Quiz 3
3 capitals of Japan
1. Nara (710-794) 2. Kyoto 794-1868 3. Tokyo 1868-present.
The Showa Period
'enlightened peace' (1926-1989) -look in book
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(1537-1598). the man who unified Japan in the late 16th century. Launched a lot of military campaigns to invade Korea and China. Was never actually named Shogun. -Napoleon of Japan
Iwakura Mission
(1871-73) • More than 50 members of the delegation, including more than half of the top gov leaders led by iwakura Tomomi • Initial purpose was to try to pursued european and Americans to abolish unequal treaty. Did not achieve. • They go see these places for them selves, and were astonished at their technological advancement. Stayed for 11 months btwn America and Europe. • End results, having a clear idea about west and starting another major cultural borrowing
Kanagawa Treaty
* 1854. * First treaty to allow Americans to stay in Japan, start a trade, and accept what Us gov asks them to do. A general agreement. No actual rules established. US will send man to actually negotiate real treaty.
Russia - Japan war
* 1904-05 -cause: conflict ambitions of Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea -Japan's sneak attack at Port Arthur -Russia's disadvantage was the distance -Russia Revolution of 1905 -russia lost in both naval and land battles -Japan was exhausted -China declared neutrality; Pres Roosevelt mediated * Ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth -regarded as first great war of the 20th century
Treaty of Portsmouth
* Ended the Russ-Jap war * Russia acknowledges Japan's "paramount interest in Korea". * Russia transfers to Japan lease of Liaotung peninsula and the Southern Manchuria railways. * Japan demanded land, and Russia said no, so US prez came to mediate. Russia instead gave a piece of Sakhalin island instead of cash. -Roosevelt served as host an mediator for the peace talks, won first nobel peace prize as head of state -the Swing of Pendulum in Japanese politics between liberalism and conservatism
Formal Name of Japan
* Nippon, meaning "the sun's origin" and is often translated as " the land of the rising sun".
Triple Intervention
* Russia, germany, and France forced Japan return the Liaodong Peninsular to China. * China paid 30million. * Russ got a lease of the peninsular and the Southern Manchuria railway * Caused Russo - Jap war.
Japan Creation Myth
* Sun Goddess Amaterasu sent her son to Japan through this gate. Shinto torii at fushimi Imari-Tasha * The son was sent Kyoto to soil the soil of Japan. Also the formal capital of Japan -taken very seriously, related to policy making, royal family, war, spirits, etc.
Ise Shrine
* a Shinto shrine dedicated to goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami, located in the city of Ise in Mie prefecture, Japan. * Most revered Shinto shrine
Ryukyu Islands
* a chain of islands in the western Pacific, on the eastern limit of the East China Sea and to the southwest of the island of Kyushu in Japan. * Okinawa - Ww2 battle happened there. US still has a military base there.
Saigo Takamori
* a former samauri, that lead the unhappy samauri. * a Meiji leader who led the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - A 9 month revolt against the Meiji gov. * Proposed the invasion of Korea
Sonno Joi
* a japanese political slogan that means "revere the emperor, expel the barbarians" * Japanese reaction to Shogun's failure in protecting Japan from American demands. * Sonno Joi movement lead to the Meiji Restoration of 1867-1868.
Prince Shotoku
* a regent of the Yamato court and Japan's first statesman. Established a lot of institutions. Vigorously promoted Chinese learning. Helped develop Japan into a civilization with metalworking, written language, and urban centers.
Mongol fleet
* destroyed in a typhoon, 1867
Jimmu
* legendary first emperor. The son of the Goddess. 660BC year the son was sent and became emperor. From Jimmu to today is the broken imperial line
Fukuzawa Yukichi
* the educator of modern Japan. * Born in Kyushu, to a lower ranking samauri family. * Wrote "Conditions in the West" 1866. 7.5 millions sold in a decade. * Newspaper, Press, and translations (Herbert Spencer, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Smiles). * Established Keio University 1890. * Main ideology: individual rights, independence, and equality. All against the confucianism ideology. * On the 10,000 bill.
