Quiz 7 (Ch. 7.2, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2)

An important source of false memories may come from:

source monitoring confustion

When we need to make an important decision, and carefully consider all the angles and options, we are using __________ thinking.

system 2

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen?

25

In a study on decision making, Wilson and his colleagues gave female college students a choice of five art posters to take home but gave them different directions about how to make their choice. Which group of students was happier with their poster choice after a few weeks had passed?

The students who "went with their gut" and took the posters they liked without thinking it over.

Which of the following describes the term "schema"?

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

Many scientific breakthroughs have come by way of __________, which involves recognizing similarities between two unrelated subjects. This type of problem-solving allows us to look at things in a new way.

analogies

When we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to remember or imagine an example, we are relying on the __________ heuristic.

availability

When people rely on mental shortcuts to reach a conclusion or make a decision, they often fail to take into account how common a behavior or characteristic is in general. This kind of information is called the __________ by psychological scientists.

base rate

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

crytomnesia

Learning is best when a person adopts which of the following study or practice schedules?

distributed practice

Supposed you chew gum every day in class, and every time you study. You reason, therefore, you should chew gum for the test too, in order to recreate a retrieval enviornment that is as similar as possible to your learning environment. If so, you are attempting to make use of:

encoding specificity

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________.

eyewitnesses

Emotional memories recalled with extremely vivid detail are called:

flashbulb memories

Peoples' decisions often depend on how questions are formulated. For example, people with cancer tend to be more optimistic if their doctor says "You are 90% certain to survive" as opposed to "There is a 1 in 10 chance you will die." This illustrates the phenomenon of __________.

framing

When someone solves a problem by using an object for a different purpose than for which it is typically used, that is called overcoming:

functional fixedness

A problem-solving strategy that doesn't guarantee a correct solution, but can save time and effort arriving at a correct answer is a(n):

heuristic

Bob is given 10 math problems, and can solve the first nine the same way. However, he struggles with the tenth problem because it requires a different method to solve it. This tendency to get stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy is the phenomenon of

mental sets

Dave has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dave relying on?

method of loci

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

recall, recognition, and relearning