pysch Final Review

If a 100-Hz tone had to be increased to 110 Hz for a subject to just notice the difference, you would predict that a 1000-Hz tone would have to be increased to

. 1100 Hz to be noticed

ways of knowing

1. Authority-Appeal to authority is an oft used method to support claims of "knowing," to prove points: What experts say is true — observations of wise men and women establish truth. TRADITIONAL KNOWS 2. Rationalism/Reasoning-This method of making claims to truth relies heavily upon the "head." This approach assumes: That which is logical and consistent is true. 3. Intuition-The study of reality beginning with unconscious knowledge or insight 4. Empiricism-This Epistemological avenue uses the "head-logic" of rationalism and adds evidence that can be systematically verified via sensory input. This approach maintains: That which I can prove to my senses is true.

In the first formal review of psychotherapy outcomes, Hans Eysenck reported the findings of two uncontrolled studies of mildly disturbed clients who received no formal therapy. The rate of spontaneous remission in these studies was a staggering ___ percent.

72%

Research into the post-event reactions of those who were living in New York City many months after the attacks on September 11, 2001 found which of the following to be true?

A majority of those polled demonstrated remarkable resilience to the potential effects of the trauma of 9/11

discriminative stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

Automatic and controlled processes

An automatic process is capable of occurring without the need for attention, and the awareness of the initiation or operation of the process, and without drawing upon general processing resources or interfering with other concurrent thought processes. Put simply, an automatic process is unintentional, involuntary, effortless (not consumptive of limited processing capacity), and occurring outside awareness. Controlled processes are defined as a process that is under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that he or she is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment.

Bernie has made a career of stealing older peoples retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. Bernie explains he has done nothing wrong-if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest their money in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. Bernie's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with _____ personality disorder. Select one: a. Borderline Incorrect b. Independent c. Entrepreneurial d. Antisocial

Answer: D Rationale: Antisocial personality disorder refers to a condition marked by a habitual pattern of willingly violating others' personal rights, with very little sign of empathy or remorse.

culture-bound syndromes

Ataque de nervios (latin america) Amok (philipines, africa malaysia) Taijin kyofushu (japan) Koro (china india )

Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as

B) tend and befriend

Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature?

Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness.

Cons and rods

Cons-dark Rods=colors

________ is administered to people who have experienced trauma, in order to ward off posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Crisis debriefing

The belief that one is Abraham Lincoln is an example of what schizophrenic symptom?

Delusions . Delusions are false beliefs about reality. In contrast, hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) has shown demonstrated success in substance abuse, eating disorders, and _____________.

Depression

pluralistic ignorance.

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

reinforcement schedules

FR-reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses VR-A reinforcer is delivered after a number of responses, varying around an average(gamble) FI- reinforcer is delivered after a fixed length of time VI-A reinforcer is delivered after a length of time, varying around an average

Lobes

Frontal-personality temporal-speech, prosopagnosia Occipital lobe- visual b. Parietal lobe-processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.(WHERE)

memory

Implicit- no effort explicit-effort Episodic Memory-event Semantic Memory- textbook

________ is the treatment in which people are first introduced to the reasons why a belief seems to be correct, and then exposed to the reasons why the belief is incorrect.

Inoculation

When driving down the highway, Caesar could not help but notice the young-looking teenager who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. He immediately assumed that he was one of those defiant, careless, and irresponsible teens who really did not deserve a license. Caesar just made a

Internal attribution (also known as a dispositional attribution), is when the observer explains the actor's behavior as due to some intrinsic quality of the actor. In contrast, an external attribution (also known as a situational attribution), is when the observer explains the actor's behavior as the result of the social context. In this example, Caesar clearly attributes the driver's behavior to "who" he is (intrinsic), not the fact that he might be late for something important or some other situational reason.

an important criticism of the Big Five model of personality

People may not be consciously aware of all aspects of personality.

His Gestalt therapy involves the two-chair technique as well as integrating different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self.

Perls

social loafing

Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in group

________ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms.

Psychophysiological

diffusion of responsibility

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

This form of aggression is prevalent in girls and involves spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns.

Relational aggression

frequently prescribed medication

Ritalin-ADHD Lithium.-bipolar Prozac- depression Thorazine-schizophrenia

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over.

Situational

Alan and his friends were playing a game of pool at the local bar and grill. Jackie, a girl Alan likes, and her friends came over to talk. As Alan is an inexperienced pool player, his pool game suffered from Jackie's presence. Social psychologists would explain his poor performance as

Social disruption

You are a psychologist who is evaluating the behavior of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behavior as abnormal?

Subjective distress around nude.

Areas

Wernicke's- understanding speach Broca's- helps control speech production(prefrontal cortex)

What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's consciousness, memory, identity, or perception?

What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's consciousness, memory, identity, or perception?

Social disruption

When the presence of others hurts performance

Perhaps the greatest advantage associated with descriptive research methods is _____________________.

a sensitivity to ethical concerns

What is the Chicago Longitudinal Study?

a. A comprehensive preschool program that sought to improve student achievement.

