Quiz 1 Marine Bio Lab

Heliozoan

"Sun animal." A single-celled heterotrophs with stiff arms radiating from their spherical bodies

3.

- All living things are composed of cells. - Primitive, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. - Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles.

7.

- All marine plants exhibit adaptations that allow them to survive in salt water. - For example, some salt marsh grasses have glands that secrete whereas succulents plants concentrate salt in vacuoles.

4.

- All prokaryotes are single-celled. - Eukaryotes can either be single-celled or multicellular

Sponge Structure:

- Body built around a system of water canals - The body usually made of spongin - Spicules provide support

Class Cubozoa

- Box Jellyfish - restricted to tropical/subtropical areas - developed nervous system - Differs from true jellyfish as the polyp stage does not strobilate

2. Photosynthetic pigments:

- Chlorophyll A present in all macroalgae. - Chlorophyll B present in green algae. - Chlorophyll C present in brown algae. - Chlorophyll D present in red algae. - Accessory pigments vary by group and are responsible for coloration .

CNIDARIANS & CTENOPHORES:

- Cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit radial symmetry. - Many cnidarians are colonial ( Cnidarians are incredibly diverse in form, as evidenced by colonial siphonophores, massive medusae and corals, feathery hydroids, and box jellies with complex eyes) (Ability to form colonies via asexual reprod. Individuals can specialize and catch larger prey, compete for space) - Which ones are colonial, versus which one live as individuals? - Cnidarians have highly specialized stinging cells that they use for capturing prey and for defense. (What are these called?) - Cnidarians have two life forms: medusa and polyp. Which form is dominant in each of the 4 classes? -Ctenophores lack the stinging cell of cnidarians and move by rows of cilia called comb plates. - Asexual and sexual reproduction

Phylum Ctenophora

- Comb jellies - Radial symmetry, no stinging cells

Ecological roles of Ctenophores:

- Important predators - Control population size of zooplankton and fish - Source of food for larger predators

3. Structure of seaweeds:

- Lack vascular tissue that characterizes higher plants. - Thallus. - Blade. - Holdfast. - Stipe.

8.

- Marine plant communities play many important ecological roles in the environment. - Marine plants are primary producers, and they contribute to marine food webs by way of detrital pathways both locally and offshore. - They also provide habitats for many organisms, especially nursery grounds for many species in the commercial and sport fishing industries.

1.

- Multicellular marine algae, also known as seaweeds, are divided into three major groups: green, brown, and red, based on the accessory pigments they contain. - Their pigments are located within organelles called chloroplasts

5.

- Organisms are usually either autotrophic or heterotrophic. - There are a few groups of microorganisms which can be both. (Know the definitions of autotrophic and heterotrophic Be able to name the types of organisms we examined in lab that can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic)

Ecological roles of Anthozoa:

- Predator-prey relationships - Habitat formation - Symbiotic relationships can be: - Mutualistic (Zoozanthellae; both benefit) - Commensal (Only one organism benefits) - Parasitic (One organism benefits while the host is harmed)

Ecological roles of Porifera:

- Provide Habitats - Compete for space - Source of food - Symbiotic relationships - Calcium recycling

Class Anthozoa

- Sea anemones - Softs corals ( Octocorals) - Hard corals - Also sea pens & sea pansies

10.

- Sea grasses are mainly found in shallow waters of temperate and tropical oceans. - Temperate salt marsh plants generally grow in the middle to upper intertidal zones, where they are protected from wave action. - Mangroves are tropical trees and shrubs that grow in sandy and muddy coastal areas that are protected from wave action and have high sedimentation rates.

6.

- The plants living in marine environments are vascular plants that produce seeds. - A vascular system helps transport gases and nutrients throughout the plant

Hydrozoa

- Two stages in their life cycle: polyps and medusa - polyps are mostly colonial reproduce asexually - Medusa Sexual Reproduction - Portuguese Man-of-War - Hydroids - colonial

compound microscope

- a light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object - Light shines through specimen

Cyanobacteria

- blue-green algae - Contain a specific type of chlorophyll called chlorophyll a and other pigments that are used for photosynthesis.

Class Scyphozoa

- true jellyfish -dominant life stage is the medusa

Sponges:

-depend on their ability to filter large amounts of water through their bodies to survive. -bodies are asymmetrical and -contain several cell types that perform specific functions -made of spongin and have spicules for support

Holdfast

A branching system of fibers or root-like structures at the base of a seaweed, securing the it to the sea floor but lacking the vascular tissue of plant roots.

Carrageenan

A chemical component in red algae that is used commercially as a thickening agent.

phycobilins

A group of accessory pigments, which includes the pigment found in red algae that is responsible for its characteristic red color.

Ciliate

A group of microbes characterized by the presence of cilia for locomotion and feeding.

Cyanobacteria

A group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that contain chlorophyll a and that release oxygen as a by-product of their photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are sometimes referred to as blue-green bacteria.

Ciliates

A group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

A human syndrome caused by ingestion of toxic dinoflagellates in seafood.

Microbe

A living organism too small to examine without the aid of a microscope.

facultative halophiles

A plant that can thrive in the presence or absence of salt.

Chlorophyll C

A primary photosynthetic pigment found in brown algae

Chlorophyll D

A primary photosynthetic pigment found in red algae

Chlorophyll B

A primary photosynthetic pigment in green algae and in all plants.

Chlorophyll a

A primary photosynthetic pigment of all algae and plants.

Halophyte

A salt-tolerant flowering plant.

Dinoflagellates

A single-celled photosynthetic organism with two flagella for locomotion. Some can also be heterotrophs. Key primary producers, second only to diatoms

Aerenchyma

A tissue in vascular plants that consists of spaces between the cell walls for carrying gases, usually to roots and stems in sediments that lack oxygen; also used for buoyancy in seagrasses.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism without a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

flowering plants

A vascular plant that produces seeds in a fruit.

4.

Algae are a food source for many organisms, including humans, and they provide a habitat for many species. They are also a source of many commercial products

Radiolarians

Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia radiating from central body

Fucoxanthin

An accessory pigment that gives the olive-brown color to brown algae.

dissecting microscope

An optical microscope designed for low magnification observation of a sample, typically using light reflected from the surface of an object rather than transmitted through it.

autotroph

An organism capable of producing its own food.

Autotrophic

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs. - Examples include plants, algae, and some types of bacteria.

Producer

An organism that produces energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic materials. Also known as an autotroph..

Heterotroph

An organism that relies on other organisms for food. Also known as a consumer

Consumer

An organism that relies on other organisms for food. Also known as a heterotroph

Eukaryote

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Mangrove

Any of a variety of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs restricted to humid tropical coasts.

Algae

Any photosynthetic organism, unicellular or multicellular, in which all cells are photosynthetic.

5.

Calcareous algae have calcium carbonate embedded in their cell walls, to help reduce predation.

What are the 8 differences between Cnidarians and Ctenophores?

Cnidarian: - Adults are often dimorphic - Often colonial - Have muscle like cells (epidermis + gastrodermis) - swimming by muscle contractions and jet propulsion - Tentacles don't retract - Has cnide inside cnidocyte toxins - Gastrovascular cavity has one opening - Most medusa and all anthozoans are dioecious, separate sexes Ctenophores - Adult stage only has one form (medusa) - Never colonial - Has genuine smooth muscle cells (triploblastic?) - Ctenes that help ctenophora species swim - If they have tentacles they are retractable - Colloblast inside collocytes are adhesive - Has a complete digestive tract - Most are hermaphroditic

Dinoflagellates

Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent

field of view

How much of the object you are looking at can be "seen" by the objective lens. The greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view.

6.

Important groups of single-celled organisms that we examined in lab were cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians, heliozoans, and ciliates. Know the distinguishing features of these groups (see attached glossary)

conceptacles

In brown algae, a chamber within the receptacle that holds the gametes.

receptacle

In brown algae, a swollen reproductive part of the thallus that holds chambers (conceptacles) for sexual reproduction.

Bladder

In seaweeds, an expanded part of the thallus that contains gas and is used for buoyancy.

Blade (seaweed)

In seaweeds, the large, flat, leaf-like part or frond of the thallus, lacking the vascular tissue of a plant leaf.

Blade (plants)

In vascular plants such as grasses, the outer photosynthetic part of a leaf, usually flattened and free of the stem.

9.

Know how field of view & depth of focus change as magnification increases.

7.

Know the key differences between a compound microscope and dissecting microscope.

Lacunae

Large, gas-filled spaces in the aerenchyme tissue of plants.

Foraminifera

Marine protozoans that have variably shaped shells with small holes.

Red Algae

Members of the algal phylum Rhodophyta, with chlorophylls a & d as well as accessory pigments called phycobilins.

Coralline Red Algae

Members of the group of red algae that deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls; named for their resemblance to coral.

Macroalgae

Multicellular algae, visible to the naked eye. Commonly known as seaweed

Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. - Dogs, birds, fish, and humans are all examples of heterotrophs

Cordgrass

Plant in the genus Spartina. Dominant vegetation in N. American salt marshes.

Green algae communities

Seaweeds of the phylum Chlorophyta, characterized by possession of chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their characteristic green color.

Brown algae

Seaweeds of the phylum Phaeophyta, characterized by possession of chlorophylls a and c and the pigment fucoxanthin, which gives them their olive-brown color.

Foraminiferans

Single-celled amoeboid heterotrophs characterized by streaming ectoplasm that is used for catching food, and by an external shell or "test" commonly made of calcium carbonate

Diatom

Singled-celled algae, enclosed within a cell wall made of silica called a frustule. They are the most common type of phytoplankton and the most important primary producers on Earth.

Magnification

The act of making something appear larger than it is

2.

The broadest, most inclusive category is the domain. Organisms are subdivided into one of three domains based on molecular and physical characteristics. Kingdoms are divided into progressively less inclusive taxonomic categories. From most inclusive to least inclusive, they are: phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Biologists use diagrams such as phylogenetic trees to reflect the evolutionary history of organisms

Cuticle

The outermost layer of a cell wall of some animals, plants, and seaweeds.

Photosynthesis

The process by which some organisms use the energy of sunlight to produce organic molecules form carbon dioxide and water. Produce oxygen

1.

The science of taxonomy deals with classifying organisms. Biologists throughout the world use a common system for naming organisms. The system, known as binomial nomenclature, uses two words—a genus and species—to identify a given species.

depth of focus

The vertical distance that can be in focus at one time. Decreases with increasing magnification.

9.

There are three main groups of marine plants: sea grasses, salt marsh plants and mangroves

8.

Understand the following terms: Magnification, Field of view, Depth of focus, Resolution.

compound microscope

an optical instrument for forming magnified images of small objects, consisting of an objective lens and an ocular lens. Used for viewing microscopic specimens on a slide. Light is transmitted through the slide.

Algae commercial uses:

food (Spirulina for example), pharmaceuticals and medicines, animal feed (algae cake), fertilizer (algae cake) and as fuel.

Heliozoans

have silica shells that extend & look like sun rays

Accessory pigments

light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in conjunction with chlorophyll. They include fucoxanthin in brown algae and phycobllins in red algae.

dissecting microscope

research tool for viewing larger specimens under magnification Light shines on the surface of organsim

Diatoms

unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix