Quiz #7

Chemical Rock (Sedimentary)

Chemical bonds that tie these particles down

Why are the elements where they are on Earth?

1) Because temperature goes up, heavier stuff sinks and lighter stuff float to the top (core) 2) The Himalayas are made out of rock so they don't sink, but if they were made out of metal, they'd sink 3) Our mountains are so high because they float above the lithosphere

Why do we have these Diapoles?

1) Because we have multiple negative charges that are constantly revolving around a positive atom while change velocity 2) This is similar to planets revolving around the sun ---> Downside: Most of the stuff on the planet are not magnetic

Metamorphic Rock

1) Changing of the shape of the rock 2) Heated or pressured rocks 3) Layered rock

Sedimentary Rock in its basic shape is divided into subclasses

1) Clastic 2) Organic 3) Chemical

Igneous or Magmatic Rock

1) Comes mostly from the Asthenosphere 2) Basalt

What's inside the Earth?

1) Core 2) Outer Core 3) Mantle 4) Asthenosphere 5) Lithosphere (Crust)

Minerals

1) Crystaline structures that are much hardier than rock 2) Under pressure, they remain as minerals

Hot Jupiters

1) Early 2000s - observed gas giant planets that closely orbited their star in other galaxies 2) This is explained by planetary migration

Escaping the Atmosphere

1) If a rocket wanted to escape the atmosphere, it would need to surpass escape velocity 2) If you remove a part of a gas, it has more space to spread out, and then it has less pressure

Solar Wind Stripping

1) If solar wind is strong enough to clear the entire. nebula, it is strong enough to strip our atmosphere away 2) Solar wind serials around our magnetic field and nothing else is affected but the poles

Convection

1) If the outer core is liquid, it gives that extra layer that we need ---> Convection 2) Because the convection in our planet is a chaotic process, it charges its direction every now and then

Second Way to Make a Magnetic Field

1) If you have a charge that is accelerated 2) If it changes velocity, it will create a magnetic field 3) Inductors cause magnetic fields ---> Constantly changing velocity

Rocks come in 3 flavors

1) Igneous or Magmatic Rock 2) Sedimentary Rock 3) Metamorphic Rock

First Way to Make a Magnetic Field

1) In order to get a magnetic field, you need a magnet 2) A magnetic field is how atoms orient themselves 3) A magnetic metal can re-orient the atoms within it 4) Magnetite ---> iron-based metal that has re-orientation affinity at room temp 5) Temperature is what helps re-orient the atoms 6) When the planet's temperature heated up, it caused magnetite to be magnetic, but as it cooled, the magnetite kept its magnetic properties due to hysteresis

Collision Hypothesis

1) Instead of two stars passing each other and gravitationally pulling mass, this theory says that these two stars collides and break into smaller bodies 2) The smaller bodies turn into planets 3) The chances of this are also very low because of the distance between our star and the nearest one from it

Core

1) Iron and Nickel 2) Core ore

Outer Core

1) Iron and Nickel in liquid state 2) Iron and Nickel become so hot to the point that they are then melted

Crust

1) Lightest possible rock 2) Silicon and Carbon 3) Quartz 4) Silicon Dioxide is the most prevalent element 5) Second most prevalent is Lithium 6) Calcium Carbonate

Distances Between Earth's Sections

1) Mantle to core is about 3700 km 2) Lithosphere to Asthenosphere is about 30-90 km 3) Outer crust to core is about 700 km 4) Deepest that we can go is 11 km

Mars

1) Mars lost its layer of molten metal, lost its atmosphere and magnetic field, and lost all its water ---> Planet became too small and the small moons it has doesn't support its conservation of angular momentum

Asthenosphere

1) On top of the mantle 2) Where rock is partially molten; lava 3) Lava is only called lava once it is on the Earth's surface. It is called magma inside the Earth

Magnetic Field

1) Our magnetic field is the only thing that protects us from losing our atmosphere 2) Protects us from solar wind stripping

What would happen if our planet had no magnetic field?

