Quest 1

transverse plane -vs? aka?

Internal rotation vs. External rotation (Medial rotation vs. Lateral rotation) supernation vs. pronation horizontal aDd/aBD of the arms "T" for Transverse, "T"=Table -align what's moving on top of table -ex. hand curl, forearm come off of table (NOT transverse) -ex. fly, bench press & push up= transverse plane -hip/shoulder aDd/aBd = transverse plane

14. What are the 2 main types of vertebral joints and what are their specific characteristics and purposes?

Intervertebral Discs Zygapophyseal jointsc

short bones, ex?

ex. carpal bones in wrist

tendon

extensions of the muscle; collagen bundles (non-contractile) attaches muscle to bone, cartilage, ligaments or fascia

Aponeurosis

flat sheet of collagen connective tissue;attaches flat muscle to a wide area

muscle belly

fleshy contractile portion

elevation/depression, what plane?

frontal plane

radial deviation/ ulnar deviation, what plane?

frontal plane

upward/downward rotation, plane?

frontal plane "grab something from somewhere high"

inversion/eversion, what plane?

frontal plane "inversion" -- sole of foot turning "in"

lateral flexion to left/right occurs, plane?

frontal/coronal plane "reach arms to the side on leg and stretch downward"

Types of Cartilage-3

-Hyaline -Elastic -Fibrocartilage

fixator

Fixator :muscle that eliminates the unwanted movement of an agonist's origin. (ex. muscles that hold the scapula firmly in place)

Movement terminology: Sagittal Plane 2 -vs? -vs?

Flexion vs. Extension Dorsiflexion vs. Plantarflexion *** -if you can do movement against a wall with your side, its is sagittal plane -"S" for Sagittal, S for Side

function of circulatory system

Function: 1.transport nutrients, gases and waste products 2. protect from infection and blood loss 3. maintain a constant body temperature 4. maintain fluid balance within the body

Circulation pathway?

Heart large arteries small arteries arterioles capillaries (capillary bed) venules small veins large veins back to the heart

Circulation steps?

Heart large arteries small arteries arterioles capillaries (capillary bed) venules small veins large veins back to the heart

Scapular Depression

Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major/Minor, and Lower Trap

lymphatic systems- 3 main components?

Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic node Lymphatic organ

Typical Vertebrae: 1- 2-(10 small things)

Pedicle Lamina Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Superior articular notch Inferior articular notch Intervertebral foramen

Downward Rotation

Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, and Pectoralis Minor

Movements Terminology - 9 2- Sagittal plane? vs? 6 -coronal plane? vs? frontal plane? vs?

Sagittal PLANE: Flexion vs. Extension Dorsiflexion vs. Plantarflexion Coronal/frontal PLANE: Abduction vs. Adduction Radial/ulnar deviation Inversion vs. Eversion elevation vs. depression upward rotation/downward rotation lateral flexion to the right/left TRANSVERSE PLANE: 1.internal vs. external rotation (aka medial vs. lateral rotation) 2. rotation to left/right 3. pronation vs. superation 4. horizontal aBduction/aDduction 5. protraction vs. retraction https://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=anatomical-joint-actions

Scapular Protraction

Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Major/Minor

Scapular Retraction

Trapezius (All) and Rhomboids

Laterality 1. vs? 2. vs?

Unilateral vs. Bilateral Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Scapular Elevation

Upper Trapezius and Levator Scapulae

Upward Rotation

Upper Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, and Lower Trap

veins

Veins: carry blood toward the heart

lumbar vertebrae

Vertebral body: largest and thickest Vertebral arch

Thoracic verterbrae: body shape? arch?

Vertebral body: somewhat heart-shape Superior costal facet: large, links to the rib head Inferior costal facet: small, links to the rib head Vertebral arch Transverse process: with transverse costal facet (links to the rib)

cervical vertebrae-description body-? arch?

body: -small, flat -a concave superior surface and a convex inferior surface. Vertebral arch -Transverse process: trough shaped with a foramen -transversarium (foreman transverse) -Spinous process: mostly short and bifid (but NOT C7)

What's a good clinical landmark in vertebrae?

c7

fascia

connective tissue; encloses and separates muscles and other internal organs.

shape of skeletal muscles-7

convergent- fanlike Fusiform-spindlelike Parallel-flat, usually with aponeurosis Unipennate-"1 featherlike" Bipennate: 2 -feathers multipennate 3- many feathers

adduction/aBduction, what plane?

coronal/frontal plane

compact bones aka? description?

cortical bone dense, forms the outer shell and surrounds spongy bone

irregular bones, ex?

e.g., face bones, scapula in shoulder

long bones, ex?

e.g., humerus in arm; femur in thigh

sesamoid bones, ex?

e.g., patella in knee

flat bones, ex?

e.g., skull, sternum

Abnormal Features

kyphosis lordosis scoliosis

thymus

located between lungs and posterior to the sternum.

Lymphatic Node aka? -shape? -has what cells? -function?

lymphatic gland? -An ovoid or kidney shaped organ -Contains B and T lymphocytes and other white blood cells. -Functions as filters to filter out foreign particles, cancer cells etc.

what is anatomical position? 1st-there's 2? 2-aka? 3-aka? aka?

mid sagittal para sagittal jumping jacks--coronal plane Sagittal plane (divides into left & right) Mid-sagittal plane: divides body into half, near middle area Para-sagittal plane: cutting the body that's parallel to the median plane. Ex. mid-clavicular planes Coronal plane (doing jumping jacks) aka frontal plane (divide body into anterior/posterior) Transverse plane (horizontal/axial plane): divide body into superior/inferior halves aka: horizontal plane, aka axial plane

tonsil

on the surface of the base of the tongue

synergist

perform, or help perform, the same motion as the agonists.

synovial joints categories-6?

plane (gliding) hinge pivot condylar( ellipsoid) bicondylar saddle

agonist

primarily responsible for movement.

12. The regions and types of curvatures of the vertebral column

regions: -Typical vertebrae -Cervical vertebrae -Thoracic vertebrae -Lumbar vertebrae -Sacrum and coccyx types of curvatures: cervical curvature- secondary thoracic curvature-primary lumbar curvature- secondary sacral/coccygeal curvature-primary

dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion, what plane?

sagittal plane

flexion/extension, what plane?

sagittal plane

spleen

similar to a lymph node in shape and structure but much larger.

9. Structure and function of Muscular system (including the 3 types of muscle)

skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

striated, only in the heart walls (myocardium) and adjacent parts of the large vessels, involuntarily controlled less powerful, but resistant to fatigue

superior articular facet aka?

superior articular surface links to skull (occipital condyle) Atlanto-occipital joint: allows the head to nod up and down

plane aka? (gliding) ex? axial? -action? -ex?

synovial joint -gliding - uniaxial; sliding or gliding -(e.g., acromio-clavicular joint)

7. General categories joints-2

synovial joints solid joints

Solid joints-structures

there is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue.

lymphatic organs-3

tonsil spleen thymus

pronation/supination, what plane?

transverse plane

internal rotation/external rotation, what plane?

transverse plane -"arm curls with rope"

rotation to the right/left, plane?

transverse plane -(think chin, back, spine rotating) -"cracking your back"

axis

14-Dens 15Apex 16-Anterior articular facet 17Posterior articular facet 18Transverse process 19Spinous process 20Lamina 21Vertebral body 22Vertebral foramen

functions of skeletal muscle

1. give shape to body/ support other tissues 2. protect organs 3. movement: sites for skeletal muscles: 4. blood cell formation 5. store minerals

Function of Bones

1. support 2. protect vital organ 3. allow for movements 4. produce blood vessels (bone marrow) 5. reserve calcium & phosphorus

arteries

Arteries: carry blood away from heart

Intervertebral Discs -no disc where? -3 layers?

* No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 * L5 to S1 is the most inferior disc Anulus fibrosus: concentric outer rings, consists of collagen fiber and fibrocartilage thickens and often develops fissures or cavities with age Nucleus pulposus: center, gelatinous, absorbs compression forces broader when compressed and thinner when stressed dehydrates and looses elastic with age Hyaline cartilage layer

Lymphatic Vessel -functions? 3

-Form an extensive and complex connected network. -Mainly collect fluid lost from vascular capillary beds. -Carry lymph (contains pathogens, cells, hormones, and cell debris); ultimately connect with large veins of the neck.

Spongy Bone aka? 2 names? -description

-Spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone -spicules of bone, encloses cavities containing bone marrow

Fibrocartilage: unique how? made up? ex?

-Toughest (able to withstand heavy weights) -ground substance and collagen fibers - (e.g., intervertebral discs).

saddle joint -axial? -action? -ex?

-biaxial - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (circumduction) -(e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

bicondylar -axial? -action? -ex?

-biaxial -(but mostly in 1st axis [flexion, extension] with limited rotation around 2nd axis) - (e.g., knee joint)

Condylar-aka? axial? motion? ex?

-ellipsoid-shape? -biaxial - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (circumduction) -(e.g., wrist joint)

Hyaline- most? made up ? ex?

-most common; springy & tough -collagen fibers - (e.g., articular surfaces of bones).

Elastic Cartilage : most? made up? ex?

-most springy -collagen & elastic fibers -ex. external ear, nose

ball and socket -axial? -action? -ex?

-multiaxial; -flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (circumduction), and rotation - (e.g., hip joint)

smooth muscle

-not striated, in the blood vessel and viscera, involuntarily controlled -slow and sustained contraction

sacrum how many bones? shape? convex where? base link? apex link? anterior/posterior sacral foramina do what?

-single bone (5 fused sacral vertebrae), triangular shape -Convex posteriorly (primary curvature) -Base: links to L5 -Apex: links to coccyx -L-shaped facets: links to pelvic bones Anterior/posterior sacral foramina: s1 to s4 spinal nerves go through anterior/posterior sacral rami.

skeletal muscle

-striated, majority, voluntarily controlled -moves bones/structures (powerful contraction), provides support

Function of cartilage

-support soft tissues -provide a smooth, gliding surface for bones and joints -allow for growth of long bones

hinge axial? action? ex?

-synovial -uniaxial; flexion and extension -(e.g., elbow [humero-ulnar] joint)

pivot -axial? -movement? -ex?

-synovial joint -uniaxial; rotation -(e.g., cervical joint)

Circulatory systems: organs? organs (2) 1- 2- a. b. c.

1-heart 2-blood vessels a. arteries b. veins. c. capillaries

classification of bones? 5?

1. Long bones 2.Short bones: 3. Flat bones : 4: Irregular bones: 5. Sesamoid bones:

vertebrae-33?

7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 fused sacral vertebrae (sacrum) 3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

coccyx

A single bone (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae), small triangular shape

joint- definition?

A site where two skeletal elements come together.

coronal plane movements: 2 -vs.? -vs.?

Abduction vs. Adduction Inversion vs. Eversion (radial deviation, ulnar deviation) (lateral flexion) ***put back against wall, the whole area has to stick to the wall and it'll be on coronal plane -ex. flexion, the elbow doesn't touch wall, not coronal -ex. side curl--adduction, touches wall--> coronal plane -ex. jumping jacks, military press, snow angels= frontal planes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qdec4jZcBA

Muscle Roles -4?

Agonist (prime mover): Antagonist: Fixator: Synergist:

Cartilage

An avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibers.

antagonist

Antagonist: muscle that opposes agonist (prime mover).

Positional terminology (location/orientation) 1. vs? aka? 2. vs? aka? 3.vs? 4. vs? 5. vs?

Anterior vs. Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Superior vs. Inferior(Cranial vs. Caudal) Medial vs. Lateral Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep

atlas -no what? (2 ) -shape of arch?

Atlas (C1) NO vertebral body NO intervertebral disc between Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) Vertebral arch: ring-like -Anterior arch -Posterior arch -Anterior tubercle -Posterior tubercle -Lateral mass -Superior articular surface/facet links to skull (occipital condyle) Atlanto-occipital joint: allows the head to nod up and down -Inferior articular surface/facet: links to Axis (C2) - Facet of dens: links to the dens of Axis (C2)

axis body? shape like? arch?

Axis (C2) Vertebral body: small -Dens: large tooth-like process -Apex -Anterior articular facet -Posterior articular facet Vertebral arch Superior articular surface/facet Inferior articular surface/facet

capillaries

Capillaries: connect the arteries and veins; (oxygen, nutrients, and wastes exchange)

Synovial joints- structures? 1-aka? 2 3

Definition: two skeletal elements are separated by a cavity -plane (gliding) -hinge -pivot