with the changes

what are the effects of gender on careers?

Pressure for young men and women to conform to what they see around them, traditional men's job are higher in status and income, women make up 47% of the workforce; 60% are low-wage workers, Many fields filled by women are "helping" fields - teachers, nurses; Male-dominated occupational include the STEM fields

Psychologist howard J markham and his studies on happy marriages

Psychologist Howard J. Markham; 100 couples studied from before marriage until well past their 13th anniversaries; before marriage, couples were given several standardized tests, tests were repeated 10 times over the next 13 years; at the end of the time period, couples were divided into three categories

how do people typically prepare for retirement?

Saving and investing; about half of workers in the U.S. have money in saving for retirement; almost everyone employed for at least 10 years accumulates retirement benefits in their social security accounts; social interaction and leisure activities

bridge employment

Self-employment or a part-time or less demanding full-time job; Done by 60% of retired men

gender stereotypes

Set of shared beliefs or generalizations about how men and women in a society ought to behave; can be useful, can also be inaccurate, and they are particularly harmful when they are used to judge others on how they should act; what each gender ought to do, how they should behave; consistent across cultures; stability in stereotyping over the course of 3 decade

what are some age trends we see in the workplace?

The world population is growing older; increase in older adults in the workforce, older people are generally healthier and jobs are less strenuous

how does retirement affect workers' overall wellbeing? What can be done to enhance the retirement experience for older adults

Three-fourths of retired people report little change in well-being; One-fourth report either positive changes or initial decrease in well-being followed by improvement

environmental influences on personality

Twin studies show environmental influences are more prominent in adulthood; Changes in mean-level measures in personality are most common in young adulthood; Experiencing discrimination can lead to negative effects on personality

life span/life-space theory

a concept that individuals develop careers in stages, and that career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives

nursing home

a palace for people to live when they don't need to be in a hospital but can no longer be taken care of at home

Eudaimonia

a sense of integrity and well-being

infertility statistics

about 12% of women of childbearing age are infertile; about half of women experiencing infertility seek medical treatment; psychological experiences of infertility; additional problems can arise from fertility treatments

who is george valliant

accepts erikson's stages as basic framework but inserts an additional stage between erikson's stages of intimacy and generativity around the age of 30 called career consolidation; mature adaptation; merge been loevinger and erikson

gender roles

actual behaviors and attitudes of men and women in a given culture during a given historical era; almost any role we take on during our adult lives is colored by gender

in the early days of social role theory

adulthood was described in terms of the number of roles during different stages; people acquired large number of roles in early years then began shedding them in later years

five feathers of emerging adulthood

age of identity exploration, age of instability, self-focused age, age of feeling in-between, age of possibilities

parental investment theory

an explanation that men & women evolved different behaviors & interests because the women have more invested in each child than the men

elder abuse

an intentional act by a caregiver that causes harm to an older adult; 10% of noninstitutionalized adults over the age of 60 have been victims of elder abuse in the past 12 months

socioemotional selectivity theory

as we grow older, we tend to prefer more meaningful social relationships; social networks become smaller and more selective; quantity of social relationships declines but quality remains the same or gets better

negative effect on the individual

associated with higher incidence of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

six dimensions of emotional cohesion

associational solidarity, consensual solidarity, normative solidarity, affectional solidarity, functional solidarity, intergenerational family structure

gender ideology

attitudes and beliefs about the roles of and equality of men and women; same sex parents share tasks more equally than heterosexual parents

cohabitations

common choice among couples of all ages; studied by howard markman

social media friends

benefit of widening a social network; adults of all ages used social media

women whose mothers worked outside the home were more likely to

be employed themselves than women whose mothers remained home

internal working model of attachment relationship

beliefs and assumptions about the nature of all relationships; components of security or insecurity

three basic needs in self-determination theory

competence, autonomy, relatedness

traits include

competence, order, dutifulness, and self-discipline

manipulating personality ?

can personality be changed intentionally?; People who believed intelligence was malleable were more open to learning, more willing to face challenges, and more resilient after failure; Those who thought intelligence was fixed tended not to demonstrate those characteristics

retirement

career stage in which an older adult leaves the full-time workforce to pursue other interests, such as part-time work, volunteer work, or leisure interests; Many people today spend 20 or more hours in this stage

role transitions

change in roles due to changes in the individual or in his or her life circumstance; studying role transitions involves finding how people adjust when roles change from one to another and how the transition affects their other roles

mean-level change

changes in a group's average scores over time; Mean-level changes are attributed to factors such as maturation or cultural processes shared by a population

older workers demonstrate more

citizenship and on the job safety behaviors and fewer counterproductive behaviors

middle-class parents are more likely to encourage children to attend

college than working class parents

job burnout

combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced effectiveness on the job; Especially common among workers whose jobs involve empathy or emotional expression; Related to anxiety disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, new cases of heart disease, and onset of type 2 diabetes

person-environment transactions

combinations of genetic endowment and environment factors that maintain the stability of personality traits over time

Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory

consists of four personality factors: social potency/expansiveness, dependability, accommodation, interpersonal relatedness

what happens to personality as we go through adulthood into old age

continuous, changes

the age gap in social media use exists in

countries all over the world; people under the age of 35 more likely to use social media

most middle-aged parents have

daily contact with their adult children

behavior with patterns

determine how we behave toward partners, how we react to a partner's behavior

social media around the world

developing countries with internet access are more likely to use social media than those in developed countries; people in developing countries have limited opportunities for face-to-face communication due to poverty, lack of transportation, and distance between towns

abraham maslow

development of motives or needs; deficiency motives and being motives; positive well being

how does job loss impact older workers

difficulty finding new jobs or adjusting to new work conditions, many retire early

social relationships are

dynamic, recurrent patterns of interaction with other individuals; attachment theory of social relationship

what were the five key components gottman divides the interactions into

fondness and admiration, "we-ness" versus "me-ness", love maps, purpose and meaning instead of chaos, and satisfaction instead of disappointment

attachment across the lifespan

four categories of attachment styles based on a person's model of the self and others; half of young adults rated themselves as secure; the other half equally distributed among the other three categories; still not clear what direct role infant attachment plays in adult romantic relationships

Older adults lose some roles as

friends and family members pass away; remaining roles increase in richness and satisfaction they provide

explanations of continuity and change

genes and environment

phased retirement

given a reduced workload or less strenuous job with the same company

grandparent-grandchild relationships

grandparents spend more time with young grandchildren but discuss more personal concerns with older grandchildren; about one in four grandparents name an adult grandchild in the innermost circle of their social convoy; adult grandchildren and grandparents view their relationship as a safety net

person-environment fit

idea that people will be more successful they work in a field for which they are talented rather than taking a job for other reasons

positive and negative interactions were studied by psychology john gottman

identified couples who divorce can be recognized years ahead of time; Examining the pattern of positive and negative exchanges

Four Dilemmas describes adulthood

identity, intimacy, generativity, ego integrity

affection is an

important components in family relationships

personality traits are based on the most

important features of the social group in which our ancestors lives

Loevinger's stages of ego development

impulsive stage, self-protective stage, conformist stage, self-aware stage, conscientious stage, individualistic stage, and autonomous and integrated stage

John Williams and Deborah Best investigated gender stereotypes in 25 countries and found that there was a striking degree of agreement across cultures..

in 23 countries, majority of people agreed that the male stereotype is centered around instrumental qualities, personal characteristics that have an active impact, such as competitive, adventurous, and physically strong, stereotypical males qualities; Female stereotypes are centered around communal qualities, personal characteristics that nurture and bring people together, such as bring expressive and affectionate; stereotypical female qualities; these stereotypes remain consistent over time

