PY201 Exam 1

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

Industrial-organizational

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

Introspection

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks a group of participants over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

Longitudinal

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

A negative correlation means ________.

One variable decreases as the other increases

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

The scientific method

Psychology refers to the _____________.

The scientific study of the mind and behavior

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

Their own conscious experience

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

The mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

Accuracy

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

Archival research; surveys

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

Attrition

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

Case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

Case study

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

Change the word "emotional" to "cognitive"

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

Circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

Confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

Debrief participants; deception

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

Developmental

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

What research design will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

Experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

Explaining the hypothesis to the participants

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

Illusory correlation

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

Independent; dependent

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

Personality

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

Random sampling; random group assignment

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

Replication crisis

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner Box

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

Social psychology

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

Statistical analysis

What is the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first?

Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

Surveys

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

To study the function of behavior

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

Type of play; no play

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhem Wundt