Unbroken Imperial Life
* the idea is that the imperial family has ruled since 660BC all the way until today. But in reality the family started around 5th AD. -idea of mandate of heaven
Meiji Oligarchy
* was the name used to describe the new ruling class of Meiji period Japan * Key figures include: Ito Hirofumi (politics),Matsukata Masatoshi (economy), Yamagata Aritomo (military) *collective leadership
Serious Conditions in Postwar Japan
-1.74 million japanese servicemen and one million civilians died as a result of the war, roughly 3-4% of the country's population at the time of 74 million -approx. 4.5 million servicemen demobilized in 1945 were identified as being wounded or ill -66 major cities had been heavily bombed, destroying 40% of these urban areas overall and rendering about 30% of their populations homeless -close to 9 million people were homeless -rural living standards were estimated to have fallen to 65% of prewar levels and non rural living standards to about 35%
Land Reform
-1946: 70% of farmers were tenants; 1950: 10% -2.5 acres for resident landlords, 7.5 for an active farmer -30 year loan and 3.2 interest ration to purchase land from the government -ban absentee landlords Impact of land reform on politics: -liberal democratic party (LDP) and its rural basis -LDP was in power from 1955 to 2009; back to power in 2013
Buddhism in Japan
-Buddhism spread to Japan no later than 552, no history of Japan until here -Great Vehicle Buddhism came from Korea -Chinese culture came along with Buddhism -little sense of religious exclusiveness -concept of personal religion or religious membership is not strong -estimated 85 million Japanese are affiliated with Buddhism
Pearl Harbor Incident
-Dec 7,1941, beginning of pacific war -Japan's attack on US naval base at Pearl Harbo, Hawaii led to the US entry into WWII
Japanese Confucianism
-Japan's wholesale 'cultural borrowing' from China, 6th century onward -wanted more about afterlife with Shinto; Confucianism could provide morality and ethics (moral order, self-discipline, hierarchy, filial piety, diligence) -tremendous impact on intellectual lives -well integrated with Japanese culture and greatly influenced social behavior
Manchuria Incident
-Kwantung army occupied Manchuria on Sept. 18, 1931 without firing a gun -Chiang Kai-Shek's nonresistance policy -league of nations -Manchukuo 1932 -China's last emperor, Puyi, became puppet emperor of Manchukuo
Satsuma Rebellion of 1877
-Sligo Takamori, one of the major leaders of the Meiji government -advocated to employ former samurai to conquer Korea and Taiwan -in 1877, Saigo led former samurai against the government he helped to found -9 month revolt against Meiji government ended in failure -Saigo still revered as national hero
Great Kanto Earthquake
-Tokyo, September 1, 1923 -Largest earthquake in the 20th century (7.9) -killed 142,800 in four minutes -rebuilding and a sense of renewal and rejuvenation -september 1 now designated as Disaster Prevention Day
Taisho Democracy
-a period of liberalization 1918-1936 Party politics: -shift in political power from old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (genro, how prime minister was decided which ended in 1922 after Yamagata death) to the Diet -Seiyukai (the society of political friends) because major party -universal manhood suffrage 1925 -1918 Hara Kei of Seiyukai became prime minister -creating a system in which head of the ruling party serves as head of the government
Christianity in japan
-came to Japan in late 16th century -persecution under the Shogunate -freedom of religion after the Meiji Restoration (1868) -only about 1% are christians today but christian holidays celebrated as part of pop culture -8 Christian prime ministers in Japan
End of american occupation
-cold war -korean war, 1950-53 -dismissal of douglas macarthur (april 1951) -the san francisco peace treaty with 48 nations (sep 1951) -sign of the US-Japan security treaty -american occupation of Japan ended in April 1952 based on the San francisco peace treaty
other reforms
-decentralization, both politically and economically -local autonomy: prefecture election -Zaibatsu dissolved: 83 major Zaibatsu dismantled; 5,000 reorganized; anti-monopoly law passed -Keiretsu ('series'): companies formed from the dismantling of the zaibatsu were reintegrated -shinto: eliminate military element; no state-sponsored shinto -confucianism and buddhism were blamed as backward -limitation on using chinese characters (kanji) -abortion legalized -japanese communist party -intellectuals were largely ignored
Dual Economy
-deep division between modern industries and traditional agriculture/handicraft industries -division between rural and urban societies -division between social classes
constitutional reform
-drafted by the SCAP office in English -as the revision of the Meiji Constitution -translated into japanese -known as the 'power war constitution' or the 'peace constitution' -it was enacted on May 3 1947 (constitution day)
constitution of Japan
-emperor as the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people; denied his divinity -fundamental human right, including women's rights -the supremacy of House of Reps. Abolished all competing centers of political powers -article 9: Renunciation of War forever -a national police reserve of 75,000 men in 1952 -a self-defense force in 1954 including land, sea, and air force. numbered about 240,000 today
Daimyo
-feudal lords; about 200 -accepted the leadership of Shogun -subordinate only to the shogun and their fiefs (han) were autonomous -samurai was ruling class, about 7%
Kwantung Army
-founded in 1906 in Manchuria -largest and most powerful section of the imperial japanese army -many of its personnel, such as COS Hideki Tojo, become high ranking officials
Zaibatsu
-industrial and financial business conglomerates -family owned -single company investing in multiple industries, commerce, and banking -supported a peaceful foreign policy -40% of exports went to US -4 major: Sumito, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda
Reasons for Japans economic miracle
-international trade -government economic interventionism: ministry of international trade and industry (MITI) reorganized as the ministry of economy, trade and industry (METI) in 2001 -postwar international politics: the cold war, korean war, vietnam war -US-Japan relations: assistance of the US -work ethics and confucian values -low national defense budget -high savings rate -the guarantee of lifetime employment -(karoshi: death form overwork)
liberal democratic party
-largest party in Japan -it was ruled for most of the yard since its founding in 1955 -overall, it is a center right, conservative party -supported by small farmers, white-collar, blue-collar workers -defeated by the democratic party of japan (DPJ, founded in 1998) in 2009; DPI's Naoto Kan served as premier -current premier: Shinzo Abe (LDP, Dec 2012)
Japanese Solution: rising of militarism
-military expansion under the slogan "asia for the asians" -creating the 'greater east asia co-prosperity sphere' -invading korea, manchuria, china proper, and beyond
Reason for Samurai revolution
-strong sense of public responsibility and duty -an imminent sense of danger and insecurity -nationalism and patriotism -social darwinism: applying biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to politics and sociology
Taisho Democracy: pro-western cultural trends
-tennis -baseball -first olympic medal in 1920 -hollywood movies -flappers (moga) -borrowed english words -mass media: contributed to better-informed electorate; half of nation households subscribed to daily news; people more open minded and didn't want war -happy time but cause huge gap between urban and rural areas (dual economy)
End of WWII
-the Potsdam Proclamation issued in July 26, 1945 -asking for Japan's "unconditional surrender" -"Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine," announced in the Cairo Declaration of December 1943 -Japan's initial rejection of the ultimatum led directly to Truman's decision to drop atomic on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9
four steps toward a military power
-the war with Chin in 1894-95 over conflicting interests in Korea -japan's participation in 1900 in the international force that occupied Beijing -the formation of the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902 -the war with Russia over Manchuria in 1904-05
Differences btwn china n Japan
Japan feudal system, china centralized system. China has limited contact with western, Japan encouraged it through the Dutch. Shintoism/National learning, Confucianism, Dutch learning, are the three main learnings during the Tutowa period.
Kami
Japanese god
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
July 7,1937 -beginning of second sino-japanese war -beginning of WWII in Asia -fall of Nanjing, Dec 1937 -chinese wartime capital: chongqing
Battle of Midway
June 1942 -Turning point in the Pacific war -Japanese military forces turned from offensive to defensive
Ito Hirofumi
Politics (1841-1909) -participated in Iwakura mission -drafted 1889 Japanese constitution -4 time prime minister of Japan -Resident general of Korea -Founder of Seiyukai party (dominating party pre-WWII)
Hirohito
Should he be sentenced to death by hanging? -Hirohito declared humanity on Jan 1, 1946 -Akihito had an english tutor
Bushido
The way of the warrior -discipline -hierarchy and loyalty -lord/vassal relations; social hierarchy -personal honor, integrity, and reputation -take life lightly -ritual suicide known as 'hara-kiri' or seppuku (belly slitting) -be ruthless toward enemy
Largest cities
Tokyo, Yokohama, osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe, Kyoto ( used to be capital b4 past 1000 years.
Meiji slogans
civilization and enlightenment; prosperous nation, strong army; freedom and popular rights
Japan's Natural resources:
forestry and wood. Fishing, seafood and mineral rich seaweed. Coal brought from the US . Short of mineral resources.
Chrysanthemum seal
imperial seal of Japan, representing royal family
Ainu
indigenous people in Japan
Samurai
literal meaning: servant =Bushi: warrior -the number 1 Samurai si the Shogun -military nobility and ruling class of Japan, from late 12th to mid-19th century -duty: fighting for their lords and being absolutely royal to superiors -privileges: receiving gov stipend, wearing swords, riding on horseback, having family names, not supposed to work once a Samurai
Japanese Ultra-Nationalism
the following contributed to the rising of this in pre-war Japan: -creation myth -sun goddess -unbroken imperial line form 660 BC -rising of Meiji Japan -modernization programs succeeded in the late 19th century -victory in the sino-japanese war and russo-japanese war -racial discriminations against Japan -Yellow Peril -anti-japanese sentiments in Cali schools after 1906 earthquake -immigrations: the gentlemen's agreement, 1907 -immigration act of 1924, including the national origins act and asian exclusion act
Yoritomo Minamoto
the founder of the shogun system. Became shogun in1185. Several Imp. Institutions setup. The shogun's gov. Was shogunate, which was a "tent gov. " (bakufu)
Ground-cleaning
the international military tribunal for the far east (May 1946 - April 1948) 28 "A class war criminals" 7 death sentence, including Tojo Hideki More than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes the purge in the general public (about 200,000 involved)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
the last Shogun. He stepped down.
Commodore Matthew Perry
• 1794-1858 -3 countries wanted to open Japan: Russia, Britain, and US • 1853 -1854: went to Japan, sent by President Fillmore to open Japan -read widely on Japan and prepared well -arrived in the Tokyo bay in July 1853, crossed the line and threatened force, but never used it -returned with double the fleets (8) and the "black ships" which were gunships of a threat form the outside (US) -left and returned feb 1854 -Convention of Kanagawa: not formal treaty but agreement that a diplomate will be sent to negotiate formal treaty
Military Expansions (pre WWII)
• 1875 Ryukyu administratively became part of Kyushu • 1876 Treaty with Korea, forcing Korea to open. Unique bc it's 1 asian country doing it to another Asian country. • 1894-95 Sino - Japanese war... • Triple intervention • 1904-05 Russu - Jap war.
The beginning of Japanese civilization
• 552 official date for the introduction of buddhism to Japan via Korea. However would not be considered a civilization at this time. • Prince Shotoku • Japanese sent many ppl to china in order to learn about their civilization, and bring knowledge back. Many went to Xian.
Political Changes in Early Meiji Period:
• Abolish domains 1871 • Lift all class restrictions 1871 • Classify the populace into three categories • The commoners were permitted to adopt family names • Samauri were denied the right to wear their swords • Meiji Constitution - the emperor shares political rights with the diet - 1889 • The Diet - the political structure, house of representatives and house of councillors - 1890
Tokugawa Policies: The Alternate Attendance System
• All daimyos must serve in Edo every other year • All daimyos must leave their immediate families in Edo • Daimyos were responsible for keeping their travel expenses and keeping two residents • Political stability. • Urban development
Charter Oath of Five Articles:
• April 1868 • An assembly widely convoked shall be established and all matters of state should be decided by public discussion. IE. Democracy • All classes high and low shall unite in vigorously promoting the economy and welfare of the nation. IE. Equality • All civil and military officials and the common ppl should be allowed to fulfill their aspirations so that there may be mo disconnect among them • Base customs of former times shall be abandoned and the actions shall conform to the principles of international justice • Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus be strengthened the foundations of the imperial policy.
Social changes in Early Meiji Period
• Beef • Western attire • Ballroom dancing • Social etiquette • Hair style • Chamber pot (poo bucket) -employment of over 3000 foreign experts
Tokugawa Policies: International Isolation
• Closed down the entire and opened up 1 port (Nagasaki) • Ban Christianity • Limited contact with China and Korea • Dutch and Dutch learning, brought some new scientific knowledge. Geography, astronomy, medicine, and science.
Education Policies in Early Meiji Period
• Compulsory education was extended to 6 years with the goal of eliminating illiteracy completely. • Overseas education programs. To England for Navy and merchant marine. Germany, army and medicine. France, local gov and law. US, business. "rational shoppers" term coined for how they choose where to go.
Economic changes in Early Meiji Period
• Foster better agricultural techniques • Institute a uniform system of land tax • Modern currency and banking system • Build and operate key enterprises (railways, shipbuilding, textiles) -the Conscription Law of 1873: required every able-bodied male citizen to serve a mandatory term of three years -blood tax
Other facts about Japan
• Majority of ppl live in a urban area. 80+%. most live in the southern part. • 72% is covered in hills and mountains, which is inhabitable, only about 20% is inhabitable. Thus have to heavily rely on international trade, unlike China. About 12% of land area is under cultivation. -Frequent earthquakes and numbers volcanoes; contents 10% of the worlds active volcanos -Mountains are within view from almost anywhere -long coastline, about 17000 miles -no part of Japan is more than 70 miles from the sea -geographically isolated: 100 miles from Korea, 500 miles from China
Cultural borrowing: The city
• Many ppl went to Xian, and took reference from that city, and built the city Nara • Nara: Japan's first city and capital, 710-784. The urban layout followed the model of Xian A. City was surrounded by Buddhist temples, so Emperor moved to Hein.
From warrior rule to modern state
• Period now always named after the emperors Reign Name. • Meiji Period (1868-1912) - gov ran by reformed minded officials. • Taisho Period (1912-1926) • Showa Period (1926-1989) - • Heisei Period (1989-now)
The Major (Meiji) Restoration of 1868:
• Satsuma/choshu coalition against the Shogun • The Satcho army marched toward Edo 1867 • Forced the Shogun to step down, 1868 • Placed the 16 year old emperor in Edo • Renamed Edo as Tokyo • Named the new era Meiji (enlightened rule)
From civil monarchy to warrior rule
• Shogun - means military commander. The title was created in 1185 by Yoritomo. • Shogunate- shoguns gov, also known as the "tent giv" • Daimyo - feudal lord • Period is either named aver the family name or where the shogun was located. • Kamakura period (1185-1336) - kamakura is a city not too far from Tokyo. Place that shogun set up his headquarters. • Ashikaga period (1336-1600) - family name of shogun • Tokugawa period (1600-1867) - family name of shogun
Cultural borrowing: the political system
• Tenno, "heavenly emperor". Name of the emperor. • Divided Japan into providences(66) • Confucianism was the main ideology. Moral leadership, and morality virtue. • Legal code of Tang dynasty
State Shinto
• The ancestor of the Yamato family (imperial family) as the direct descendants of the sun goggles Amaterasu. • Japanese are the descendants of the Sun Goddess • Japan is a sacred land * Jimmu: legendary first emperor • Unbroken Imperial Life -followed religious Shinto
Cultural borrowing: Language
• The taika (great change) reform of 645 • Kanji, Chinese characters. Used to write the 2 oldest Japanese books... 712 Kojiki, Records of Anchient Matter. 720 Nihongji, Chronicles of Japan. • Kanji and the translation of Buddhist sutras. • Hiragana, common form • Katakana, for foreign terms
Shinto
• The way of Gods • Indigenous to Japan • Exclusively Japanese • Worship of nature and achievement of harmony with nature • The kami- translated to deity. • Has little about moral teaching. Some stuff about purification. But nothing about salvation or reincarnation. • No single founding father and vague about afterlife • Does not have a major document, holy document. • Even when they invaded Korea they didn't force them to convert to Shinto, in fact they forbid them from it.
Tokugawa Policies: restriction of social classes
• There was no social mobility. Whatever you were born into you stay. Also could not marry btwn commoner and nobility. But can marry within the different commoners ranks. B. Samurai - considered nobles of Japan. 7% of population. Allowed to ride on horseback, wear swords, and have a family name. C. Peasants - commoners. Ppl who produce food to feed everyone D. Artisans - commoners. At least you make something that is necessary. E. Merchants - commoners F. Outcastes - at the very bottom of society. Ppl who do less desirable jobs like garbage or waste collection. Or any job that involves use of animal skin, jobs making shoes or drums. Cannot move up to commoners. • Confucianism idea. Merchants are only interested in making profit, and are not decent.
Cultural borrowing: material culture and lifestyle
• Todaiji Temple - oldest sodden structure on earth. Dates back to 728. • Food- tofu • House-Tatami mats • Attire- kimono
From tribal rule to civil monarchy
• Yamato Period (300-710). Started to have cultural borrowing. • Nara Period (710-794). Established the capital in the city of Nara. • Heian Period (794-1185). Imperial family moves to Heian, and the capital remains there still. After 1185 the emperor lost real power in the country.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce or The Harris Treaty
G. First commercial treaty btwn Japan and US H. 1858 I. Exchange of diplomatic agents J. Treaty ports: opening Edo, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata, and Yokohoma to foreign trade K. Allowing the US citizens live and trade in these ports L. Foreign concessions M. Given extra - territorial rights to foreigners N. Fixed minimal import tax for foreign goods, subject to international control.
Main ideologies that influenced Japan (3 pillars)
Buddhism, confucianism, Shinto
Vietnam cities
Capital: Hanoi Largest city: Ho Chi Minh (Saigon) Rural: 67%, Urban: 33%
Princess Masako
Changed traditions in the Japanese transitions in the royal family; was western; disappeared after her marriage
Japan Chronology
1. From tribal rule to civil monarchy. 2. From civil monarchy to warrior rule 3. From warrior rule to modern state • Period now always named after the emperors Reign Name. • Meiji Period (1868-1912) - gov ran by reformed minded officials. • Taisho Period (1912-1926) • Showa Period (1926-1989) - • Heisei Period (1989-now)
Japan's 4 major islands from N to S
1. Hokkaido ("northern ocean providence", currently underdeveloped, home to Sapporo beer, cold climate) 2. Honshu ("basic land", much of the civilization started here) 3. Shikoku ("four states", smallest) 4. Kyushu ("9 lands") (1000 smaller islands surrounding)
Two plains of Japan
1. Kansai plain-western side. Considered on of the largest planes. Known as the cradle of Japanese civilization. 2. Kanto plane - Tokyo located here.
Taisho Democracy: Political Liberalism
1. The organ theory -Minobe Taksukichi, a Tokyo university professor and the nation's leading expert on constitutional law, created the organ theory by saying that the emperor is 'an organ of the constitution' 2. Shidehara Diplomacy -Shidehara Kijuro, Japan's foreign minister for most of the time during 1924-1931, pointed out that it is not territory, but market we seek -Kijuro Shidehara (1872-1951), Japanese diplomat and Japan's man of peace
The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
1. the independence of Korea 2. Cede Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula 3. War indemnity of 200 million tael, equivalent to about 15% of Japan's GNP 4. open treaty ports (coastal and hinterland) 5. extraterritoriality 6. limitation on tariff 7. the most favored nation clause 8. the right to industrial investments
Japanese population
128 million more than 78% live in urban area 1.5% naturalized citizens high life expectancy (87 and 85)
Shinkansen
150-200 mph -known as the bullet train; symbol of Japan's postwar prosperity
Tokugawa Ieyadu
1543-1616. made his home in Edo(Tokyo). (Emperor was figurehead residing in Kyoto) Founder of Tokugawa Shogunate. Dutch has significant influence at the time.
Japanese offensive
1941-42 -surrender of Thailand (December 21, 1941) -capture of Hong Kong (December 25, 1941) -US bases on Guam and Wake Island were lost at around the same time -capture of Burma and the Dutch east indies (jan 1942) -capture of Singapore and Malaya (February 1942) -surrender of Java (March 1942) -surrender of Philippines (may 1942)
American Occupation
1945-52 -legal base or justification for the American Occupation: the potsdam declaration -supreme commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) -Douglas MacArthur as a statesman and "american shogun"
Matsukata Masayoshi
Economy (1835-1924) -look in book
Yamagata Aritomo
Military (1838-1922) -father of modern military, single most influential military figure for modern Japan -'line of sovereignty' and the 'line of advantage' -private life: gardening
