Quiz 2 (Chapters 4-6)

Studies show at LEAST ______ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.

A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 60 percent Correct D. 75 percent

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the BEST advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?

A. "Avoid mood disorders: highly creative people have a lower-than-average incidence of them." B. "Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity." C. "If you develop a mood disorder, don't get treated, or you'll lose your creative spark." D. "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders." Correct

A friend asks you, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. What do you think?" Based on current research, your BEST answer would be:

A. "That's the best advice your therapist could have given." B. "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even along with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse." Correct C. "Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don't help much." D. "Unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder."

How do phobias and common fear differ?

A. A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B. A phobia is less intense. C. A fear lasts longer. D. A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object. Correct

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder?

A. Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress or pain. correct B. Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity. C. The presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder. D. Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?

A. Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists. B. Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns. correct C. Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities. D. Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials.

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication?

A. MAO inhibitors B. tricyclics C. second-generation antidepressants Correct D. vagus nerve stimulators

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly-used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?

A. Nothing much—the drugs work specifically on manic episodes. B. The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. correct C. The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D. The person probably would develop unipolar depression.

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the BEST thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist that your friend could do?

A. Seek immediate, in-depth treatment: hypomania severely limits artists. B. Do nothing: sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity. Correct C. Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed: cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists. D. Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed: bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.

Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which of the following statements?

A. Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation. B. Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them. C. Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one. correct D. Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques into their treatment.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?

A. They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain. correct B. Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations. C. Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation. D. Rumination theory has almost no support, and is on the way out.

Of the following alternatives, which is the BEST way of differentiating between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

A. Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. correct B. Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event. C. Those with dissociative fugue experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge. D. Those with dissociative amnesia experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic, knowledge.

Posttraumatic stress disorders:

A. begin immediately after the stress occurs. B. last between 1 and 3 weeks. C. don't begin until years after the traumatic event. D. last longer than a month. correct

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?

A. behavioral B. cognitive C. sociocultural Correct D. psychodynamic

A person being treated for agoraphobia is gradually learning to leave home and to enter crowded public places. Additionally, the therapist hopes that "outside world" experiences will become more rewarding for the person. The treatment described BEST reflects what theoretical orientation?

A. behavioral Correct B. psychodynamic C. sociocultural D. humanistic

Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce the muscle tension. This is an example of:

A. biofeedback training. Correct B. EMG training. C. relaxation training. D. self-instruction training.

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

A. biological B. sociocultural C. behavioral Correct D. psychodynamic

Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:

A. bipolar II seasonal. B. bipolar II rapid cycling. Correct C. bipolar I mixed episodes. D. bipolar I.

A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors " to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called:

A. body dysmorphic disorders. B. panic disorders. C. social anxiety disorders. D. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders. Correct

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:

A. calm people and reduce their inhibitions. Correct B. act as truth serum, so people can't fake their illness. C. help reduce associated symptoms of depression. D. make people forget extremely upsetting events in their lives.

The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is:

A. claustrophobia. B. acrophobia. C. agoraphobia. Correct D. metrophobia.

Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a:

A. co-conscious relation. B. mutually cognizant pattern. Correct C. one-way amnesic relationship. D. mutually amnesic relationship.

Juanita has dissociative personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:

A. co-conscious relationship. B. mutually cognizant pattern. C. one-way amnesic relationship. Correct D. mutually amnesic relationship.

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression.

A. cognitive B. emotional Correct C. behavioral D. motivational

In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?

A. cognitive B. humanistic C. existential D. psychodynamic Correct

According to research, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:

A. cognitive therapy. correct B. psychodynamic therapy. C. placebo therapy. D. no therapy.

The BEST treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:

A. complex, due to conflicting experimental results. B. broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. C. drug therapy, accompanied by psychotherapy. Correct D. No therapy has been shown to be effective

When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the:

A. conditioned response. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus. correct

The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called:

A. conjoint ego analysis. B. sociodynamic training. C. adjunctive psychotherapy. Correct D. chemo-behavioral treatment.

After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?

A. continuous B. selective C. posttraumatic D. localized Correct

The effects of taking hallucinogens, accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical—is MOST similar to:

A. depersonalization. correct B. multiple personalities. C. amnestic fugue. D. body dysmorphic disorder.

The mechanism of action of imipramine is to:

A. destroy monoamine oxidase. B. mimic the action of norepinephrine and serotonin. C. block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Correct D. block the receptor sites for norepinephrine and serotonin on the postsynaptic neuron.

