QBA Final Exam

Know the difference between what makes a good chart vs. a poor one.

(See Visualization PowerPoint)

The most appropriate graph to display data on favorite food for the students in your statistics class is

A bar chart

What does a control group offer?

A baseline for the data.

What is a Lurking variable?

A factor that was not included in the experiment but is driving the ones that are.

What does a histogram show? (Hint: Histograms are also known as frequency distributions).

A histogram is a graph in which values of observation are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the frequency with which each values occurs in the data set is plotted on the vertical axis

The most appropriate graph to display data collected to show the relationship between the number of TVs and the number of people in a group of randomly selected household is

A scatterplot

What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?

Bar charts represents numbers, whereas histograms represent percentages

Use of color, annotations, the right chart for the data type, and sizing correctly make better charts.

Be clear and concise. Use Annotations and Labels to emphasize parts. Sort Descending when there are many categories and filter the top. Use different color effects like diverging stepped colors to display multiple variables.

What does the Show Me button produce?

Chart types.

Name 3 types of Designs.

Completely Randomized has just one factor, Randomized block has two factors but w/out replication, and Factorial has two factors with Replication. Only Factorial designs can test for interaction between the two variables.

If a contingency table shows a relationship between sets of data, the data is said to be:

Contingent

..... is the organization that owns the data.

Data Controller

...... defines how personal data is processed and the purpose for which it is processed

Data Controller

Based on GDPR, who is responsible for outside contractors' compliance?

Data Controller

Who does appoint the role of the data protection officer for ensuring compliance in EU counties?

Data Controller and Data Processor

Which of the following is not one of the benefits of tracking personal data for societies?

Data usage for locating protesters who are advocating for civil rights

How is LP used in today's businesses?

Determine the Optimal product mixes, portfolio holdings, transportation routes, schedules, media mixes.

Define replicating the experiment.

Either having replicates within each group, or completely redoing the experiment at another time and place.

What is a balanced design?

Equal sample sizes in each group. This is preferred.

What is Noise, and how is it decreased?

Error - randomly assigning subjects

What type of data can Tableau open and query?

Excel, Relational Databases, Social-Media, Data Cubes

location information that is collected throughout the time can be anonymized.

False

Understand filtering techniques.

Filter by Top 10, Range (Min to Max),

Define Logistics.

Finding the most efficient way to move goods and services.

......... is a regulation that requires businesses to protect the personal data and privacy of EU citizens for transactions that occur within EU member states.

General Data Protection

What programming method does tableau use to create maps?

Geocoding

What is a dashboard?

Graphical interface (placeholder) for charts depicting performance measures.

Ho: There is No Interaction

Ha: There is Interaction (Use as the first test in a Factorial design).

Know how the proper hypothesis is set up for each design.

Ho: µ1=µ2=µ3 Ha: At least two means differ (Used with Completely Randomized or Randomized Block)

When are pictographs acceptable?

If the pictures are scaled and a legend is shown.

What purpose does Google follow in collecting health related data in Nightingale project?

Improving health outcomes, reducing costs, and saving lives

Which of the following best explains the ID for Advertisers (IDFA)?

Incorporating IDFA in iOS, the unique number assigned to iPhone customers allowing advertisers to track customer movements around websites and apps Apple created the IDFA in 2012 to help app developers earn money on iOS IDFA helps developers learn what apps users downloaded, and how frequently they used those apps For creating detailed audience profiles used in targeted advertising, data firms combine IDFA with demographic information like home ZIP codes, or phone numbers and emails

What is Volume, and how is it increased?

Information - choosing factors, treatments and sample sizes.

Frequency of a variable is always in:

Integer form

How does ANOVA control the variables?

It controls the variation within the groups while measuring the variation between the groups.

Know why observational data is not preferred.

It is often unbalanced, lacks random assignment of the subjects to the treatments, does not control for confounded or lurking variables, and cannot show causality.

...... are small programs that can be used to create features within an app

Kits

What are constraints?

Limitations or specifications required for resources.

If there is no interaction in a factorial design, what is the next step?

Look at the p-values for the individual factors and if they are < than alpha, then look at their connecting letters report to decide which are different.

What check box should always be checked?

Make unconstrained variables Nonnegative

What type of privacy data is not protected by GDPR?

Movement Data

How are the variables displayed in Tableau?

On the left side, the Categorical variables are on top, and numerical variables are found under the heading of Measures .

What two elements MUST an experiment have?

Random assignment of the subjects to the treatments and some form of control. It may also include Blocking and Replication.

Interpret the Amount of Increase and Decrease in the Sensitivity Report.

Take the constraint + allowable increase and minus the decrease. This range is the value the constraint can assume and not change the Shadow Price.

Which of the following describes the problem with Norway virus tracing app?

The app was sharing its findings with authorities

What is an objective?

The cell containing a formula you wish to maximize or minimize.

Which of the followings is not one of the claims that companies provide justifying for collecting location data

The information is not shared with the authorities

What is a Response Variable?

The value being measured or recorded. It's a quantitative value.

Be able to identify the Decision Variables within a scenario.

The variables that will represent "how much" of a resource is needed.

What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) used for?

To compare more than two means.

Why is it important to use ANOVA to compare more than two means?

To keep the risk of a Type I Error = alpha; otherwise, the Effective Error Rate increases exponentially with the number of PAIRS that are mis-compared.

Why would you choose an Int constraint?

To return only whole number answers.

Total Variation in a Model is made of

Treatments + Error under the Analysis of Variation.

Cloud is getting so crowded and Google's Project Nightingale has the potential to make a competitive advantage for Google on Cloud.

True

KPI's - key performance indicators.

Used annotate and color tile buttons. Add, duplicate, and swap x and y buttons are what we often used

How is the location data transmitted from your phone?

Via software development kits

What kind of software is Tableau?

Visualization software to build dashboards.

What is observational data and list two types.

We get observational data by simply watching what respondents do or by obtaining it from secondary sources. Retrospective data is from the past (say a year ago.) Prospective data is in real-time.

What are confounded variables?

When two factors have been conjoined and cannot be separated. E.g., Store & Product sales.

What is interaction and know how to read the interaction plot?

When two variables work in combination to yield different levels of y. See Factorial examples in Ch.9.

What is Blinding?

Withholding what type of treatment was given. Single blind means the subjects did not know what type of treatment they received. Double blind means the subjects and the analysts don't know. This keeps out bias.

Data companies often rely on demographic information like home ZIP codes, age, and gender to create detailed audience profiles for creating targeted advertising.

true

How many pairwise comparisons could be made if I had the groups North, South, East, and West?

6 -North &South, North & East, North & West, East and West, East and South, West and South. You could also work out a Combination of 4 things taken two at a time.

ID for Advertisers is embedded in iOS mobile phones and cannot be turned off Not all the roles in GDPR have the equal liability for privacy compliance Location data is safe and it poses no real risk to individuals since this type of data is stored on guarded servers.

All False

What are Treatments?

All combinations of factors at different levels.

Based on the previous question, what companies are affected by that regulation?

All companies in EU countries

What does Binding mean?

All of the resource or constraint was used.

What is Slack?

Amount of a resource remaining unused.

Know how to interpret Tukey's plots and Connecting Letters.

See chapter examples.

What methodology does Solver employ?

Simplex Algorithm which goes through iterations finding feasible solutions until the optimal solution is found.

What type of statistics can be applied to the variables?

Sums, Averages, St. Dev, Counts, Percentages