questions from question sets -- Intro to Disability Studies
[week 6] define the following: a.) custodial institutions b.) freak shows
*a.) custodial institutions* = an institution where someone is taking care of you *b.) freak shows* = cast of characters who were displayed for public amusement [people with physical disabilities, deformities, and other oddities]
[week 6] from chapter 3 in Intro DS a.) explain the relationship between disability & religion. what changed in the interpretation of disability during the Enlightenment b.) distinguish between manualism + oralism + total communication
*a.) explain the relationship between disability & religion. what changed in the interpretation of disability during the Enlightenment* --> Disability + religion {see more in above summary } - Disability was cause of sinning - Rome; fathers could reject a child - Parental displeasing of gods lead to physical deformities in babies - Infants bodies were meant for a deceased relatives soul to take over --> What changed = replaced the idea of a supernatural understanding of the world based on superstition and faith with a more scientific view based on evidence and reason *b.) distinguish between manualism + oralism + total communication* --> Manualism - sign language --> Oralism - belief that verbal articulation was necessary for deaf people to be educated and achieve social acceptance --> total communication - philosophy of educating children with hearing loss that incorporates all means of communication; formal signs, natural gestures, fingerspelling, body language, listening, lip reading and speech. Children in TC programs typically wear hearing aids or cochlear implants. {taken from online source}
[week 6] Baynton paper a.) how has disability been used in American history to discredit african americans, immigrants & women? b.) the role of FDR?
*a.) how has disability been used in American history to discredit african americans, immigrants & women?* - ??? /// terms alined with each --- how they are used to make them disabled __________________ {- ATTRIBUTION OF DISABILITY - 3 arguments about women's rights (page 45) - Ethnicity defined by disability too (page 45) } - African Americans; medical justifications o Drapetomania o Dysaesthesia Aethiopis o Enslaved to protect them from these diseases o women's suffrage ♣ they were inferior to men because they were physically, intellectually, and psychologically flawed ♣ irrationality, excessive emotionality, physical weakness—are in essence mental, emotional, and physical disabilities (page 33) o African American freedom & civil rights // restriction of immigration ♣ invoked supposed tendencies to feeble-mindedness, mental illness, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities in particular races and ethnic groups (page 34) __________________ *b.) the role of FDR?* - ??? -- conflicting views, interesting view Images of African Americans were always posted with missing teeth, bigger lips, dirty cloths, giving them the ugly title. Whites also claimed that African Americans who stayed as slaves were in a stable state of mind versus the ones who ran away that were claimed feeble minded. Women were thought as not having brains and not being able to think for themselves. FDR played. role in the uneven march of progress through his sponsorship of Warm Springs Hydrotherapeutic Center and support of social reforms that benefited people with disabilities
[week 4] identify eugenic practice from the past (before WWII) + present (since WWII)
*before* - sterilization (voluntary & involuntary) - scientific baby contests - positive & negative eugenics; they kept the "unfit" from breeding and encouraged the "fit" to breed *after* - medical test screenings -- abortions of babies with suspected disabilities - more acceptable to have a baby that is "different" http://lewiscar.sites.grinnell.edu/HistoryofMedicine/spring2018/the-adapting-eugenics-movement-after-wwii/ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/opinion/sunday/douthat-eugenics-past-and-future.html info from other quizlet = before = marriage restrictions, sterilization, ugly laws, immigration restricting after = harvest embryo and save for later, abortion when tested for Down syndrome *Past*: Drapetomania (mental illness hypothesized as reason slaves ran away), Ugly Laws,Immigration restrictions (Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924), Separate but Equal, Scientific Baby Contest, National Conference on Race Betterment, Buck v. Bell,sterilization laws, Mass sterilization and ethnic cleansing *Present*: Travel ban, cutting back on healthcare, India- female infanticide, immigration restrictions and quotas, refugee crisis, prenatal testing and selective abortion, designer babies
[week 6] describe specifics of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) a.) how is disability defined? b.) major life activity c.) reasonable accommodation d.) readily achievable e.) undue burden f.) five titles of the legislation
*a.) how is disability defined?* - 3 prongs *1.* limitation in a major life activity *2.* has a record of such an impairment - had to have it for 6 months or longer - does not come & go *3.* regarded as having an impairment *b.) major life activity* = caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working. *c.) reasonable accommodation* = assistance or changes to a position or workplace that will enable an employee to do his or her job despite having a disability {IE: making businesses more obtainable to individuals, job reconstruction, more accessible training materials} *d.) readily achievable* = a. means easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense. --> Businesses can easily make these changes; no cost concern *e.) undue burden* = something that would cause financial stress upon the business owner; {reasonable accommodations not required when facing extreme difficulty or expenses; have to considered the financial state of the business} --> generally, requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified applicant or employee with a disability - unless the employer can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship *f.) five titles of the legislation* *title 1* = employment —> no discrimination against qualified individuals —> employment —> established the EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY CENTER (EEOC); no entity should discriminate qualified entity based off something during the employment process; along any lines (IE: interview, firing) based off discrimination was not allowed *title 2* = public entities —> def: anything owned by the state/local/federal government; anything government run —> prohibits discrimination from work, travel, anything really *title 3* = public accommodations —> def: business and nonprofits that open their doors to the public —> prohibits segregation —> entails full and equal access and rights to all individual *title 4* = telecommunications —> services for hearing impaired and speech-impaired individuals *title 5* = anti-retaliation —>civil rights law —> cannot retaliate against someone who says you are not compliant with ADA
[week 4] len davis; please define the following a.) national fitness b.) sterilization laws c.) ugly laws
*a.) national fitness* -> a state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. *b.) sterilization laws* -> take away an individual's ability to reproduce and continue the inheritance of undesirable traits; happened both voluntary & involuntary but mostly individuals did not know the ability had been taken away from them *c.) ugly laws* -> if you looked a certain way (if you did not look normal by societies definition) then you could not be seen in public - any person who is diseased, manned, mutilated, or any way deformed was not allowed to appear in public - ended in 1970s thanks to disabilities movement —> took arrest of someone in seventies to change the law
[week 4] harriet johnson; a. ) what is "not dead yet"? b.) what is the main basis for johnson's argument against peter singer's support for various forms of euthanasia?
*a.) what is "not dead yet"?* - the case for assisted suicide rests on stereotype - the common causes of suicidality are entirely curable - discussion of euthanasia -- active v. passive *b.) what is the main basis for johnson's argument against peter singer's support for various forms of euthanasia?* - he was not exposed to it - he has a strange way of looking at things *that she is "disabled" but has lived a normal life to the extent in which she can do so *Present/absence of disability doesn't affect quality of life*
[week 7] longmore: a.) what was the league of the physically handicapped and why was it significant b.) what role did FDR play in the league's advocacy efforts?
*a.) what was the league of the physically handicapped and why was it significant* - fought job discrimination & contested the ideology of disability - significant because... --> prompted scholars to shift from medical to sociocultural and political definition of disability --> broaden our focus to add the views of people with disabilities to those of policy makers + professionals --> urge to explore the role of disability *b.) what role did FDR play in the league's advocacy efforts?* - he presided over the beginnings of a federal-state welfare system that requested growing numbers of handicapped Americans as "unemployable and medical vocational rehabilitation systems that prescribed individual corrective treatments as the only means for them to achieve employability and social integration - fundraisers to help individuals with disabilities seen as "unemployable"
[week 1] explain how Berger's section in chapter 1 entitled "Speaking about Disability" illustrates social construction theory: a.) who "discovered" autism? b.) when was autism discovered? c.) what does the discovery have to do with social construction?
*a.) who "discovered" autism?* - Leo Kanner - Hans Asperger *b.) when was autism discovered?* - Kanner = 1943 - Asperger = 1944 *c.) what does the discovery have to do with social construction?* - some scholars believe that impairment in itself is the product of social definition which leads to the classification and medical diagnosis of being disputed overtime. In example, it is being questioned currently whether or not autism and a couple other disorders should be characterized as distinct diagnostic conditions or all fall somewhere on a continuum
[week 3] who was Adolphe Quetelet? Sir Francis Galton? How did they help to shape the concept of normalcy?
