PYSC 101 CH. 3

In the Muller-Lyer illusion although the two lines shown are the same length, why does the line with the arrow tips pointing upward appear to be longer?a. Our eye movements may be greater when we are looking at this line. b. We may be attributing particular significance to the lines. c. Because of our previous experience with these types of lines. d. All of these choices are correct

d. all of the above

Amplitude range is measured in:

decibals

A snack manufacturer realizes that he must increase the salt content of his company's chips by at least 3% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n):

difference threshold

The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is known as the:

difference threshold

_____ refers to perception that does not involve our known senses

extra sensory perception

Hair cells for hearing are located in the

cochlea

Whenever Mr. Redding catches himself saying, "This pain is ruining my life," he is supposed to immediately tell himself, "STOP! I am in control of my pain." This pain management technique is known as _____ restructuring.

cognitive

_____ are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina called the fovea.

cones

The _____ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply

cornea

Refraction is to accommodation what the _____ is to the _____

cornea; lens

The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the visual _____ of the brain.

cortex

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?

d. Cornea → pupil → lens → retina

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90th floor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of course, you know they are not toy cars; you are just really far up. This example illustrates the _____ cue of _____.

monocular; relative size

The human sense of smell permits us to detect _____ separate smells.

more than 10,000

Which of the following is a monocular cue?

motion parallax

_____ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

motion parallax

To manage Mrs. Sampson's excruciating pain, a low-voltage electric current is occasionally passed through her lower back, the affected body part. Which of the following pain management techniques is Mrs. Sampson using?

nerve stimulation

The brain's inexperience in interpreting messages from the weightless _____ is the cause of the space sickness commonly experienced by two-thirds of all space travelers

otoloiths

_____ constancy is a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.

perceptual

At night, the moon appears smaller when it is overhead than when it is on the horizon. This is an example of:

perceptual constancy

The _____ states that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.

place theory of hearing

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX). That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s) of:

proximity

Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and human perception of color. Which of the following terms most accurately describes Dr. Breiland's field of study?

psychophysics

The _____ is a dark hole in the center of the _____, the colored part of the eye.

pupil;iris

Artie organizes the binders in his office by color. This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:

similarity

In a general sense, the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:

simplicity

_____ refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness

sublimal perception

How many basic types of taste are there?

4-5

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

?

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station. Suddenly, you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out. This illusion reflects the concept of _____. a. apparent motion b. motion parallax c. linear perspective d. binocular disparity

?

Which of the following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled by the ringing of a telephone than a person who is already in a noisy room?

Webers Law

Which of the following treatments for pain is most effective for people who continually say to themselves, "This pain will never stop," "The pain is ruining my life."?

Cognitive restructuring

_____ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Gestalt laws of organization

Why might contemporary, mainstream psychologists reconsider the possibility that extrasensory perception, or ESP, exists?

The topic has been addressed by a credible and prestigious psychological journal.

The trichromatic theory was first proposed by _____. The opponent-process theory was first proposed by _____.

Thomas Young; EwaldHering

Which of the following statements regarding smell is FALSE? a. Men generally have a better sense of smell than women. b. People can distinguish men from women based only on the smell of breath. c. People can distinguish happy from sad emotions based on underarm smells. d. Women are able to identify their babies solely on the basis of smell just a few hours after birth

a

Which of the following alternatives is most accurate? a. Synesthesia is rare. Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesia. b. Synesthesia is rare. Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with synesthesia. c. Synesthesia is common. Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia. d. Synesthesia is common. Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.

a.

A(n) _____ is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected.

absolute threshold

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of

adaption

Which of the following is TRUE of the opponent-process theory? a. According to the opponent-process theory, perception of color is influenced by the relative strength with which each of the three kinds of cones is activated. b. The opponent-process theory suggests that in addition to black and white, there are four, rather than three, colors. c. According to the opponent-process theory, the cells that respond to color operate independently, rather than in conjunction. d. The opponent-process theory provides a weak explanation for afterimages.

b. The opponent-process theory suggests that in addition to black and white, there are four, rather than three, colors.

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____

binocular disparity

_____ cells receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the _____ cells

bipolar; ganglion

Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined? a. Similarity—the tendency to fill in small gaps in objects b. Simplicity—stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together c. Proximity—stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together d. Closure—stimuli are perceived in the most basic manner possible

c.

a cochlea is

c. coiled tube in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.

The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic:

chiasm

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is:

umami

Nerve receptor cells for the skin senses are:

unevenly distributed throughout the skin.

The basilar membrane is a

vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.

In the context of what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans can detect is called the:

visual spectrum