Some so-called second-generation antidepressants appear to act by:

A. destroying MAO. B. facilitating the reuptake process. C. selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Correct D. blocking the reuptake processes of all neurotransmitters more completely.

A person, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. The person's memory of the crime, and of other earlier events, is intact. MOST likely this is a case of:

A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder. D. no mental disorder. Correct

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument, can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is:

A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity. Correct D. Such memories are affected about equally by the dissociative disorders.

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:

A. distractibility. B. inflated self-esteem. C. decreased need for sleep. D. suicidal ideation. Correct

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?

A. dopamine B. serotonin Correct C. acetylcholine D. norepinephrine

Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called:

A. doubting. B. dumbing down. C. doubling. Correct D. distrusting.

Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:

A. drug studies. B. clinical interviews. C. family pedigree studies. Correct D. neurological studies.

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT;

A. emotional symptoms. B. motivational symptoms. C. behavioral symptoms. Correct D. cognitive symptoms.

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:

A. excessively optimistic, with poor judgment. Correct B. excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem. C. very coherent, with good judgment. D. very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

People with one anxiety disorder are most likely to:

A. experience another anxiety disorder, too. Correct B. experience only that one anxiety disorder. C. experience another nonanxiety disorder. D. experience hallucinations.

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is MOST likely to:

A. experience postpartum depression after her first birth, but rarely experience it again. B. only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child. C. have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child. Correct D. have a 100 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

Someone with skin-picking disorder would be LEAST likely to pick skin in which area of the body?

A. face B. abdomen correct C. arms D. legs

Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT:

A. fear can be acquired through modeling. B. phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. Correct C. animals can learn to make avoidance responses. D. phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

Which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety?

A. fear of public speaking Correct B. fear of snakes C. fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D. fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others

Jose and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed these panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Jose's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of:

A. fear. B. anxiety. C. obsessive imagery. D. anxiety sensitivity. correct

A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's:

A. fugue state. B. schizophrenia. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder. Correct

Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible:

A. genetic and neurotransmitter causes. B. cultural belief system and social support causes. Correct C. prejudice within military and police forces. D. early childhood differences in educational experiences.

If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I:

A. get married to someone I really love. B. survive a bad car accident. correct C. travel on vacation near where I live. D. experience a sudden bout of mania.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:

A. has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B. receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C. receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. Correct D. is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:

A. have relatives who are atypically anxious. B. are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C. misinterpret bodily sensations. Correct D. experience more stress than average.

If you live in a city, own your home and pay taxes, you are least likely to experience which of the following events next year?

A. having a house fire B. being audited by the IRS C. being the victim of a violent crime D. being diagnosed with cancer Correct

Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines stopped, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, though severely injured, because she landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably contributed most to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

A. her personality. B. her social support. C. the severity of the trauma. Correct D. the nature of her childhood experiences.

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

A. humanist B. biological Correct C. behavioral D. psychodynamic

Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n):

A. in vivo test. B. modeling test. C. covert sensitization test. D. biological challenge test. Correct

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder?

A. inappropriate neurotransmitter levels B. genetic linkage patterns C. brain structure Correct D. ion activity at the cellular level

Behaviorists believe that compulsive BEHAVIOR:

A. is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. Correct B. originally is associated with an increase in anxiety. C. is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations. D. is exhibited by everyone.

Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression?

A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day correct

Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?

A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger Correct D. staying in bed for hours during the day

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:

A. learned helplessness. B. irrational expectations. C. regression to the oral stage. Correct D. learned anxiety turned inward.

If a study shows that an antidepressant medication is effective, that study is:

A. less likely to be published than a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. B. more likely to be published than a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. correct C. about as likely to be published as a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. D. almost certainly not going to be published; studies showing antidepressant effectiveness have been available for decades.

To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?

A. less strict criteria for defining schizophrenia B. a growing belief that most cases of this disorder are iatrogenic C. a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder *correct D. the growing belief by clinicians that many women suffer from this disorder

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:

A. localized amnesia. B. selective amnesia. C. continuous amnesia. Correct D. generalized amnesia.

Combat veterans are MOST likely to report symptoms of:

A. localized amnesia. correct B. continuous amnesia. C. generalized amnesia. D. selective amnesia.

A person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most symptoms are gone. This is called:

A. maintenance therapy, but this is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend to not reappear. B. maintenance therapy, and is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing. Correct C. placebo therapy, but this is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend to not reappear. D. placebo therapy, and is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing.