Personality traits contribute to one's subjective health when

in the role of informal caregiver; those high in conscientiousness and extraversion and low in neuroticism reported better mental and physical health; agreeableness was associated with better mental health, and openness was associated with better physical health

vocational interests

in vocational psychology, personal attitudes, competencies, and values a person has relating to his or her career; basis of Holland's theory of career selection

career recycling

in vocational psychology, the notion that people may go back and revisit earlier stages of career development; the recycling process is more common today; non traditional student in college older than 25; over 40% are nontraditional

attachment behaviors

outward expression of attachment; association of the attachment figure with feelings of security, an increased likelihood of attachment behavior when the child is under stress or threat, attempts to avoid, or end, any separations from attachment figure

widowed women are only entitled to their

own or their spouses social security, reducing their income; lifetime career disparities between men and women also factor into older women living in poverty

examining the gender role shift

parental investment theory and economic exchagne theory

the US does not have a national policy on

parental leave; Of 41 developed nations, the U.S. was the only one that did not mandate any paid leave when a women gives birth or adopt

nuclear families

parents and their children

attachment evolved to keep

parents together long enough to raise children; romantic relationships are reflections of attachment bonds adults had with their parents in childhood

children can broaden their

parents' values, attitudes, and beliefs; the influence of young adults on their parents is an important mechanism of social change; younger members of society can pass their attitudes to older members

women are more apt to work in

part-time jobs than men; 25% of women who work hold part-time jobs

social timing

pattern of when we occupy certain roles, how long we occupy them, and the order in which we move from one to another; can depend on the culture we live in and what expectations our society has for role transitions; one's roles are on-time or off-time is hypothesized to be of prime importance to one's social development and well-being; people off-time in social clock lower levels of life satisfaction

Career

patterns and sequences of occupations or related roles held by people across their working lives and into retirement; the role of the worker is not static, changes take place in economy, technology, workforce composition, and social climate

attachment orientation

patterns of expectations, needs, and emotions one exhibits in interpersonal relationships; extends beyond early attachment figures

continue friendship factors and influence

people in higher socioeconomic groups have more overall friends, but the same number of close friends as people in lower socioeconomic groups; men with professional jobs have friends from wider geographic area than men who are skilled workers

reactive heritability

process whereby individuals use the qualities they have inherited as a basis to determine strategies for survival and reproduction

Personality can lead to behaviors that

promote or undermine health; personality may be linked with coping mechanism people choose when dealing with stress

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

proposes that lower needs dominate the individual's motivations and that high needs become prominent onl late in life and when the lower needs are satisfied

both the gender schema and social role theory deal with

proximal causes: factors present in the immediate environment; other theories explain the origins of gender roles using distal causes

david Gutmann

psychiatrist; gender crossover - women take on more masculine roles and traits and men take on more feminine ones

carl jung

psychoanalyst;Major midlife task is integrating feminine and masculine parts of the self

sibling relationships as adults

relationships with siblings decline during the childrearing years; In later adulthood, siblings become central again; parental deaths tend to bring siblings back together in middle adulthood; late adulthood further increases closeness; however, 18% of adults report becoming more emotionally distant from siblings with time

three areas that are shaped by personality

relationships, achievement, health

social roles in atypical families.. those who

remain single, marry but have no children, start on a typical path but deviate

what are the effects of retirement?

retirement brings about changes in lifestyle, health, and income

what are some other alternatives to full retirement

returning to the workforce, bridge employment, volunteer work, phased retirement

the idea of a social clock adds another dimension to the

roles we move into during adulthood; accurate to predict that people who are off-time with the social clock of their culture are more apt to have difficulty in their roles and less apt to report high levels of satisfaction

differences among same-sex and heterosexual couples

same-sex couples face the added pressure of potentially having to hide their sexual orientation or intimate partnerships, members of the LGBT community are more likely to be victims of violence, particularly transgender women, and social stigma and discrimination more common

occupational gender segregation

separation of jobs into stereotypical male and female categories

The social clock becoming important in adulthood was proposed by

sociologist Bernice Neurgarten; viewed this as an important distinction between children and adults in that adults were capable of viewing their lives both in the past and in the future, comparing their past selves with their present selves and anticipating their future selves; believe we form a mental representation of the "normal, expectable life cycle"

examples of social timing

some societies people become a parent at age 15, but this is considered "off-time" by mainstream U.S. norms; 45-year-old does not want to get involved in marriage or parenthood due to loss of independence is considered "off-time", these would be "on-time" at other ages

differential continuity

stability of individuals' rank order within a group over time

intra-individual variability

stability or instability of personality traits within an individual over time

personality traits

stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; How a person typically behaves in social situations

manipulative transactions

strategies in which we attempt to change our current environment by causing change in the people around us

attachment

strong affectional bonds an infant forms with his or her caregiver

who is erick erikson

studied psychosocial development; proposed that is continues over the entire lifespan.. a person must move through and successfully resolve eight crises over the lifespan; each stage is defined by a pair of opposing possibilities

cultural acceptance of cohabitation

success of cohabitating couples partly based on the level of cultural acceptance; when premarital cohabitation is not accepted, couples may feel pressured to marry leading to unhappy marriage and divorce; when the culture is more accepting, cohabitating couples may feel free to end unsuccessful relationships

social-cognitive theory

suggest career success involves being proactive, believing in yourself, being self-regulated and self-motivated, and focusing on your goals

aging in place

the ability of older people to remain in their homes; living alone is not synonymous with loneliness

intimacy

the ability young adults develop that allows them to enter into intimate relationships without losing their own sense of self

the new grandparents.. factors in the role of todays grandparents

the age of the grandparent and the grandchildren; the distance between their homes; the relationship between grandparents and their children; the health and income of grandparents and their children

Despite all variations in timing and sequence

the basic shape of the pattern of role transitions seems to be similar for most adults

self-efficacy

the belief in one's ability to succeed

self acutalization

the drive to become everything one is capable of being; it is reached when more basic needs are met

spillover

the extent that events in one domain influence the other; work-family spillover or family-work spillover

intergenerational solidarity

the extent to which family members of different generations are close to each other

relatedness

the feel of being connected to, cared about, and belonging with significant others in one's life

peak experiences

the feeling of perfection and momentary separation from the self when one feels in unity with the universe; rare

job expertise

the knowledge and skills a worker has accumulated after a number of years on the job

defense mechanisms

the set of normal, unconscious strategies used for dealing with anxiety, six levels

idenity

the set of personal values and goals a young adults develops pertaining to gender, occupation, and religious beliefs

Psychologist Jette Heckhausen theorizes that

the stronger the correlation a person's social role sequence has with developmental norms, the less stress they have in life

generativity

the tendency of middle aged adults develop to help establish and guide the next generation

ego integrity

the tendency older adults develop to review their life meaning and integration

positive effect of work on the individual

those with more complex jobs pre-retirement and better processing speed, general intelligence, and working memory abilities in retirement

life transitions characteristics

timing of most life transitions is socially created

personality is closely related to

to health and longevity; people with high levels of conscientiousness and low levels of neuroticism tend to live longer

Conscientiousness is believed

to increase dramatically from adolescence to young adulthood and then decreases slightly from young adulthood to old age

Job satisfaction is closely related

to life satisfaction; job satisfaction follows a "U-shaped curve" - higher in the younger and older years, lower in the middle; unhappy middle-aged workers leave jobs for a better fit

cultural and language differences have led to

to researchers taking a different approach; constructed alternative models of personality structures; Bottom-up, indigenous psychologies

the study of personality psychology emcompasses a range of topics

traits, motivation, emotions, the self, coping strategies, etc

social roles in late adulthood

transitions into simplified forms of former roles; once considered a time of roles loss; no typical way in which adults react to role changes in late adulthood