Quiz 3 Ch 7 & 8

When Yancy was sitting in the park one day, he witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

Jazmine is trying to log in to her online banking account. She can't seem to remember her password. She keeps entering the password she uses for a different online account. This is an example of:

proactive interference.

Kendra learned how to make three-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy BEST illustrates the process of:

shaping.

Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence in media. You tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT:

she should not worry because children do not model television violence.

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning.

Jennifer trained her dog to howl when he heard Jennifer play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day in her car, Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto, and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.

operant conditioning; generalization

_____ involves a learned association between two stimuli

Classical conditioning

_____ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Retroactive

The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as:

déjà vu.

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book, and when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

iconic

Encoding is to data _____________ as storage is to _____________.

input into a computer; data saved on the har

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory of:

one's first kiss.

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

overconfident

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous rounds of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became:

the conditioned stimulus.

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following challenged the idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats

_____ memory refers to our memory for past events.

Retrospective

All of these were early theorists in associative learning EXCEPT:

Sigmund Freud.

With respect to amnesia, "antero-" is to "retro-" as _____ is to _____.

after; before

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

anterograde amnesia.

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about all of the following EXCEPT

auditory stimuli.

Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called _____ constraints on learning.

biological

Marian Breland and Keller Breland presumed that operant principles would work on almost any response an animal could make. But they learned that _____ influence learning outcomes.

biological predispositions

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.

cerebellum

Which choice does NOT pair a brain structure or region with the correct memory system?

cerebellum - explicit memory

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

encoding

Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. Her inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is an example of _____.

infantile amnesia

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning?

involuntary responses to stimuli

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

left hippocampus

This prolonged strengthening of a neuron's ability to fire is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as:

long-term potentiation.

Because of _____________, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

memory construction

Psychologists became aware of the importance of biological constraints on learning during the _____ century.

mid-twentieth

Daniel's daughter repeatedly hit her playmates during their game of tag. Daniel denied her dessert as a consequence. This is an example of _____ punishment.

negative

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

observation.

Ana learns some conversational Portuguese in advance of a vacation in Brazil. However, the Spanish she used at home as a child sometimes impairs her retrieval of Portuguese words and phrases. Ana is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:

recall.

An elementary school teacher is testing her pupils' retention of state capitals. In Part I of the test, students must match some capitals to the correct states. In Part II, students have to supply the correct capital for each of several states. Part I is a _____ test of memory, and Part II is a _____ test.

recognition; recall

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This BEST illustrates:

classical conditioning.

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Through conscious repetition of information in short-term memory, we can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as _____.

rehearsal

Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a defense mechanism called:

repression.

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as _____ cues.

retrieval

Sarah is taking a class exam. As she answers the questions on the text, she is attempting to _____ information from her long-term memory.

retrieve

With respect to interference, forgetting old information is to forgetting new information as _____ is to _____.

retroactive; proactive

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

retrograde; anterograde

What is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response called?

spontaneous recovery

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had grown to associate the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery.

Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. (Luckily, he was given a ride home.) Once in the apartment, he threw his keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:

state-dependent memory.

The phenomena of forgetting information learned while intoxicated until the person is once again intoxicated BEST reflects:

state-dependent memory.

When we encounter a stimulus we may have seen before, our feeling of familiarity reflects processing in the _____ lobe, whereas our conscious memory for its details reflects _____ lobe processing.

temporal; frontal

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experiences versus memories that are imagined is that:

they cannot be differentiated.

Most learning involves the process of association. In classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

two stimuli.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of a loud nose was the _____ response.

unconditioned

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

unconditioned

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________.

unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding proble

The book was never purchased and placed in the library.

Which statement is FALSE with respect to the factors which might influence working memory capacity?

Training increases working memory capacity.

In observational learning, the MOST effective models are those who:

are likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.

_____ include voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences.

Operant behaviors

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

Operant; respondent

Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the _____.

cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is an example of:

infantile amnesia.

Which of the following is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

Some hold that B. F. Skinner neglected the importance of the individual's:

personal freedom.

_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

recognition

Jaylen found the item number of the product she wanted to order from a catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the item number.

chunking

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

rehearsal

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No." She walked away assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

déjà vu.

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.

implicit

What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning?

the digestive systems of dogs

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

Correlation does not prove causation.

He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

James

The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by:

Keller and Marian Breland.

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____________ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____________ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

antisocial; prosocial

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.

cognitive

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a _____ reinforcer.

conditioned

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone is called a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone after associating the tone with food is called a(n):

conditioned response.

In Pavlov's studies, the dogs began salivating at the sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. The sight of this person had become a(n) _____ for the dogs.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a(n) _____ response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

conditioned; predictability

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behaviorist perspective?

The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are important components in the learning process.

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically, when the desired behavior occurs

_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.

Massed practice

Arif cannot seem to get into the routine of taking a multivitamin at breakfast. Perhaps he just has not made a sufficiently consistent effort. Based on research described in the text, Arif should be sure to take the multivitamin every day for just over _____ to ensure that it becomes a habit.

2 months

The eminent psychologist _____ became known for shaping rat and pigeon behaviors by delivering rewards as the animals more closely approximated a desired behavior.

Skinner

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which of the following would you recommend to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument.

Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable?

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he's run into the co-worker is known as:

automatic processing.

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast-food restaurant. An hour later, his stomach became very upset, and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:

classical conditioning

Brenda has learned that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder based on her direct experiences with previous thunderstorms. This BEST illustrates:

classical conditioning.

Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either hitting or smashing into another. The _____ variable in this experiment was _____.

dependent; speed estimates

Six-year-old Davey developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house, he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other furry objects, Davey was demonstrating:

discrimination

Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:

encoding failure

When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively

encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the text's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

encoding; retrieval

Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

expectation

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Danilo has a vivid memory for the moment he learned of the 2016 mass shooting at the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Danilo has a(n) _____ memory for this tragedy.

flashbulb

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Which list contains an item that does NOT belong?

frontal lobes, basal ganglia, explicit memory, semantic memory

In classical conditioning, _____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it refers to the organism's response to similar stimuli is also reinforced.

generalization

After Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, he removed pieces of the rats' cortex. He reported that no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of:

observational learning.

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates:

observational learning.

With respect to learning, _____ is a form of _____.

observational learning; cognitive learning

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____.

observational; Bandura

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning.

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that lead to it. This is known as _____.

priming

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that lead to it. This is known as:

priming.

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

prosocial

Which example could serve as evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions in order to fully test their:

recall.

Which statement is true regarding the notion that people can repress painful memories?

Memory researchers are less likely to believe it than are therapists.

_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.

Negative

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games cause children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games, and then measure aggressive behaviors.

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization.

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so that he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:

instinctive drift.

Marian Breland and Keller Breland found that pigs trained to pick up large wooden "dollars" and deposit them in a piggy bank began to drift back to their natural ways. This is known as:

instinctive drift.

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

recoding

A _____ is any event or situation that evokes a response.

stimulus

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Samantha was asked if she recognized the "man" who was driving the car. Several hours later, Samantha mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Samantha's experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

Joella watches her older brother brush his teeth and then attempts to brush her teeth on her own. Joella's older brother is serving as a _____ for Joella.

model

Noreen has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's diseases. To help her remember past events, she undergoes reminiscence therapy, which capitalizes on the sights, smells, and sounds related to such events. In other words, reminiscence therapy harnesses the power of:

retrieval cues.

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the "man" who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the "young criminal," Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.