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying a:

A. metaworry. B. basic irrational assumption. Correct C. compulsion. D. condition of worth.

White Americans receiving Medicaid are:

A. more likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication but may be less likely to respond to the medication. correct B. more likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication and may be more likely to respond to the medication. C. less likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication and may be less likely to respond to the medication. D. less likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication but may be more likely to respond to the medication.

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, gradually the fears diminished, and they disappeared within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):

A. panic attack. B. phobic reaction. C. acute stress disorder. Correct D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):

A. panic disorder. Correct B. phobic disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

If a deer jumps out in front of you while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?

A. parasympathetic nervous system B. b cortisol system C. conservation system D. sympathetic nervous system Correct

One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:

A. people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression. B. one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression. Correct C. computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans experience those symptoms. D. genetic correlational studies don't necessarily demonstrate causal links between genes and depression.

After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often, and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation, which probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident, relates to ______ as a factor in her response to the stress.

A. personality B. social support Correct C. severity of the trauma D. the nature of her childhood experiences

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n):

A. phobia. B. panic reaction. C. acute stress reaction. D. posttraumatic stress reaction. Correct

A student who fears being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress.

A. physical B. cognitive C. emotional Correct D. developmental

Mindfulness therapy teaches people to accept their worries and live in the present moment, which is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?

A. psychodynamic B. biological C. cognitive Correct D. behavioral

The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions, but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. MOST likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy?

A. psychodynamic B. psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C. behavioral Correct D. cognitive

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:

A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. Correct D. sociocultural clinician.

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:

A. psychodynamic therapy. B. behavioral therapy. C. cognitive therapy. Correct D. sociocultural therapy.

A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?

A. psychological Correct B. physical C. deprivation D. sexual

"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This quote most likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

A. rational-emotive therapy B. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ****correct C. intolerance of uncertainty therapy D. biofeedbac

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses like making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:

A. realistic anxiety. B. neurotic anxiety. Correct C. moral anxiety. D. existential anxiety.

José just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work and everything seems hopeless. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

A. recurrent depression. B. reactive depression. Correct C. endogenous depression. D. melancholic depression.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is:

A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. Correct B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat:

A. schizophrenia. B. depression. Correct C. bipolar disorder. D. generalized anxiety.

Which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars?

A. seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians B. seeing friends seriously wounded or killed Correct C. being injured or hospitalized themselves D. being treated for a combat-related stress disorder

If a researcher believes that dissociative identity disorders are iatrogenic, that researcher believes that dissociative identity disorders:

A. should be treated by physicians rather than by psychologists. B. are schizophrenic rather than anxiety disorders. C. are unintentionally produced by therapists. D. cannot be measured using standard personality tests. correct

Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:

A. showing two out of several multiple personalities at the same time. B. suffering simultaneously from Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. C. feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. Correct D. malingering.

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:

A. simply too stressed at the time for memories to be laid down. B. at a different arousal level after the stress is over. Correct C. a smoker. D. one who habitually drinks too much.

My office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on my desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor. If I am experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in what category?

A. social anxiety disorders B. panic disorders C. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders Correct D. specific phobias

Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on:

A. social learning theory. B. state-dependent learning. Correct C. active-avoidance learning. D. associative memory learning.

Research suggests that which of the following would be MOST likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma?

A. someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control Correct B. someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma C. someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D. someone who could be described as not very handy

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:

A. stressor. correct B. stress response. C. stress disorder. D. psychophysical disorder.

I have just arrived in a city where I know no one, and English is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body, and I am actually observing myself do things. What I am experiencing is:

A. temporary depersonalization. Correct B. depersonalization disorder. C. posttraumatic stress disorder. D. transient posttraumatic distress.

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:

A. the particular medication used to treat the problem. B. the cause of the problem. C. the severity and duration of the problem. Correct D. the demographic characteristics of the person.

While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?

A. the trees Correct B. the lightning C. the rain storm D. the feelings of fear

If you really wanted to impress your friends, you would refer to "hair-pulling disorder" by the scientific name:

A. trichotillomania. Correct B. musomania. C. traumatomania. D. gephyromania.

People who experience obsessions show:

A. typical levels of worry about real problems. B. thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them. Correct C. thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist. D. a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.

A male friend of yours has been diagnosed with agoraphobia and is receiving treatment. This is:

A. very common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are males and receive treatment. B. very uncommon; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are females and do not receive treatment. Correct C. somewhat common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are males but do not receive treatment. D. somewhat common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are females, but do receive treatment.

Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior:

A. when done to provide comfort and reduce tension. B. when done more than once a day. C. when they are time-consuming, interfere with daily function, and cause distress. Correct D. never.