*adolphe quetelet*: - discovered the error curve {found that there was an impossibility in perfect measurement} - coined the term; L'homme moyen -> the average man {this can be used to describe each individual + set up expectations} - on mode, one peak - theoretical concept *francis galton* -> tried to force feed eugenics into the system; saw a potential to enhance the human race - studied eugenics - error curve turned into normal distribution curve - standard deviation v. errors; says that any straying from the norm is now a standard deviation and no longer a statistical error - some human traits are better than other - made the ogive
[week 2] why is martha's vineyard important to disability studies?
*background* = island where all of the individuals, regardless of hearing abilities, were able to communicate using sign language; a majority of population was born deaf; remained intact for about 200 years *important because;* this was a culture in which even those without a disability were using sign-language, something which in today's society is set up to only be used by those that are hearing impaired. To use sign language now is not a normal thing unless you have a reason to be using it so the fact that this entire community used sign language to communicate displays the idea of social construction; it was okay then because their society said it was okay but now society says it is not okay so people do not use sign language regularly to communicate if they do not need to—it is not even taught to individuals unless one chooses to take a class or needs to learn it. -> they were reproducing and a majority of the individuals had hearing impairments ; all signed along with verbal communication — sign was expected -> American Sign Language partially developed from this community *tied to cultural model of disability; influenced by the cultures values + beliefs + media (provides cultural binary for the disabled + abled)*
[week 2] what does Berger mean by disability business/disability industry?
*definition* = medical and health-care professionals; hospitals, assisted care facilities, and home-care agencies; pharmaceutical, technology, and medical supply companies; and insurance companies, advocacy organizations, lawyers, politician and consumers *what he means* = The idea is that all of these examples above lead to disability services become a commodity that can be bought and sold in a marketplace with some other implications. This means that because disability services have become an "industry" they are not available to all individuals—people are instead benefiting from the money people must pay to receive the services they should so rightfully have in order to make their lives more livable.
[week 4] explain the relationships between evolution, normalcy, social darwinism & eugencis
*evolution* = changing overtime *normalcy* = we want to fall into the bell-curve *social darwinism* = believed in adaptation BUT did not support eugenics; purely in it for scientific side - Darwin's ideas about natural selection//theory of evolution - theory of evolution kicked off biological theories with - fueled eugenics movement and was skewed to support their beliefs *eugenics* = science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable, inheritable characteristics * Evolution was the building blocks for eugenics. It created new interests and work in genetics. Darwin published that species adapt over time to best survive and that the fittest survive and pass those traits down. This was taken and related to humans along with the concept of normalcy. With the concept of the norms comes the concept of deviations or extremes and then people with disabilities would be thought of as deviants. Serve to place the disabled people on the wayside as evolutionary defectives to be surpassed by natural selection. Social Darwinism says that people are subject to the same Darwin laws of natural selection as plants and animals. This idea contributes to eugenics because it implies that some people are not part of the majority who are fit and therefore they should not pass their traits on the future generations*
[week 5] distinguish the multiple meanings of invalid, patient, & refuse
*invalid*: - invalid (emphasis on the first syllable) identification term for person with disability - invalid (emphasis on the second syllable) not factually or legally valid *patient* - patient (noun) someone receiving medical care or treatment - patient (adjective) enduring pain, difficulty, annoyance, waiting *refuse* - refuse (emphasis on the first syllable) to decline, reject - refuse (emphasis on the second syllable) food waste, scraps, reject, debris
[week 2] what is a materialist approach & how is disability linked to/defined by productive work
*materialist approach* = emphasizes the interface between disability & the economic environment *productive work* = being able-bodied means one is capable of the physical exertions expected in a particular system of labor whereas those who cannot are seen as dependent *connection between the two*: Materialist approach is linked to productive work in the idea that individuals within a society are expected to give back to their community through working jobs and doing things that are productive in the systems of labor. Our economic environment, mentioned in the definition of materialist approach depends on these jobs so if a person with a disability cannot perform to what is expected of individuals as productive work then it will directly affect the economic environment because they might need individualized care or just an adapted work environment.
[week 2] which model has contributed to the creation of a legion of "professional helpers" or "troubled person professions"?
*medical model* - intends to help but sometimes brings more harm than good pros & cons -> CON = The individual may not identify with it as a disability -> PRO = lots of study and research in it -- Advancements in technologies that can help people be more dependent; overcome some barriers -> CON = try not to cross into the materialism approach; do not assume someone needs help - make sure they NEED and WANT that help -> CON = takes away some control for individuals with disabilities; we want to be independent but by getting too much into these professions we could be taking away from their independence
[week 2] define neurodiversity & materialism
*neurodiversity* = the range of differences in individual brain function & behavioral traits, regarded as part of normal variation in the human population (used especially in the context of autistic spectrum disorders) *materialism* = a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values; the doctrine that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modification
[week 3] define TAB + explain its its implications for understanding disability ("we are all broken. that's how the light gets in" = Ernest Hemingway OR Leonard Cohen; "there is a crack in everything God has made," Emerson)
*temporarily abled bodied* - we may be "healthy" right now but that does not mean we always will be - we are all at some point to develop or experience disability - some of us are already at this point
[week 7] summarize Stella Young's "We're not here for your inspiration."
- disabled people seen as benefit to abled-bodied = objects of inspiration - simply being disabled does not make you exceptional - wants all to have same expectations of each other; STANDARD set of expectations regardless of disability - challenges how you think about things —> disability lies in society - QUOTE: the only disability in life is a bad attitude —> if we fall to be happy, we just are not trying enough = bad thing —> society is the disability, not necessarily the individual _______ - Being disabled doesn't make you exceptional - Everyone should be viewed the same way - Society is the disability not the individuals or their diagnoses
[week 1] Summarize the 5 ways in which disabled people "challenge society" according to Hunt in "A Critical Condition" reading
1. *unfortunate* -> society looks upon those individuals with disabilities as suffering - individuals who are disabled are assumed to be unlucky but by showing no obvious signs of suffering they challenge those whose own worth is attached to how much more fortunate they are then them. 2. *useless* -> work as element of normal contribution; they cannot contribute in a way people would expect; moral contribution - individuals with disabilities are perceived to hold no economic good to the community however even if they cannot contribute in an expected/big way they are still somehow contributing and bettering society. 3. *different* -> language used to describe them; label them differently than ourselves - individuals with disabilities are sorted out as members of a minority group however those persons with disabilities can challenge what normality is and avoid conformity. 4. *oppressed* -> they are looked down upon; resisted - individuals with disabilities are often put down for being disabled and discouraged from doing things however, these individuals can ignore what is said to them and show the oppressor that they will continue to do what they believe they are incapable of doing. 5. *sick* -> have to be 100% not disabled to be considered healthy - individuals with disabilities are sometimes considered to be suffering from a disease or in pain so these individuals can display positivity and that just because they are disabled does not also mean they are ill.
[week 4] berger pp. 213-221; a.) who was Dr. Jack Kevorkian? b.) what is the suffering assumption relative to euthanasia?
????????????? *a.) who was Dr. Jack Kevorkian? * assisted those who those who wanted his help in committing suicide: ▪"Dr. Death" ▪ Claimed he wanted to help reduce suffering ▪ Said was helping those mentally competent but physically unable to carry out wishes ▪ Right-to-die movement in US ▪ Convicted of second-degree homicide and served more than eight years in prison 1999 *b.) what is the suffering assumption relative to euthanasia?* ▪ Assume people with terminal illness are suffering/miserable; would rather be dead
[week 6] explain why ADA was necessary explain why the ADAAA was necessary
ADA was needed to ensure that individuals with disabilities receive fair, jus & equal treatment to those without disabilities It puts rules and regulations to society to help accommodate and better suit people who need a little bit of extra help in public places
[week 5] reflect on the effectiveness of disability awareness simulations conducted in class
I believe that they can give you some idea as to what individuals with those disabilities deal with but on the other hand I think it is almost impossible to fully stimulate a disability and the actual effects it can have on a person—especially emotionally and mentally. We only experience it for a short time, not long enough to actually know what the individual goes through.
[week 2] interpret what Berger means when he states: "...disability is produced by industrial processes..."
I believe that Berger is trying to say that throughout history certain types of injuries or experiences have created a stigma towards individuals who were injured or affected by certain historical events. These events can include going to war or working on a railroad but main idea is that these individuals are receiving benefits for acquiring any type of disability from these events. Since these events are important to a nations political economy the individuals with disabilities gained from them are receiving services and benefits whereas those who are born with disability are not really receiving much. In turn, this idea lead to the creation of disability businesses.
[week 2] what is the problem with considering disability as an individual medical problem?
It is associated with the idea of creating a set of disciplinary practices that are aimed at producing individuals who are just expected to adjust to their impairment and deal with what they are told to do instead of creating a social environment that is concerned with matters of etiology, diagnosis, preventions, and treatment of physical, sensory, and cognitive impairments. In other words, it does not put the individual first and only sees them as their disability. *from PPT:* —> you cannot make a disability go away —> the medical model goes straight to ONE SOLUTION [i.e physical health] —> goes against everything we talk about when we promote diversity —> gives FALSE HOPE; lessens acceptance —> economic standpoint; really expensive option that does not work but just wants money = corruption/abuse —> professions are created to deal JUST WITH DISABILITIES — intended to help but don't do much
[week 4] edward ross (1901); what did he mean by "race suicide"?
It was the idea that if the birth rate of a certain race fell below its death rate then it was considered to be dying out; was employed to set fear in minds of dominant (white) races in America.
[week 2] why is Disability Studies critical of helping profession?
THEY DESIRE THIS: Help to make sure that there are inclusive environments and that individuals with disabilities are able to do "normal" things even if the activities need to be adjusted. Individuals with disabilities should be treated like everyone else and be able to show off their talents like all other children. Idea that more interaction between persons with disabilities and those without them should occur more. BUT: a lot of professions do not do this and we want to make sure these things are happening; a lot of professions look at individuals with disabilities as something that needs to be fixed rather than a real human being *helping profession* = one that nurtures the growth of or addresses the problems of a person's physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional or spiritual well-being, including medicine, nursing, psychotherapy, psychological counseling, social work, education, life coaching and ministry.
[week 7] explain "nothing about us without us"
disability rights campaign - input of individuals with disability —> get the guidance of individuals who will need it - relies on principle of participation —> global movement —> recognized as the mantra for persons with disabilities day - the IEDA = in order for individuals with disability to have full equality; they must have input on what is being done - used to highlight the media's representation of disability — get rid of terminology that is stigmatizing / objectifying
[week 1] what is the difference between illness & disability
illness = sickness affecting the body or mind disability = an impairment that sometimes leads to difficulty performing tasks *there is sometimes a blurred line between these two, however it should be noted that most individuals with a disability are perfectly healthy and require no medical care. However under some circumstances, individuals with a disability may also be ill.*
[week 3] explain the concept of the Normate
normate = the imagined embodied figure or all the normative characteristics of a population; no one will ever fit this - our construction of normal - morph this ideal; something you can concretely touch - no one person will fit into this - garland thompson what it is -> Young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant father, of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height, and a recent record in sports.
[week 3] Marcus Brown: Summarize his short Daily Iowan article
see article summaries - "normal" = social construction - his words... -> "play the part" -> "pursuit of normal" -> "society's definition of normal" -> "normal is a description of the perception, not the quality" - what happens when "normal" is disrupted --> you become the outsider or are perceived as someone who is different -> forward looking life story; our likelihood of becoming disabled -> marginalization; people with disability pushed to outside -> disablement/disablism; discrimination based off disability -> TAB; we are all at some point to develop or experience disability personally; some of us are already, temporarily able-bodied
[week 3] draw a normal curve & its ogive; a.) explain how each one determines disability b.) which statistic represents all humanity: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, or range?
see notes for drawings *a.) explain how each one determines disability* - normal curve; the average is in the middle & then everything outside of that is a deviation and disability falls into that category - ogive; no mean, but the elite at the top and those at bottom are not normal *b.) which statistic represents all humanity: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, or range?* - range = highest minus the lowest is truly representative of the entire populations
[week 4] define the "clearing house model" for sterilization (albert priddy at the Virginia colony for epileptics + feeble-minded)
send them into institutions but then sterilize them there & send them back into society; they would eventually die out then. NOTES: -expand colony for those considered to be feeble minded -> what feeble mindedness is is really vague and unknown really - was given funds to do this — first patients were child bearing aged women; regarded as unfit by the state - assess the abilities of the individual; depending on abilities they may or may not receive education - long term segregation was expensive and put more burden on society so he promoted sterilization - 1907 = unconstitutional so they needed someone to help push it forward {where Carie Bell comes into play}
[week 2] what is an essentialist approach / essentialism?
understands disability as a condition that resides or is inherent in an individual's particular impairment