What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information?

a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus Correct c. Pituitary gland d. Endocrine system

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive model of depression, people with this condition focus on the negative cognitive triad which sustains the depression. This triad includes all but WHICH of the following?

a. Negative views of one's past Correct

An approach to therapy based on the belief that current problems and abnormal behaviors stem from traumatic childhood experiences is __________________. Select one: a. Psychoanalysis b. Person-Centered Therapy c. Gestalt Therapy d. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

a. Psychoanalysis

In which of the following scenarios would you predict to see the greatest obedience?

a. When the experimenter gives instructions to the "teacher/participant" by telephone. b. When the "teacher/participant" is required to hold the "learner's" hand on a shock plate. c. When the "teacher/participant" directs someone else to administer the shock. CORRECT d. When the "teacher/participant" has no verbal feedback from the "learner." Incorrect

Compared to healthy individuals, an individual with unipolar depression may __________________. Select one:

a. appear to be under chronic high stress. b. have an enlarged hippocampus. c. have an underreactive HPA axis. Incorrect d. shut down cortisol production when stress ends.

Maeve has been diagnosed with clinical depression. Compared to her friends (who are not depressed), Maeve may _______________________.

a. appear to be under chronic high stress. (I THINK) b. show no increased cortisol levels in stressful situations. Incorrect c. have an enlarged hippocampus. d. have an under-active subgenual cingulate.

The preponderance of the available data suggests that dissociative identity disorder is

a. based on one's expectancies and beliefs rather than a true disorder in many instances. Correct

processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.

a. blocking clearance b. acting as an agonist c. acting as an antagonist Correct d. blocking synaptic integration

Attributions that are internal, stable and global are associated with _______________________

a. depression b. schizophrenia c. obsessive-compulsive disorder Incorrect d. bipolar disorder

All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT

a. morally advanced subjects are more willing to defy the experimenter. b. people with high levels of authoritarianism are more likely to comply with the experimenter's demands. c. there were no differences between males and females. d. Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than non-Americans. CORRECT

Which neurotransmitters linked to depression?

a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine (NOT LINKED)

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a ________ is made.

a. situational attribution (a nd b the same) b. dispositional attribution (i think correct) c. attribution error (Incorrect) d. external attribution

The results of studies investigating the role of biological factors suggest that depression is caused by

a. variations in the serotonin transporter gene. Correct

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Corticosteroids are stress hormones that

activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances

A key component of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy is the psychotherapist's

active disputing and challenging of the client's assumptions.

When Vikas tried to understand why Aisling lied to him about going to Chicago last weekend, he assigned causes to her behavior in the process known as _____________.

attribution

An attitude

b. includes an emotional component.

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience.

b. the diffusion of responsibility. Correct

Many people avoid swimming in the ocean because they are frightened by the prospect of shark attacks, but in fact, shark attacks in the USA are rare; zero attacks were recorded in 2011, and since 1996, more people (16) have been killed by collapsing sand castles than by sharks (12). This kind of statistic--which records how frequent a behavior or event is in the general population--is known as ____________________.

base rate

binocular cues

binocular cues

According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by

c. negative beliefs and expectations. Correct

The prevalence of a disorder refers to

c. the percentage of persons within a population who exhibit the symptoms of a particular disorder. Correct

Experiencing extremes in motor behavior or repeating phrases that have been verbalized to you are considered ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

catatonic

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to evaluate the merits of the persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. This is known as the

central route. Correct peripheral route (snap judgement)

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________

coronary heart disease

One of the side effects of electroconvulsive therapy is

d. grand mal seizures.

The symptoms of ________ include involuntary movements of the facial muscles and mouth along with twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.

d. tardive dyskinesia Correct

monocular cue

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

diffusion of responsibility

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of

free association

The tendency of a group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members is known as __________________.

group polarization

"Like cures like" is the foundation of

homeopathy.

A stomach ulcer is an

inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite

dispositional attribution

is the explanation of individual behavior as a result caused by internal characteristics that reside within the individual, as opposed to external (situational) influences that stem from the environment or culture in which that individual is found.

reasoning

means-end analysis b. heuristic reasoning Incorrect c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning

According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the

need-to-belong theory.

cerebellum

part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

person's language shapes their thought processes

Your authors note that perhaps as many as 70 percent of patients do not take the medical advice of their physician. One explanation for this is the concept of ________, which reminds us that many people find it difficult to try something new.

personal inertia

At the end of lecture one day, you are completely confused by what your professor has been trying to teach you. When the professor asks whether anyone has questions about the material, you notice that no one else raises their hands. You assume everyone else has understood the lecture perfectly, and you dont want to appear dumb by asking some simple questions. But, when talking to your friends after class, you realize that they had been just as confused. This situation is likely the result of

pluralistic ignorance

evaluation apprehension.

predicts that when we work in the presence of others, our concern over what they will think can enhance or impair our performance.

One symptom of bipolar disorder is __________________.

pressure of speech, a flight of ideas

A crucial component of flooding is ________________, in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors.

response prevention

One symptom of schizophrenia is called a word _______, in which a person's verbalizations are so jumbled that they are virtually impossible to understand.

salad

A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called

self-monitoring.

The form of memory that sustains sensations long enough for identification

sensory

People who have ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing.

social anxiety disorder

An important source of false memories comes from ________________________.

source monitoring confusio

sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory

stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

cognitive dissonance theory

tension between from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand

the family context out of which problems presumably arise.

retroactive interference

the tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.

Solomon Asch

work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity