Pysch Ch 13: social psychology
___________ is an area of psychology that examines how people select, interpret, remember, and use social info
social cognition
_________ is the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people
social comparison
_____________ is imitative behavior that involves the spreading of behavior, emotions, and ideas. ex: people laugh more when others are laughing
social contagion
_____________ occurs when an individual's performance improves bc of the presence of others. the presence of others arouses individuals and that arousal produces energy. it improves our performance on well learned tasks. if arousal is too high, the presence of others might undermine our performance
social facilitation
___________ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership
social identity
________ theory states that individuals social identity is a crucial part of their self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves. in order for individuals to feel good about themselves, they need to feel good about the group to which they belong
social identity theory
____________ occurs when an individual exerts less effort when in a group, bc the individual feels less accountable for his or her individual effort
social loafing
________ is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
social psychology
the _______ causes are whether an individual perceives the cause of behavior to be relatively enduring or temporary
stable/unstable
the __________ is a demonstration of the power of obedience. Zimbardo created a stimulated prison where subjects were divided into prisoner or guard. guards were informed that they would be taking away prisoners. zimbardo concluded that situational factors powerfully affect human behavior. good people will do evil things to good people if the situation supports those deeds.
stanford prison experiment
in ____________ experiment, volunteer participants were asked to deliver dangerous and painful electric shocks to other participants. the other participants were confederates, but the volunteer participants did not know this. almost 2/3 of the volunteer participants delivered the full 450 volts of electric shocks to the other participant
stanley milgram's experiment
a ________ is an individual's fast acting, self fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about his or her group
stereotype threat
the __________ has been shown to have a negative effect on women taking a math test compared to men who have equally strong math training
stereotype threat
__________ can be considered a type of heuristic
stereotypes
_____________ are generalizations about a group's characteristics, tho those traits may vary from one individuals to the next. they are used to simplify the understanding of people by classifying them as belonging to one group or another
stereotypes
_______ social comparisons can foster feelings of inadequacy and envy, while _________ social comparisons can make us feel more positive
upward; downward
there are many situations where people's attitudes will change their behavior. some of these attitudes include:
when people's attitudes are strong when people show a strong awareness of their attitudes and rehearse and practice them when people have a vested interest in an issue
the person who produces the behavior is known as the _______ and the person who offers an explanation is known as the ________
actor/observer
a participant was put in a room with other confederates (people in on the experiment) and was asked to say which line was the longest out of the 3. ______ found that the participants agreed with the confederates 35% of the time giving the wrong answer. what experiment is this
asch's experiment
_________ are how individuals feel about things. it's their opinions and beliefs
attitudes
_________ individuals are thought to be better adjusted, socially skilled, friendly, likeable, extraverted, and more likely to achieve superior job performance
attractive
the __________ theory views individuals as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
attribution theory
_______ are explanations of the causes of behavior
attributions
_________ can cause attitudes
behaviors
the ____________ effect is the tendency for an individual to observe an emergency and to help less when there are other people present than when the observer is alone. research shows that an observer will help 75% of the time alone but 50% of the time not alone
bystander effect
_______________ occurs when individual's psychological discomfort is caused by 2 inconsistent thoughts. we feel discomfort when what we do and what we say are inconsistent
cognitive dissonance
both ________theory and ___________ theory suggest that behavior can change attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory and self perception theory
____________ is when a person's behavior coincides more closely with a group standard. it's a powerful social force; it can increase group cohesion or it can also be destructive
conformity
the ____________ cause is whether we perceive that an individual has some power over some causes but not others
controllable/uncontrollable
____________ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility
deindividuation
one explanation for _________ is that groups give individuals anonymity. an individual may do something in a group that he or she would never do alone. ex: cyberbullying is highest when people feel they are anonymous
deindividuation
to reduce ________, individual's can either change their attitude of change their actions
discomfort
another technique is the _________, in which the communicator makes the bigger request at the beginning and then makes a smaller "concessionary" demand at the end
door in the face
_____________ might help to explain the strong group loyalty typically associated with initiation rites for frats, boot camp, and medical school
effort justification
______________ is one type of dissonance reduction. it means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work associated with a difficult goal. if a great deal of effort is put forth, we tend to increase the value associated with the goal
effort justification
zimbardo argued that guards and prisoners behaved according to their assigned roles bc the _____ supported this behavior
environment
kay deaux identified 5 types of social identity including:
ethnicity and religion personal relationship vocations and and avocations political affiliations stigmatized groups
the _________ effect is an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way an individual does, and it is the result of the individual using his or her own outlook to predict that of others
false consensus effect
_________ showed that the brain does in fact respond to judgements that differed from the group judgments, as if they were mistakes
fmris
the ________ technique involves making a small request at the beginning to get them to listen and comply and then asking for something bigger at the end
foot in the door technique
the ___________ refers to the tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when explaining an actor's behavior
fundamental attribution error
_____________ is the solidification and further strengthening or a position as a consequence of a group discussion
group polarization
_________ can be reduced if groups avoid isolation, encourage dissent, and have an impartial leader who allows debate
group think
__________ refers to a group's impaired decision making and avoidance of realistic appraisal in order to maintain group harmony. instead of rocking the boat, group members place the highest value on conformity and unanimity
groupthink
__________: getting along but being very wrong
groupthink
some recent examples of __________ are the challenger crisis, the days leading up to the war in Iraq, and unresponsiveness of officials to allegations that former assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky engaged in many acts of child abuse
groupthink
__________ are cognitive shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions rapdily
heuristics
comparing ourselves to other people is one way we come to understand our own behavior. this process aids us in building an _________
identity
the __________ refers to the influence that other people have on individuals because the individual wants to be right. it depends on how confident we are in our own judgment and how well informed we perceive the group to be
informational social influence
the ________ causes include causes inside and specific to the person or outside the person
internal/external
attributions vary along 3 dimensions:
internal/external causes, stable/unstable causes, and controllable/ uncontrollable causes
social psychology is distinctive is 2 ways:
its connection to real life events and its reliance of experimental methods
the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area which are reward centers in the brain become _______ activated in women when their ratings differed from the groups ratings
less
when people believe they have control over their own actions, they are ______ likely to conform
less
when there is loafing, there is ___________ group performance. with a larger group, the individual feels as tho he or she can loaf wo detection from others in the group
lower
the ___________ exerts its influence through both info influence and normative influence
majority
the __________ must exert its pressure through informational pressure. if they makes its point consistently and confidently, the majority is more likely to listen
minority
any individual can be influenced by stereotype threat regardless of their group membership as it influences _______, _______, _________, and _________
motivation effort anxiety distraction
the _____________ refers to the influence that other have on an individual bc the individual wants other to like them or approve of them
normative social influence
_________ is a behavior that complies with explicit demands of the individual in authority
obedience
women have been socialized to think of themselves as _________ in the social world
object
___________ has been implicated in producing individual preferences that match the members of their group
oxytocin
___________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
person perception
___________ occurs when individuals try to change another person's attitudes, and often his or her behavior as well
persuasion
a ___________ is a positive view that an individual has about him or herself that is not necessarily rooted in reality. most people tend to think of themselves as about average in a variety of positive characterisitics
positive illusion
the _________ effect is the tendency to attend to and remember what we learned first
primacy effect
___________ refers to the motivation to reject attempts to control us. it occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away his or her choices
reactance
social loafing can be _________ by making members accountable for their individual contributions and by making the group's task more attractive
reduced
__________ is the tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical appearance or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group
representativeness heuristic
the __________ occurs when there is a tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
risky shift
________ found that teachers expectations for students can influence student performance
rosenthal and jacobson
one of the most important self-related variable is ______, which is the degree to which individuals have positive or negative attitudes about themselves
self esteem
high _________ and__________ can have protective effects on well being
self esteem and positive illusions
in a ___________, individuals expectations cause them to act in ways that serve to make those expectations come true
self fulfilling prophecy
___________ can lead to maladaptive behavior and feelings. it might also interfere with task performance, especially for women and members of stereotypes groups
self objectification
_____________ refers to the tendency for people to see themselves primarily as an object in the eyes of others
self objectification
the _________ theory stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior
self perception theory
a __________ refers to the tendency to take credit for success and to deny responsibility for our failures
self serving bias