1) Out atmosphere would be in danger 2) Water would evaporate and Earth would cool down ---> pressure goes down because material is lost 3) Water would boil first on Mt. Everest

Outgassing

1) Pulling all the trapped gases out from the Earth 2) The more you outgas, the more pressure builds up, which thickens the atmosphere ---> This causes the greenhouse effect which bakes the planet

Fool's Gold

1) Pyrite 2) Two principle elements ---> Iron Sulfur

Volcanic Activity

1) Releases Carbon and Sulfur 2) Creates land mass 3) Doesn't release energy from inside

Mantle

1) Rock/Compressed Rock

Chamberlain-Moulton

1) Said that when two stars pass each other, one star gets very close to the other star 2) As the star passes, it gets distorted 3) The distortion causes pieces of the star to divide and those particles then become planets 4) However, the chances of two stars passing each other is very low because of how far away our nearest star is (Other then our sun)

Sedimentary Rock

1) Slow layering 2) Process is called straification

How do we know about these layers if we can only go 11 km down?

1) Sound propagates differently with different layers 2) We use earthquakes as a "mallet" 3) As earthquakes shake the planet, we get an entire structure everywhere

Hysteresis

1) Temp goes up when it goes from non-magnetized to magnetized 2) Temp goes down when it goes from magnetized to non-magnetized 3) When the planet's temperature heated up, it caused magnetite to be magnetic, but as it cooled, the magnetite kept its magnetic properties due to hysteresis

What's the importance of volcanoes in our geology?

1) They release every bit of gas that is trapped inside our planet 2) Every bit of water is from volcanoes ---> water was gas inside our planet 3) Modern day volcano gas can be measured 4) If volcanoes were gone forever our atmosphere would slowly dissipate ---> Hydrogen is lost, pressure goes down, other elements will move around and escape the atmosphere -------> The hotter the temp, faster things move 5) If there was no atmosphere, water wouldn't have enough pressure to be water 6) Hydrogen is really light and is light enough to leave our atmosphere

Magnetic Poles

1) Throughout history, the magnetic poles are shifting 2) The magnetic field needs to change slowly because of the conservation of angular motion and inertia which means that the poles need to shift too

Relationship Between Gravity and Tides

1) Tides are caused by gravity 2) Gravity causes tides, tides cause tidal friction, tidal friction causes the loss of kinetic energy, which then causes the orbit to shrink

Tides

1) Tides cause the deformation of stars and planets and in turn, that deformation causes the loss of kinetic energy 2) Anything that has mass causes tides 3) If you lose energy, planets' orbits will be reeled in

Subduction

1) When a plate is pushed under the lithosphere 2) Chemically interacted with to create a metamorphic rock

Rock Cycling

1) When rocks change their "flavor" 2) Magma becomes lava ---> igneous 3) Igneous rock is exposed to weather and will interact with other rocks or sediments 4) This will then become sedimentary rock 5) Sedimentary rock under high pressure becomes metamorphic

Tectonic Plates

1) When two tectonic plates are spread out, water flows inside, evaporates, and fuels the volcanoes 2) Because of tectonic plates, we can replenish our volcanoes ---> Cycle

White Dwarves

1) White Dwarves are made up of oxygen and carbon 2) White Dwarves are made up of diamonds ---> Have the same properties as diamonds

Dynamo

Magnetic field through velocity and changing charges

Thermal Velocity

Process of particles escaping out atmosphere due to the loss of gas (from volcanoes)

Organic Rock (Sedimentary)

Small particles that form into a rock

Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil)

Taking fossils and putting them under metamorphic pressure

Planetary Migration

These gas giants had to have been made further away from their star, but due to resonance, they have been pulled towards their star

Clastic Rock (Sedimentary)

Tiny little grains/pebbles stuck together