Pyschology chapter 6

Central executive; Phonological loop; Visuo-spatial sketchpad

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, selecting information to pay attention to, planning, and organizing is the ________________. ___________ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information in working memory. The ____________ stores visual and spatial information in working memory.

Dual code hypothesis

According to Paivio's _________, the image code produces better memory and memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

Self-referencing

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts.

Sustained attention

Dr. Brown is carefully grading student papers. He has been entering the grades from each paper for over 2 hours, and he is concentrating so hard that he doesn't even hear the music playing from the radio in his office. Dr. Brown's situation is a good example of _____.

Episodic; Semantic

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory.

script

Five-year-old Emmie loves to play dentist's office. She knows the whole routine: go to the office, pretend to read a magazine, then get called into the office and sit in the dentist's chair. The best description of this is a _____, which is a schema for an event.

Priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used ___________, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

Imagery

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental ___________ to remember the necessary route.

Levels of processing

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory, is called ______________.

Procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory. This is a subtype of implicit memory, and it involves behavior that is affected by prior experience.

Selective attention; Divided attention

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of ___________. _____________ involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time. It is multitasking that decreases encoding.

Retrieval cues

One good strategy for generating _________ is to use different subcategories to help remember information.

Context-dependent memory

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes _____.

Motivated forgetting

Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma. A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful.

Frontal lobes; Amygdala; Cerebellum

The __________ of the brain play an important role in retrospective, explicit memory, and prospective memory. ______________ plays an important role in emotional memory. The ______________ is involved in the implicit memory required to perform skills.

Schema

A _________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

Flashbulb memory

A _____________ may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct.

Repressed memory

A ________________ is the controversial idea that memories can be forgotten and then recovered.

autobiographical memory

A special form of episodic memory is _____________, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth. Event-specific knowledge Life time periods General events

Classical conditioning

A subtype of implicit memory involves ___________ which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

Sensory memory; Short term memory; Long term memory

__________ holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. _____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer. A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is __________.

Permastore memory

___________ is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

Proactive interference, retroactive interference

___________ occurs when material learned earlier (her maiden name) interferes with the material learned later (her married name). _________ is when material that is learned later interferes with older previously learned material.

Decay theory

___________ states that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Rehearsal; Chunking

____________ increases the length of time that information can be held in short-term memory and is the conscious repetition of info. ____________ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

Encoding failure

____________ occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

Prospective memory

_____________ is memory to perform an intention sometime in the future.

Amnesia

_____________ reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.

Long-term potentiation

_____________ states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

Alzheimer's

______________ disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Memory

______________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Retroactive interference

______________ occurs when material learned later disrupts the retrieval of information learned earlier.

Interference

______________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

_______________ was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting.

Retrospective memory; prospective memory

________________ involves remembering information from the past, whereas __________________ involves remembering to do something in the future.

Sensory memory

________________ is the brief memory we have when we hear or see or otherwise sense something.

Encoding specificity principle

__________________ identifies the idea that information present at the time of learning tends to make an effective retrieval cue.

Executive

_____________attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.

Working memory

the concept of _______________ was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory. It consists of three parts. It is a mental blackboard. It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory.

Serial position effect; primacy effect; recency effect

The ___________ refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle. ______________ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items. ______________ occurs because those items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.

Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon

The ______________ is a failure of retrieval.

Elaboration; Frontal lobe

The material is easier to remember and retrieval paths are created. When ___________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing. The more of this processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information. Researchers have found that greater elaboration of information is linked with neural activity in the brain's left ______________.

Connectionism or PDP

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of ______________. It is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections

Encoding; Storage; Retrieval

The process by which information gets into memory storage in three levels is ____________. The process of retaining information for future use is called _________. The process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as ____________. (There are personal reasons. Time has elapsed. Other information gets in the way.)

consolidation

The process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called _____.

Echoic memory; Iconic memory

The term used to describe auditory (sound) sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _____. The term used to describe visual sensory memory, which is retained for about 1/4 of a second, is _____.

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

The three stages of memory in the ___________ are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Explicit; Implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory (involves intent or deliberate remembering and recollection of information such as facts and events), which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming (It is a memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience).

Traumatic events

They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma. They may be subject to deterioration and distortion.

Recall; recognition

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.