Quest 3 Reformation and Wars of Religion
Spanish Armada
"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance
Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.
Philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
Henry, Duke of Guise
(1550-1588) He led the Catholic League. Subsidized by Philip II of Spain, he vowed to fight until Protestantism was completely driven from France. He wanted to be the heir to the throne instead of Henry of Navarre or Cardinal de Bourbon. He was assassinated by his own bodyguards shortly before Christmas 1588 planned by the Valois king.
Henry III
(1551-1589, r. 1574-1589) House of Valois. Henry's reign was suffused with blood, at first because of the continuous Wars of Religion that pitted Catholics against Huguenots, but later because of the struggles that arose when it became clear that he was going to be the last of the Valois line. The War of the Three Henries broke out after his brother died and the then-Protestant Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV) became heir, leading the Catholic Holy League to strike out of fear for its interests, assassinated by a crazed friar in 1589
Pius V
(1566-1572) He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardization of the Roman Rite within the Latin Church, Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church, and papal bull of 1570, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicated Elizabeth I of England for heresy
James I
(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings, "True law of free monarchies" The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
Elizabeth Tudor
(r. 1553) Queen of England; ascended throne in 1558 also known as the "virgin" Queen and mother of England
"Bloody" Mary
(r. 1553-1558) Catholic Queen of England and daughter of Henry VIII. Married Philip II and tried to put Lady Jane on Throne
Henry of Bourbon
(r. 1589-1610) the first Protestant king of France who escaped death only by changing his religion, leader of Huguenots, He was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic
English Mission
1568, take all English Catholic Priest and train them to retake England, work with Jesuit
Babington Plot
1586, Anthony * sought Spanish support for an attempt on Elizabeth I's life. Mary Queen of Scots was involved in this plot and as punishment, was executed.
War of Three Henries
1588-1589; Henry III (Son of Catherine de De Medici), Henry VI (aka Henry of Navarre), and Henry of Guise all want the French throne. However, Henry III and Henry of Guise both hire assassins for each other so only Henry VI is left so he becomes the new monarch of France
Francois Ravaillac
1609, claimed to have experienced a vision instructing him to convince King Henry IV to convert the Huguenots to Catholicism, when the king passed, his carriage was halted by a blockage in the street, and he stabbed Henry to death
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
18 Aug 1572, a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place a few days after the wedding day of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre
Regnans in Excelsis
25 February 1570, "Reigning on High", papal bull that Pope Pius V issued, It excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England, referring to her as "the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime", declared her a heretic, and released her subjects from allegiance to her
Declaration of Independence
26 July 1581, provinces of the Netherlands from the allegiance to Philip II of Spain, during the Dutch Revolt, the Act formally confirmed a decision made by the States General of the Netherlands in Antwerp four days earlier. It declared that all magistrates in the provinces making up the Union of Utrecht were freed from their oaths of allegiance to their lord, Philip, who was also King of Spain.
The Holy League
Alliance of Catholic territories in Europe who fought against the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Lepanto
Edict of Nantes
April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Mary, Queen of Scots
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. Stuart that married Francis II and later became mother of James I, King of England
Mary Queen of Scots executed
February 8, 1587, beheaded for treason. Her son, King James VI of Scotland, calmly accepted his mother's execution, and upon Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603 he became king of England, Scotland and Ireland
Catholic League
Formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne, 1609 Catholics determined to stop the spread of Protestantism in German states
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin, leader Henry of Bourbon
Don Juan of Austria
Half-brother of Phillip II, led European forces against Ottoman Empire at Battle of Lepanto, only military leader to see the threat to Christendom; had amazing victory thus securing Europe from Islam
Jacques Clement
His project was encouraged by some of the heads of the League, in particular Catherine de Guise, admitted to the king's presence, and while he was presenting his letters he told the king he had an important and confidential message to deliver, leaned in to whisper in Henry III's ear, he mortally wounded him with a dagger concealed beneath his cloak
William the Silent / of Orange
Leader of the Netherlands Council of State which fought against the Spanish. He was a politique and he later turned Calvinist. Focused on uniting the country
Act of Supremacy
November 1558, her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I succeeded to the throne declared Elizabeth the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, instituted an Oath of Supremacy, requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state, let people walk away and Act of Uniformity followed
Cyprus
Ottomans under Piali Pasha invaded on 1 July 1570, and began the siege of Nicosia on 22 July. The city held out until 9 September, when the Ottomans breached the wall at Podocattaro Bastion. The Ottomans then killed the defenders and captured the remaining inhabitants.
Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself, 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, issued key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including scripture, the Biblical canon, sacred tradition, original sin, justification, salvation, the sacraments, the Mass, and the veneration of saints
Guy Fawkes
The Catholic who plotted to blow up the king and parliament in the failed "Gunpowder Plot" of 1605
Anglicanism
Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I, Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation
Gunpowder Plot
a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England (Nov 5)
Dutch Republic
a federal republic which existed from 1588 to 1795, the republic was established after several Dutch provinces revolted against rule by Spain, as the Spanish Netherlands. The provinces formed a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declared their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration).
Galleass
a large fast galley used especially as a warship by Mediterranean countries in the 16th and 17th centuries and having both sails and oars but usually propelled chiefly by rowing
Puritanism
as a religious reformation movement e(Calvinist) that began in England in the late 1500s. Its initial goal was removing any remaining links to Catholicism within the Church of England after its separation from the Catholic Church, Elizabeth disliked these folks
Council of Blood
created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.
Spanish Inquisition
established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control
Infantry squares
historic combat formation in which an infantry unit formed in close order, usually when it was threatened with cavalry attack. As a traditional infantry unit generally formed a line to advance, more nimble cavalry could sweep around the end of the line and attack from the undefended rear or burst through the line, with much the same effect
Dutch Revolt
in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces. The northern provinces eventually separated from the southern provinces, which continued under Habsburg Spain until 1714.
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Battle of Lepanto
naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic Christian states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras
Beeldenstorm
outbreaks of destruction of religious images that occurred in Europe in the 16th century, known in English as the Great Iconoclasm or Iconoclastic Fury
Morisco Rebellion
second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region, Don Juan tasked by his brother to crush
Catherine de' Medici
was an Italian noblewoman. She also was queen consort of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II, and mother of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III from 1559 to 1589. Blamed for St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre