quiz questions i got wrong

A wave with a period of 100 seconds per cycle has a frequency of ______ cycles per second.

0.01

About how long does it take material from the Oort cloud to travel to the inner solar system? A. 10 million years B. 1 million years C. 1,000 years D. 100,000 years E. 24-26 million years

1 million years

For a given rise in sea level, the shoreline in low-lying areas typically moves horizontally inland at a rate about ______ times the vertical sea level rise. A. 5 B. 10 C. 100 D. 500 E. 1000

1000

Suppose you have an air parcel at height 1 km above ground with temperature 0 °C. If you lower this air parcel to the ground, its new temperature will be ______ °C. A. -20 B. -10 C. 0 D. 10 E. 20

10

Thunderstorm tops often reach an altitude of roughly __________. A. 10 m B. 100 m C. 1000 m D. 10 km E. 100 km

10 km

A wave with a wavelength of 30 meters is a deep water wave in water greater than _____ meters depth.

15

During the 1991 North Atlantic storm known as "The Perfect Storm", waves reached 25 m high and were breaking. Based on this information, we can infer that the wavelengths of those waves were ______. A. less than 25 m B. between 25 and 150 m C. 175 m or less D. greater than 225 m E. greater than 500 m

175 m or less

The Tunguska impact occurred ______. 1. about 10 thousand years ago 2. just over 100 years ago 3. 65 million years ago 4. 1.2 billion years ago 5. just over 540 million years ago

2. just over 100 years ago

Arrange the 6 processes below in their order of occurrence during a thunderstorm: (1) Air CIRCULATES outward between the top of the thunderstorm and converges near the ground. (2) Air SPREADS OUT horizontally at the top of the thunderstorm. (3) Sunlight ABSORBED at ground adds energy to boundary layer air. (4) Air continues to RISE within the cloud, releasing latent heat. (5) At the TOP OF THE STORM, the updraft hits the base of the stratosphere. (6) Rising warm moist air COOLS and reaches saturation at cloud base (LCL).

3, 6, 4, 5, 2, 1

If you observe wave crests in the Pacific Ocean that are 60 meters apart and behave as deep water waves, you know that the water must be at least ______ meters deep. A. 90 B. 60 C. 30 D. 15 E. 5

30

In an open ocean, tsunami have a typical wavelength of ______. A. 3,000 km B. 300 km C. 30 km D. 3 km E. 300 m

300 km

Which of the following hypothetical "biosphere crises" could be classified as a mass extinction? A. 55% of species in the oceans go extinct over 80,000 years. No extinctions of species on land. B. 45% of species lost over a 25 million year period C. 10% of species extinct over a 50,000 year period. 25% of that number on land, 75% in the oceans. D. Complete extinction of one group of reptiles over 5,000 years. No other extinctions recorded. E. 32% of species extinct over a period of 1 million years. 45% of that number on land, 55% in the oceans.

32% of species extinct over a period of 1 million years. 45% of that number on land, 55% in the oceans.

Materials entering the Earth's atmosphere usually burn up entirely at about ______ above the Earth's surface. A. 5000 m B. 60 km C. 5000 km D. 5 km E. 600 km

60 km

Waves in the middle of the ocean typically have A. 200 km/hour wave speed B. 2 to 3 second wave period C. a Beaufort 9 condition D. 60 to 150 m wavelength E. 10 to 15 m wave height

60 to 150 m wavelength

The Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction occurred roughly ________ years ago. A. 10 million B. 245 million C. 64,000 D. 65 million E. 6.4 billion

65 million

Suppose air at some temperature could hold 0.04 kgwater/kgair, but the actual amount in the air is 0.02 kgwater/kgair. You then cool the air, so that its new capacity to hold water vapour decreases to 0.03 kgwater/kgair. Its new relative humidity is now (Hint, recall the drinking glass analogy from class) __________. A. 50% B. 67% C. 75% D. 100% E. not relevant, because the air is now saturated

67%

Which one of the following dates would fall in the Cretaceous period? A. 4.5 million years ago B. 220 million years ago C. 152 million years ago D. 500 million years ago E. 70 million years ago

70 million years ago

What are typical tsunami speeds, wavelengths and periods? a. 700 km/hour, 200 km, 10 minutes b. 60 km/hour, 20 km, 10 minutes c. 60 km/sec, 40 m, 5 seconds d. 1700 km/hour, 200 km, 1 hour e. 700 km/sec, 40 m, 10 minutes

700 km/hour, 200 km, 10 minutes

What percentage of marine species were lost during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction? A. 80-90% B. 60-70% C. 30-40% D. 0.2 E. 50-60%

80 - 90%

Imagine four waves with different wave periods: wave A has a period of 2 seconds, wave B has a period of 5 seconds, wave C has a period of 7 seconds, and wave D has a period of 10 seconds. Knowing that the water is 4000 meters deep, arrange the waves according to their wave speed. A. A=B=C=D B. A=B < C < D C. A < B < C < D D. D < C < B < A E. A < B < C=D

A < B < C < D

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Global sea level rises when the volume of seawater expands due to an increase in global air temperature. B. A global air temperature increase of 5°C/century will likely cause a global sea level increase of 120 m. C. Global sea level has increased by 120 m since the last glacial maximum 18,000 years ago. D. Most of Canada's coastline will be at risk with increasing global sea level rise. E. In geological time scales, the advance and retreat of glacial ice is the primary cause for global sea level change.

A global air temperature increase of 5°C/century will likely cause a global sea level increase of 120 m.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Seiches occurring in the Atlantic Ocean are more destructive than those occurring in the Pacific Ocean. B. Tsunami- generated seiches intensify the effects of tsunami in Hilo Bay. C. All enclosed bodies of water have a natural resonance. D. The wave height andperiod of seiches depend on the size and shape of enclosed basins. E. Seiches are commonly generatedin swimming pools during an earthqua

A. Seiches occurring in the Atlantic Ocean are more destructive than those occurring in the Pacific Ocean.

How does a debris slide differ from a debris flow? A debris slide _______. A. is not confined to a channel B. is composed of different material C. has a curved surface of failure D. moves more slowly than a debris flow E. does not contain as much water

A. is not confined to a channel

How rapid was the Permo-Triassic extinction thought to be? A. less than 1 million years B. between 5 - 10 million years C. around 2 million years D. between 1.5 - 2.5 million years E. around 3 million years

A. less than 1 million years

What kind of damage to the biosphere would the comet Shoemaker Levy 9 have caused if it had hit Earth? A. many times more severe than the K/T extinction event B. equivalent to the K/T extinction event C. anything smaller than 25 kg would probably survive D. more damage in the oceans than on land E. destroyed all mammalian life

A. many times more severe than the K/T extinction event

Which statement is FALSE? A. Air molecules tend to spread themselves smoothly and evenly - an effect called continuity. B. The continuity effect tends to cause closed circulations. C. The continuity effect couples together vertical and horizontal motions. D. Boundary-layer air converges horizontally under thunderstorm updrafts due to continuity. E. Air in the anvil converges horizontally above thunderstorm updrafts due to continuity.

Air in the anvil converges horizontally above thunderstorm updrafts due to continuity.

In Canada, hail is most frequent in __________. A. Ontario B. Manitoba C. Saskatchewan D. Alberta E. BC

Alberta

Waves are the result of energy traveling across the ocean, but what ultimately happens to that energy? A. The energy reflects off coasts, creating a new wave traveling in the opposite direction. B. The energy is absorbed by the coast. C. Friction causes the waves to slowly lose energy and die. D. Waves grow until they break in the open ocean. E. All of above.

All of above.

In slope stability analyses, the effective stress is ________. A. the intergranular stress B. the grain to grain contact forces resulting in frictional strength C. the total stress minus any pore water pressures D. All of the above E. None of the above

All of the above

Seiches are generated by ______. A. Tsunami B. Earthquakes C. Landslides D. strong winds E. All of the above

All of the above

Three waves are traveling through 5m deep water; one has a wavelength of 100m, another has a wavelength of 120m, and the third one has a wavelength of 140m. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The 100m wave is moving faster than the others. B. The 120m wave is moving faster than the others. C. The 140m wave is moving faster than the others. D. All three of these waves travel with the same speed. E. There is not enough information to answer this question.

All three of these waves travel with the same speed.

match

Asteroid: 10 m - 1000 km; metallic or rocky Comet: a few meters -hundreds of km; frozen water, CO2 or both Meteoroid: dust - 10 m; metallic, stony, or carbon-bearing Meteor: dust - cm; metallic, stony, carbon-bearingdust to asteroid size; stone or metallic Meteorite: dust to asteroid size; stony or metallic

Which of the following would be the MOST EFFECTIVE way to cause a mass extinction today? A. Stop fertilizing farm fields. B. Exterminate the majority of the biota at the base of the food chain. C. Cut down deciduous trees (those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year). D. Exterminate all top predators in North America. E. Acidify major inland lakes.

B. Exterminate the majority of the biota at the base of the food chain.

How could oceans become anoxic (lack oxygen)? Due to ______. A. intense heating from mid-ocean ridge driving off oxygen gas from marine water B. a slow down in ocean circulation when polar waters was not cold enough to sink during warm climatic intervals C. a chemical reaction between iridium and oxygen in sea water D. oxygen being included in the molecular structure of minerals in clay E. oxygen sinking to the ocean floor and being trapped in sediments during periods of intense cold

B. a slow down in ocean circulation when polar waters was not cold enough to sink during warm climatic intervals

You are asked to recommend appropriate landslide mitigation techniques for use in an arid area composed of highly fractured granite. Which of the following techniques should NOT be included in your proposal? A. build retaining walls B. reinforce slide mass with rock bolts C. spray slide mass with shotcrete D. drain water from interior of the slide mass E. grade the slope

B. reinforce slide mass with rock bolts (it only works with large rocks not grains of rocks)

Which is TRUE about translational slide

C. Failure occurs along well-defined, planar, and inclined surfaces.

Lots of carbon dioxide was released into the atmosphere after the impact at Chicxulub. Where did the gas come from? A. from burning dinosaurs B. from the vaporized extra-terrestrial object itself C. from the vaporization of limestone D. from combining gases in the atmosphere after the initial blast E. from vaporization of evaporite deposits

C. from the vaporization of limestone

Which statement is FALSE? A. In the eye of most hurricanes is a relatively high-pressure area near the top of the storm. B. Many North Atlantic hurricanes began as tropical disturbances formed over western Africa. C. North Atlantic hurricanes are usually steered by the Bermuda High. D. Hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones occur MOST frequently in the western North Pacific. E. Canada experiences AT LEAST ONE hurricane each year.

Canada experiences AT LEAST ONE hurricane each year.

Consider waves with different wavelengths (L): wave A has L = 10 m, B has L = 20 m, C has L = 40 m, D has L = 60 m. Knowing that the water depth is 0.5 m, arrange the waves according to wave speed

D = C = B = A because they're all shallow waves

Imagine you're a sailor at sea. You observe the sea state and determine that it is Beaufort Force 5. You record this in the ship's logbook. The captain has been asleep for the past 8 hours and doesn't know what's going on. So you wake her up to report on the conditions. Of the following choices, what's your most likely message to the captain? A. Conditions are very calm and you recommend stopping the ship for a swim. B. You recommend that everyone be kept inside because the danger of getting swept overboard is high. C. It's likely that the ship is headed into a hurricane and it would be wise to change course. D. Conditions are fine and you recommend that the ship proceed on course. E. It's time to consider making a emergency rescue call to the Canadian Coast Guard.

Conditions are fine and you recommend that the ship proceed on course.

Which of the following is FALSE about creep? A. Creep occurs slowly. B. Creep can happen on flat surfaces. C. Freezing and thawing of surface soil can cause creep. D. Wetting and drying of surface soil can cause creep. E. Creep can result in tilted telephone poles and curved tree trunks.

Creep can happen on flat surfaces.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The potential risk of being killed by an impact event is greatly affected by the size of an asteroid, the size of the area affected, and the recurrence interval. B. An asteroid that's a "civilization killer" is SMALLER than one that causes a mass extinction. C. The Manicouagan crater is one of many craters that resulted from a fragmented comet impacting Earth. D. NASA's Spaceguard is Earth's defense against impacts from Near Earth Objects. E. We expect the frequency of Torino Scale level 2-4 to be more frequent than level 8-10.

D. NASA's Spaceguard is Earth's defense against impacts from Near Earth Objects.

Which of the following likely contributed to the significant increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the Late Cretaceous? A. vaporization of basalt rock B. formation of limestone CaCO3 in the oceans C. chemical reactions which destroyed the ozone layer D. emission of volcanic gas E. global-scale fires

D. emission of volcanic gas

What are tektites? A. a type of sedimentary rock deposited following a tsunami B. sedimentary rocks composed of the bones and shells of sea creatures C. a sedimentary rock that can be formed by concentration of elements present in sea water D. evidence that rock has been melted during an impact event E. a type of "stressed/compressed" rock thought to be caused by impact

D. evidence that rock has been melted during an impact event

Which statement is FALSE? A. Soil creep movement is measured in millimeters or centimeters per year. B. Coastal landslides can create a tsunami that can affect areas thousands of kilometers away. C. The prime mover of landslides is gravity. D. A community developed on steep hillsides supporting a dense population will have a high landslide hazard. E. Debris avalanches and flows commonly moves at velocities of less than 5 km/h

Debris avalanches and flows commonly moves at velocities of less than 5 km/h

Which statement is TRUE? A. Instruments that measure humidity are called hydrometers. B. The dew-point temperature is the temperature where water vapour forms when you cool air at constant pressure. C. Saturated air has a relative humidity of 0% D. Dust particles in air can serve as cloud condensation nuclei. E. Thunderstorms always form along cold fronts.

Dust particles in air can serve as cloud condensation nuclei.

Which of the following is currently NOT a feasible plan to prevent a meteor impact on Earth? A. Destroy it with nuclear weapons. B. Destroy it with enormous space mirrors. C. Mine it to remove material, which would shift its orbit. D. Attach an engine and nudge the object from its orbit. E. All of the above are NOT feasible.

E. All of the above are NOT feasible.

Which of the following best describes the changes energy might go through to become an earthquake? A. Heat from the earth --> potential energy in the mantel--> Kinetic energy in the rock--> kinetic energy of the earthquake B. Potential energy from the earth--> potential energy in the mantel--> potential energy in the rock--> kinetic energy of the earthquake C. Kinetic energy in the mantel-->heat from the Earth-->potential energy in the rock-->Kinetic energy of the earthquake D. Kinetic energy from the Earth-->heat energy from in he mantel-->potential energy in the rock-->Kinetic energy of the earthquake E. Heat from the earth --> Kinetic energy in the mantel--> potential energy in the rock--> kinetic energy of the earthquake

E. Heat from the earth --> Kinetic energy in the mantel--> potential energy in the rock--> kinetic energy of the earthquake

Which statement about the earthquake Modified Mercalli Scale (MMS) is CORRECT? A. It is only useful if the area has buildings. B. Each higher number on the MMS scale relates to 10 times more ground motion. C. It is less accurate in small earthquakes. D. It quantitatively describes the energy released by an earthquake. E. It is useful for assessing the magnitude of historic earthquakes before instruments were invented.

E. It is useful for assessing the magnitude of historic earthquakes before instruments were invented.

All of the following are direct or indirect effects of the production of flood basalts. Which would probably have the LEAST effect on the generation of a mass extinction event? A. sealevel change B. atmospheric cooling effects C. acid rain D. increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere E. flowing or ponded lava

E. flowing or ponded lava

Unlike the period close to the Permo-Triassic extinction event, the mid-Cretaceous was a time of high sea levels. What is the MOST LIKELY cause of this rise? A. increase in rate of bombardment of icy comets B. increased precipitation C. increase in glacial ice at the poles D. deepening of the ocean basins E. increased seafloor spreading rates

E. increased seafloor spreading rates

Waves at the shore will start to break when ________.

E. the ratio of the wave height to the water depth is about 3:4

Lightning alley is located in __________. A. Oklahoma B. Florida C. Alberta D. Rocky Mountains E. British Columbia

Florida

The largest diameter storm is a __________. A. tornado B. supercell thunderstorm C. multicell thunderstorm D. Hurricane E. hailstorm

Hurricane

The longest lived storm is a ______. A. tornado B. supercell thunderstorm C. multicell thunderstorm D. Hurricane E. hailstorm

Hurricane

Which statement is TRUE? A. Zero force implies zero velocity. B. An air parcel in a warm environment is more buoyant than one in a cold environment. C. Horizontal temperature gradients can cause buoyancy-related vertical motions. D. Newton's law says that force equals mass divided by acceleration. E. Hurricanes are organized to create their own fuel by wind-enhanced evaporation.

Hurricanes are organized to create their own fuel by wind-enhanced evaporation.

Which is FALSE regarding storm longevity? A. Hurricanes manipulate their environment to create more boundary-layer fuel. B. Ocean surface temperatures must be greater than about 26 °C to allow hurricanes to persist. C. Hurricanes quickly die over land, mostly due to the increased frictional drag at the ground. D. Supercell storms generally last longer than other thunderstorms due to favourable wind shear. E. Storm propagation is where a mother storm can trigger a daughter storm with its gust front.

Hurricanes quickly die over land, mostly due to the increased frictional drag at the ground.

Regarding the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact, which of the following is TRUE? A. It caused an explosion that flattened 1000 km2 of forest. B. It was the first documented close encounter with a near-Earth object that was destroyed with nuclear weapons. C. It produced a crater on the dark side of the moon that was over 1000 km in diameter. D. It caused the death of the dinosaurs mostly by vaporization but also by subsequent degradation of the environment. E. If the impact occurred on Earth, it could have wiped out life down to the bacterial level

If the impact occurred on Earth, it could have wiped out life down to the bacterial level

Which statement is FALSE? A. In North America, the most frequent location for hail is Quebec. B. Before the main lightning stroke, a stepped-leader usually works its way down from the cloud. C. Supercells often occur with low-altitude inflow air from the southeast and high-altitude winds from the west. D. The highest category of tornado damage that has been reported is F5. E. Tornado outbreaks are when many tornadoes occur in a day or two in one region.

In North America, the most frequent location for hail is Quebec.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. In the open ocean, tsunami wave steepness is typically 1/200,000. b. People cannot outrun tsunami because they travel at about 60 km/hr. c. If tsunami crests were to peak with a height to wavelength ratio of 1/7, it would have to grow to at least 10 km in height. d. When tsunami shoal, they become steeper. e. Tsunami over-steepen, break, and turn into massive surf as they approach the shore.

In the open ocean, tsunami wave steepness is typically 1/200,000.

Why is the concept of saturation so important? It determines the deep blue colour of the sky. It describes how temperature changes in the horizontal. It determines when condensation occurs. It describes the maximum rotational speed of tornadoes. It increases with increasing wind speed.

It determines when condensation occurs.

The San Andreas Fault extends offshore under water in some sections to the north of San Francisco. Imagine that a magnitude 8.5 earthquake occurs along an underwater section of the fault. Is it likely or unlikely to generate a large tsunami? A. It is unlikely because the movement along the fault is horizontal. B. It is likely because most underwater earthquakes generate tsunami. C. It is likely because earthquakes along the San Andreas fault are typically shallow. D. It is unlikely because the fault is still too close to shore. E. It is likely because the magnitude of the earthquake is large.

It is unlikely because the movement along the fault is horizontal.

Which statement is FALSE? A. People living in areas within hurricane paths should always plan in advance for an evacuation. B. Hurricanes are rare in the Atlantic provinces of Canada. C. Hurricane paths are difficult to predict until the hurricanes gets close to shore. D. The strength and location of the Bermuda High helps determine the path of hurricanes in the North Atlantic. E. Knowledge of historical hurricane tracks is the best predictor of future hurricane tracks.

Knowledge of historical hurricane tracks is the best predictor of future hurricane tracks.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Sometimes it is more economical to repair the effects of a landslide than to remove the cause altogether. B. A proper site investigation is fundamental for a meaningful slope stability analysis. C. Landslide frequency in western Canada is equal or less than frequencies in other mountainous and landslide-prone areas around the world. D. Landslides may have several causes, but only one trigger. E. The short history of human development in a region makes the evaluation of landslide hazards more difficult.

Landslide frequency in western Canada is equal or less than frequencies in other mountainous and landslide-prone areas around the world.

Which statement is TRUE? A. Landslides may develop into another landslide type through time. B. The UBC Grand Campus Washout of 1935 was caused by a rock slide that led to flooding along University Avenue. C. Landslide frequency in British Columbia is NOT significantly affected by logging activities. D. The largest number of quick-clay slope failures recorded in Canada occurred in Ontario. E. Debris flows are common in British Columbia coastal mountains because of the combined effect of frequent earthquakes and deep water-saturated, loose, silty-sand deposits.

Landslides may develop into another landslide type through time.

Which statement is TRUE? A. A "tornado watch" means a tornado is happening now and heading in your direction. B. Most thunderstorms are short-lived because of the limited availability of boundary-layer fuel nearby. C. More intense tornadoes happen more frequently than weak ones. D. Tornado damage paths are usually wider than about 2 km. E. The official name for a thunderstorm cloud is "nimbostratus".

Most thunderstorms are short-lived because of the limited availability of boundary-layer fuel nearby.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Most tornadoes are made visible by cloud droplets and debris. B. Tornadoes are violently-rotating columns of air in contact with the ground. C. Most violent tornadoes come from supercell thunderstorms. D. Most tornadoes occur on the leading edge (NE side) of a supercell thunderstorm. E. A "tornado outbreak" is when many tornadoes occur during 1 or 2 days.

Most tornadoes occur on the leading edge (NE side) of a supercell thunderstorm.

The tsunami that caused the most deaths in Canada in the past century occurred in A. Nunavut B. British Columbia C. Prince Edward Island D. Yukon E. Newfoundland

Newfoundland

In North America, hail is most frequent in __________. A. Oklahoma B. Florida C. Ontario D. Alberta E. British Columbia

Oklahoma

The location in North America that has the most frequency of hail AND of tornadoes is __________. A. Florida B. Alberta C. Oklahoma D. Ontario E. California

Oklahoma

The location in North America with the most tornadoes is ___________ A. Florida B. Oklahoma C. Alberta D. Ontario E. Colorado

Oklahoma

The Canadian province with the most frequent tornadoes is __________. A. Saskatchewa B. Alberta C. British Columbia D. Ontario E. Manitoba

Ontario

Which statement is FALSE? A. Newton's law says that a net force causes objects to accelerate. B. Buoyancy force causes warm air to rise, and is important in thunderstorms. C. Pressure-gradient force causes air to accelerate horizontally, thus creates winds. D. Acceleration is the change of velocity with time. E. Pressure gradient is the perpendicular force per unit area.

Pressure gradient is the perpendicular force per unit area.

You are asked to deal with large rockslides that may initiate along newly cut rock slopes blasted to widen the Sea-to-Sky Highway (Highway 99). To prevent massive blocks (>1000 m3) from sliding onto the road, which approach to mitigation would you take?

Prevention through rock bolts, anchors and drainage.

Quick clay problems are common in what part of Canada? A. Nova Scotia B. Alberta C. British Columbia D. Quebec E. Manitoba

Quebec

Which of the following is NOT a major reason we have frequent landslides in British Columbia? A. Removal of vegetation B. Complicated Geology C. High rainfall D. steep mountain Slope E. Quick clay deposits

Quick clay deposits

The intensity scale for hurricanes is called the 1.----- scale.

Regular expression Saffir-Simpson

Which of the following is FALSE? A. Steep waves have V-shaped troughs and broad, rounded peaks. B. Waves steepen as the ratio of the wave height to wavelength approaches 1/7. C. Steep waves have peaked and unstable crests. D. Tsunami steepness is typically 1/200,000. E. When waves shoal, they become steepe

Steep waves have V-shaped troughs and broad, rounded peaks.

Which of the following is FALSE about rogue waves? A. Rogue waves only occur in the open ocean and do not impact shorelines. B. Rogue waves are common where strong winds blow against ocean currents. C. Rogue waves are hard to predict. D. Rogue waves result from constructive interference between two or more wave trains. E. Rogue waves are particularly hazardous for large vessels because the ends of the ship can be on adjacent wave crests leaving the middle of the ship unsupported.

Rogue waves only occur in the open ocean and do not impact shorelines.

The disaster scale for hurricanes is called the _________ A. Richter scale B. Fujita scale C. Saffir-Simpson scale D. Torro scale E. Torino scale

Saffir-Simpson scale

Which of the statements below BEST describes the relationship between building height and earthquake frequency? A. Shorter buildings collapse more easily in a lower frequency earthquake and higher buildings collapse more easily in a higher frequency earthquake. B. Both high and short buildings collapse easily in low frequency earthquakes. C. Shorter buildings collapse more easily in a high frequency earthquake and higher buildings collapse more easily in a low frequency earthquake. D. No relationship exists between building height and earthquake frequency. E. High and low frequency earthquakes do not affect buildings in dry sand.

Shorter buildings collapse more easily in a lower frequency earthquake and higher buildings collapse more easily in a higher frequency earthquake.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Lightning often ranks in the top two of weather-related killers in North America. B. Lightning can shoot out of the side of a storm and hit the ground ten miles away from the storm. C. Most lightning-caused forest fires are triggered by positive cloud-to-ground lightning. D. If you feel the hair standing up on your head or arms, there is a good chance that you are about to be struck by lightning in the next second or so. E. Some lightning occur with no thunder but where there is thunder, there must be lightning.

Some lightning occur with no thunder but where there is thunder, there must be lightning.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A landslide may be stabilized by applying a resisting force at the toe of the slope. B. Stabilization of a landslide may be achieved by clearing the trees from the slope. C. The rapid infiltration of rainfall is the mechanism by which most shallow landslides are generated during storms. D. Landslides may occur without a apparent trigger because of processes that gradually bring the slope to failure. E. High pore pressures may adversely affect the stability of a slope due to a decrease in effective normal stress.

Stabilization of a landslide may be achieved by clearing the trees from the slope.

Which of the following artificial barriers do NOT modify sediment transport? A. Seawall B. Jetty C. Groin D. Tethered-float breakwater E. Headland

Tethered-float breakwater

Which is FALSE? A. The MAJOR hazard associated with hurricanes is the strong winds. B. The eye is a structure usually found in the center of hurricanes. C. Stratiform clouds are generally layered clouds. D. It is possible to survive a tornado by getting in a basement or "safe room". E. The most favourable month for North Atlantic hurricanes is September.

The MAJOR hazard associated with hurricanes is the strong winds.

Why are there more devastating tsunami in the Pacific than in the Atlantic? A. The Atlantic is smaller, so tsunami energy dissipates more quickly. B. The shapes of harbors around the Pacific amplify the effects of tsunami. C. The biggest tsunami are in the Indian Ocean, not the Atlantic or Pacific. D. Most major tsunami in the Pacific end up hitting Hawaii where more people are likely to be near the coast. E. The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones, which produce large earthquakes, which usually generate tsunami.

The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones, which produce large earthquakes, which usually generate tsunami.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Air cools as it rises because latent heat is released. B. The dry adiabatic lapse rate applies to both dry and humid air where the water vapor has not condensed or evaporated. C. Adiabatic cooling occurs when heat is transferred without a change in temperature. D. Above the lifting condensation level, dry air parcels cool at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. E. The moist adiabatic lapse rate varies with the relative humidity of the air parcel.

The dry adiabatic lapse rate applies to both dry and humid air where the water vapor has not condensed or evaporated.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the evolution of a tornado? A. Some dust and debris are observed to be rotating on the ground. B. A funnel cloud lowers from the rotating wall cloud of the thunderstorm. C. The dust and debris cloud rise to merge with the rotating wall and funnel cloud. D. Funnel cloud decreases into a rope stage. E. Tornado dissipates.

The dust and debris cloud rise to merge with the rotating wall and funnel cloud.

Concerning the Permo-Triassic extinction, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The Siberian Traps may have contributed to the mass extinction event. B. The extinction was largely restricted to land based creatures. C. Over 95% of all species became extinct. D. The continents were grouped together in a land mass called Pangea. E. Trilobites went into extinction.

The extinction was largely restricted to land based creatures.

Which statement is TRUE? A. Surface winds in tropical cyclones, typhoons, and hurricanes spiral clockwise in the North Atlantic Ocean. B. The eye of a hurricane has high pressure at the bottom of the stratosphere and low pressure at sea level. C. Around the windy and rainy eye is an eye wall consisting of a ring of relatively calm and clear cumulus clouds. D. Hurricanes range in diameter from 15 - 30 km, typically an order of magnitude greater than thunderstorms. E. Hurricanes have been observed in all oceans of the world, at all times of the year.

The eye of a hurricane has high pressure at the bottom of the stratosphere and low pressure at sea level.

Which statement is TRUE? A. The eye of hurricanes usually contains downdrafts. B. Hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere usually rotate counter-clockwise. C. Hurricanes usually form over the equator. D. Tropical storms are usually stronger than hurricanes. E. Atlantic hurricanes usually move towards the Bermuda High center.

The eye of hurricanes usually contains downdrafts.

Larger wind-driven waves can develop in the Pacific Ocean than in Hudson Bay. Why? Choose the BEST reason. A. Hudson Bay is affected by daily wind reversals due to the proximity of land on all sides. B. The fetch is smaller in Hudson Bay than in the Pacific Ocean. C. Wind speed is faster over the Pacific Ocean than over Hudson Bay. D. The Pacific Ocean is deeper than Hudson Bay. E. Low atmospheric pressure over the Pacific Ocean tends to amplify large wind-driven waves.

The fetch is smaller in Hudson Bay than in the Pacific Ocean.

Which of the following is NOT associated with an impact of a 1 km diameter metal-rich asteroid hitting the continental crust? A. The impact may trigger large forest fires B. The impact will cause a mass extinction C. The crater will exhibit a multiple ring structure, likely with a ring bulging up near the centre of the crater D. The crater will have a thick zone (several kilometers) of melted and shatter rock below it E. The crater will have a diameter of something like 10-20km, perhaps even 50km!

The impact will cause a mass extinction

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Tornadoes can be visible due to cloud droplets and debris. B. Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air in contact with the ground. C. All violent tornadoes are attached to thunderstorms. D. Supercell thunderstorms are the ones most likely to spawn the most violent tornadoes. E. The most violent tornadoes have the largest diameters.

The most violent tornadoes have the largest diameters.

A seagull is sitting on the water in the middle of the ocean. What motion does it undergo as a WAVE PASSES BY? A. Seagulls typically paddle against the waves to maintain their position relative to land B. The seagull moves in a circular orbital motion C. The seagull bobs up and down. D. The seagull moves back and forth horizontally. E. The seagull moves along with the wave in the same direction as the wave is traveling.

The seagull moves in a circular orbital motion

Which of the following is FALSE about tsunami? A.The trough of a tsunami can arrive first, sucking the ocean water out away from land. B.The crest of a tsunami can arrive first, giving little warning to people near the coastline. C.The second tsunami wave to arrive is larger than the first one. D.Tsunami are difficult to detect in water greater than 3000 meters depth. E.Tsunami can travel about the speed of a jet plane.

The second tsunami wave to arrive is larger than the first one.

Which statement is FALSE? A. The Fujita scale for tornadoes is based on damage. B. The Torro scale for tornadoes is based on wind speed. C. The Saffir-Simpson scale for hurricanes is based on wind speed. D. The strongest observed tornado is F6 on the Fujita scale. E. Stronger hurricanes usually have lower sea-level pressures in the eye.

The strongest observed tornado is F6 on the Fujita scale.

In order to estimate an earthquake's location using seismograms, what do you need to know along with the P-wave and S-wave arrival times? A. the velocity of the Raleigh wave B. the velocities of the P-wave and S-waves C. the duration of shaking during the earthquake D. the frequencies of the P-wave and S-waves E. the depth of the earthquake

The velocities of the P-wave and S-wave.

Storms get most of their energy from ______. A. Coriolis force B. latent heat C. sensible heat D. radioactive decay E. wind shear

latent heat

Which statement about flows is FALSE? A. They are always characterized by turbulent flow. B. They always move at velocities less than 10 km/hour. C. They can have a range of water contents. D. Debris flows form a distinctive debris fan at the mouth of the channel. E. They can be composed of a range of material sizes.

They always move at velocities less than 10 km/hour.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Tornado outbreaks are when many tornadoes occur in one day to a week. B. The center of tornado alley is near Oklahoma. C. Tornadoes are violently rotating horizontal columns of air. D. Hook echoes in weather radar images don't always indicate tornadoes. E. The Torro scale is used to classify tornado strength.

Tornadoes are violently rotating horizontal columns of air.

Why are tsunami difficult to detect in the open ocean? Choose the BEST reason. A. Tsunami usually have only 3-7 wave crests in a row, so are only evident in a small area at any one time. B. Tsunami have very long wavelengths and small heights in the open ocean, so changes in the sea surface are very small. C. We don't yet have any technology that can detect tsunami in the open ocean. D. Tsunami move at speeds similar to jet planes, so they go by too fast. E. The technology available can only detect tsunami heights greater than 1 meter in the open ocean.

Tsunami have very long wavelengths and small heights in the open ocean, so changes in the sea surface are very small.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Tsunami with longer wavelengths travel faster. B. The speed of a tsunami decreases as it approaches shore. C. In the open ocean, tsunami crests are rounded and stable with typical wave heights of 0.5 - 1m. D. Restricted bays and harbours intensify the effects of a tsunami. E. The arrival of a tsunami can be predicted.

Tsunami with longer wavelengths travel faster.

Which statement is FALSE for saturated air? A. Relative humidity = 100% B. Temperature equals dew point temperature. C. Condensation occurs on dust particles called cloud condensation nuclei. D. The air parcel is at or above its lifting condensation level. E. Vapor pressure equals mixing ratio.

Vapor pressure equals mixing ratio.

Which statement is FALSE? A. Temperature ultimately affects the buoyancy of air parcels; buoyancy differences create vertical winds. B. Temperature ultimately affects the pressure exerted on air parcels; pressure gradients create horizontal winds C. Warmer air is less dense resulting in a net downward buoyancy force. D. The pressure gradient force is caused by a change in pressure across a distance. E. A buoyancy force results from the difference in density between an air parcel and the surrounding air.

Warmer air is less dense resulting in a net downward buoyancy force.

Five facts regarding earthquake physics are presented. All are true and interesting, but which one does NOT contribute directly to helping reduce the risk of living in Vancouver or any earthquake-prone region? A. We are now capable of monitoring actual plate motions in real time. B. With careful geological work, we can determine the times and magnitudes of earthquakes that occurred before written records were kept. C. Different soil types respond differently to seismic waves. D. Building behavior in response to actual ground motion can be very well characterized. E. We can study our planet's deep structure and composition using seismic waves.

We can study our planet's deep structure and composition using seismic waves.

The Tsunami Warning Centre responsible for providing tsunami warning messages to people living along the coast of British Columbia is the ______. A. Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre B. International Tsunami Warning Centre C. West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Centre D. Canadian Tsunami Warning Centre E. British Columbia Provincial Emergency Program

West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Centre

If a gray whale dove to 40 meters water depth (which it could easily do), would its motion be affected by waves at the surface of the ocean? A. Yes, but only by waves with wavelengths longer than 80 meters. B. Yes, but only by waves with periods longer than 20 seconds. C. Yes, but only by waves with wavelengths shorter than 80 meters. D. No, because the whale is below the depth of no motion for all surface waves. E. Yes, but only by waves with periods shorter than 20 seconds.

Yes, but only by waves with wavelengths longer than 80 meters.

If you were sitting in a kayak (NOT paddling) in the middle of Burrard Inlet (average depth=25 m) on a day when the wind had generated 1-metre long waves, what motion would you and your kayak undergo as the waves pass by? Assume there is no current. A. You would describe a circular orbital motion, slowly advancing in the direction of the wave. B. You would move along in the same direction as the wave is traveling, at the same speed as the wave. C. You would move back and forth horizontally. D. You would bob straight up and down. E. You would describe a circular orbital motion, without net displacement.

You would describe a circular orbital motion, without net displacement.

Arrange the lightning-flash components in the correct chronological order, from first to last. [-----] happens FIRST[-----] next[-----] next[-----] happens LAST [dart leader][stepped leader] [return stroke] [another return stroke]

[stepped leader] happens FIRST [return stroke] next [dart leader] next [another return stroke] happens LAST

Rogue waves are best described as ______. A. the third highest wave in a group B. a single massive wave that develops and disappears in the open ocean C. a strong rocking motion within a harbour D. waves rapidly approaching shallow water that grow to great heights E. abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by hurricanes

a single massive wave that develops and disappears in the open ocean

The tsunami that caused the most deaths in Canada in the past century was triggered by ______.

a submarine landslide

Which of the following is a landslide "cause" and not a landslide "trigger"? A. earthquake B. rapid snowmelt C. a weak clay layer D. heavy precipitation E. global warming

a weak clay layer

What percent of marine species were lost during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction? A. almost all, 80% B. only some, about 25% C. about half, 50% D. none, 0% E. all of them, 100%

about half, 50%

An adiabatic process refers to ____. A. the transfer of heat between air parcels B. the advection of energy in the form of warm humid air C. a change in temperature that does not involve heat transfer D. lateral changes in air parcel position as a result of the pressure gradient force E. temperature variations within the jet stream

a change in temperature that does not involve heat transfer

Which of the following slopes is LEAST likely to fail? A. a quick clay slope at 5 degrees B. a sand slope at 40 degrees C. a rock slope at 40 degrees D. a rock slope at 90 degrees E. a clay slope at 70 degrees

a rock slope at 40 degrees

A mesocyclone is ______. A. what hurricanes are called in the Indian Ocean B. a region of fair weather on weather maps C. a rotating supercell thunderstorm D. a rotating region in the mesosphere

a rotating supercell thunderstorm

What inexpensive revision to a building can prevent "soft story" collapse? A. firmly fix the building's base to the ground B. increase the depth of the building foundation C. add shear walls D. remove all installed dampers E. convert the first floor into a parking garage

add shear walls

Which of the following has NOT been proposed to have been responsible for the Permo-Triassic Extinction? A. advancing Ice Age B. stagnant oceans C. a meteor impact D. low sea level E. Siberian Traps activity

advancing ice age

In order to predict the wave heights of incoming surf, forecasters require information on all of the following EXCEPT _____. a. local wind conditions b. waves that could interfere destructively c. air and sea surface temperatures d. waves that could interfere constructively e. swells from distant storms

air and sea surface temperatures

Which is NOT considered a type of SEVERE thunderstorm? A. mesoscale convective complex B. air mass thunderstorm C. squall Line thunderstorm D. supercell thunderstorm

air mass thunderstorm

Current changes in sea level are attributed to __________. A. the melting of glaciers B. the warming, and subsequent expansion, of ocean water C. the slow readjustment of land following the melt of the Laurentide ice sheet (10 000 years ago). D. all of the above E. none of the above; there is no evidence that sea level is changing.

all of the above

Impact craters are much more common on the Moon than on Earth because __________. A. many impact sites are in the oceans where craters were not produced or have been buried B. most craters on land have been eroded or buried C. smaller meteoroids and comets burn up and disintegrate before striking the Earth's surface D. all of the above E. A and C only

all of the above

Doppler radar ______. A. is too complicated to understand B. is used by police but not by meteorologists C. measures the speed that sound-waves travel D. allows better detection of tornadoes E. can measure the uplift of the Earth

allows better detection of tornadoes

A mid-level layered cloud is called a/an ______ cloud. A. cirrostratus B. altostratus C. mediocris D. stratus E. nimbostratus

altostratus

A stratiform cloud that you can just barely see the sun through is called _____. A. stratus B. altostratus C. cumulus humilis D. cirrus E. stratocumulus

altostratus

INTERFERENCE in wind waves can cause __________. A. a storm surge B. every third wave to be larger or smaller than those preceding or following C. no effect; the waves are at maximum height D. waves to approach shore E. an occasional wave greater than any noted before or after its occurrence

an occasional wave greater than any noted before or after its occurrence

Where in the world's oceans do the tallest waves develop?

around Antarctica

In terms of area, how large were the impactmarks caused by the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on the surface of Jupiter? A. around the size of B.C. B. around the size of Texas C. around the size of the Earth D. 5 times the size of the Chicxulub impact E. 2 times the size of the Chicxulub impact

around the size of the Earth

The Barrier was ORIGINALLY formed by _______.

lava cooling as it came in contact with a valley glacier

Based on how an avalanche starts and moves, which category of mass movement would this type of landslide BEST fit into?

complex movements

Debris barriers and channels decrease damage from debris flows by all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. boulder-lined channels decrease flow velocity B. concrete lined channels prevent more debris from being incorporated into the flow C. grates remove large debris from flow masses D. boulder and concrete-lined channels decrease erosion E. basins collect water which prevents flows from moving quickly

basins collect water which prevents flows from moving quickly

Refraction causes waves to __________. A. travel over a barrier B. bounce back towards its point of origin C. bend as much as 90º from the original direction D. become deep water waves E. converge in embayments and semi-enclosed water bodies

bend as much as 90º from the original direction

Tornado translation speeds are ____. A. between 0 and 100 km/h B. between 100 and 200 km/h C. between 200 and 300 km/h D. between 300 and 400 km/h E. between 400 and 500 km/h

between 0 and 100 km/h

The predicted 30 cm sea level rise in BC over the next 50 years will NOT cause ______ a. drowning of tidal marshes and loss of habitat for waterfowl b. the shoreline to move inland by about 300 meters in Richmond c. bigger surf at Long Beach in Tofino d. flooding of coastal areas in Delta and Langley e. increased erosion at Point Grey

bigger surf at Long Beach in Tofino

An impact with an average recurrence interval of 100 million years would kill 1.-----of people.

billions

Imagine that you live in a house at the beach where longshore drift is from EAST to WEST. Your neighbour to the west builds two groins. The sand on the beach in front of YOUR house will ______. A. be carried to the WEST and deposited in front of your neighbor's house B. erode completely unless another source of sand contributes to your beach C. be carried around the groins and continue its journey to the WEST D. build up gradually as your neighbor's new groins catch sand E. be carried to the EAST and deposited in front of a different neighbor's house

build up gradually as your neighbor's new groins catch sand

If an unsaturated air parcel rises 2 km adiabatically, its temperature will ______. A. increase 20 °C B. increase 10 °C C. no change because adiabatic means no heat transfer D. decrease 10 °C E. decrease 20 °C

decrease 20 °C

Which of the following will make this statement TRUE?Individual tornadoes ______. A. rotate only clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere B. rotate only counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere C. can be invisible D. can last for days during a tornado outbreak E. often come out of mammatus clouds

can be invisible

All of the following wave types are restored by gravity EXCEPT ______. a. tide b. seiche c. wind wave d. tsunami e. capillary wave

capillary wave (its restored by surface tension)

The tsunami that occurred on Boxing Day of 2004 ______. A. caused damage to property as the towering waves crashed onto homes and buildings B. affected only coastal areas close to Indonesia C. caused more than 200,000 deaths because the tsunami alert system was offline D. caused significantly more deaths in Bangladesh than Indonesia because it is very close to sea-level E. caused measurable wave height increases in the west coast of North America

caused measurable wave height increases in the west coast of North America

Thin, wispy, high clouds made of ice crystals are called __________. A. cirrus B. altocumulus C. stratus D. stratocumulus E. diamond dust

cirrus

Tornadoes usually ___________. A. are not associated with thunderstorms B. are associated with mammatus clouds that form on the underside of the anvil C. arrive first, before the rain and hail D. come from a wall cloud near the southwest corner of the thunderstorm E. form in the strong downdraft region heavy rain and strong straight-line winds

come from a wall cloud near the southwest corner of the thunderstorm

Tornadoes usually __________. A. rise to merge with the rotating wall and funnel cloud B. are associated with calm, blue skies at the center of the storm C. arrive with the rain and hail D. come from the rotating wall cloud outside of the precipitation region E. move from the southeast towards the northeast

come from the rotating wall cloud outside of the precipitation region

An impact structure characterized by central uplift and a collapsed outer rim is a ________. A. complex crater B. debris crater C. simple crater D. bolide crater E. compound crater

complex

Which of the following will make this statement TRUE? "Most asteroids ______." A. contain very little ice and water B. are over 30,000 km in diameter C. develop a long tail of gas when approaching the Sun D. are located in a belt outside our solar system E. are parts of what once were large planets orbiting the Sun

contain very little ice and water

To explain why gust fronts are created when downbursts hit the ground, you would use the concept of __________. A. the surface heat budget B. saturation C. advection D. continuity E. buoyancy

continuity

One thunderstorm can spawn a daughter storm by ____. A. creating a cold front to lift warm boundary level air off the ground B. creating a sea-breeze front to lift warm boundary level air off the ground C. creating a dry-line to lift warm boundary level air off the ground D. creating a gustfront to lift warm boundary level air off the ground E. forming near mountains causing warm boundary level air to rise

creating a gustfront to lift warm boundary level air off the ground

Towering cumulus clouds are officially known as _________. A. cumulus humilis B. cumulus mediocris C. stratocumulus D. cumulonimbus E. cumulus congestus

cumulus congestus

Which is the MOST COMMON TYPE OF LANDSLIDE in the coastal region of British Columbia? A. creep B. rotational slump C. translational slide D. quick clay slide E. debris flow

debris flow

If water-vapour pressure in air increases but total pressure remains constant, then the partial pressure of the other gases in air would _____ A. increase B. not change C. decrease D. it depends on the temperature

decrease

In the factor of safety calculation, increasing pore pressures act to destabilize the slope by ________. A. adding weight to the slope B. decreasing frictional strength C. decreasing the cohesive strength D. increasing the driving force E. decreasing the driving shear force

decreasing frictional strength

Which factor does NOT contribute to why hurricanes are long lived? A. the core is warm B. there is divergence of air aloft C. hurricanes create waves and spray D. deep ocean water is cold E. there is convergence of air in the boundary layer

deep ocean water is cold

The change of water phase from vapour to solid (ice) is called _________. A. sublimation B. condensation C. freezing D. deposition E. melting

deposition

A severe straight-line wind covering a large area (>400 km) is called a/an ______. A. tornado B. microburst C. gust front D. derecho E. downburst

derecho

Hazards associated with air-fall tephra include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. drowning B. buried houses C. burns to the skin/fur of living creatures D. stalled aircraft engines E. lung disease

drowning

Which is NOT a type of tornado? A. waterspout B. dust devil C. land spout D. gustnado E. tornado

dust devil

Hurricanes that hit the Canadian east coast are usually _________. A. coming from the east B. rotating clockwise C. intensifying D. dying E. category 3 or greater on the hurricane intensity scale

dying

Which is NOT a normal factor that causes hurricanes to weaken and die? A. landfall B. cold surface water C. very thin layer of warm surface water D. earth's rotation E. interaction with mid-latitude lows

earth's rotation

Most tropical disturbances that enter the western Atlantic and become hurricanes originate from trade-wind variations called 1.-----.

easterly winds

A wave is a mechanical expression of moving __________.

energy

As surface waves travel across an ocean, they carry __________. A. matter B. energy C. both matter and energy D. neither energy or matter

energy

The ULTIMATE source of fuel for thunderstorms is the A. warm ocean surface B. Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect) C. energy from the sun D. photosynthesis in plants that sequester carbon E. gravity

energy from the sun

The disaster scale for tornadoes is called the ______ scale. A. modified Mercalli B. Richter C. enhanced Fujita D. Torino E. Saffir-Simpson

enhanced Fujita

Which one thing do supercells have that most air-mass thunderstorms do NOT? A. anvil B. cloud base at the LCL C. updraft D. downdraft E. environmental wind shear

environmental wind shear

If you are on the beach when a hurricane approaches, for safety you should ______. 1. dig a ditch in the sand and get in it for shelter 2. grab your camera and run towards the ocean 3. run in a direction perpendicular to the path of the storm centre 4. evacuate and drive inland away from the ocean 5. tie yourself to the nearest tree

evacuate and drive inland away from the ocean

It is thought that lots of sulfur gases were released into the atmosphere following the impact at Chicxulub. Where did these gases come from? A. evaporites B. combining elements in the atmosphere after the initial blasT C. burning dinosaurs D. the vaporized comet E. limestone

evaporites

All of the following have been used as supporting evidence for an impact event in the late Cretaceous EXCEPT ______. A. the presence of a large circular structure off the coast of Mexico B. the presence of elevated levels of iridium C. the presence of shocked quartz D. the extinction of ammonites E. evidence of glaciers in Gondwana

evidence of glaciers in Gondwana

What are tektites? A. evidence that rock has been melted during an impact event B. sedimentary rocks composed of the bones and shells of sea creatures C. a sedimentary rock that can be formed by concentration of elements present in sea water D. a type of "stressed/compressed" rock thought to be caused by impact E. a type of sedimentary rock deposited following a tsunami

evidence that rock has been melted during an impact event

Pyroclastic flows originate in all of the following ways EXCEPT _______. A. directed blast B. dome collapse C. eruption column collapse D. fall of ballistic debris E. over-spilling of the crater rim

fall of ballistic debris

Sturzstroms are a combination of which two landslide types? A. topples and slumps B. falls and slumps C. falls and translational slides D. topples and falls E. translational slides and topples

falls and translational slides

"Only fast moving landslides pose a hazard to infrastructure and communities."

false

Although the period of a wave changes as waves approach the shore, the speed of the wave remains constant. True or False

false

Besides a meteorite impact, what was another possible cause of the K/T extinction A. spread of a new virus B. oceanic stagnation (anoxia) C. formation of Pangea D. formation of the Deccan Traps E. a magnetic field reversal

formation of the Deccan Traps

If you push twice as hard on an object and it moves twice as far, the work you do is ______ as much. A. exactly B. twice C. ½ D. ¼ E. four times

four times

Which disaster scale is used to classify the intensity of tornadoes in North America? A. linear B. Richter C. Saffir-Simpson D. Torro E. Fujita

fujita

The following are all characteristic components of thunderstorms EXCEPT: funnel cloud anvil updraft overshooting top flanking line

funnel cloud

What of the following is the MOST reliable technique for volcano monitoring and forecasting?

gas emission monitoring

______ recognized that the craters on the moon were impact features and not volcanoes.

gene shoemaker

Asteroids are ______. A. larger than the entire of British Columbia B. primarily composed of condensed gases C. mainly composed of sedimentary rocks D. comets without tails E. generally found inside the orbit of Jupiter

generally found inside the orbit of Jupiter

Which is NOT important in determining when and how a wave breaks on shore? A. generating force B. wave height C. wave energy D. water depth E. wave length

generating force

ALL landslides are BROADLY classified according to ______ and ______.

geologic material and type of movement

The restoring force for rogue waves is______.

gravity

Scientists believe that during the Mid Cretaceous, seafloor spreading rates ______.

greatly increased

Which of the following best describes the LONGER-TERM (years to decades) effect the Chicxulub impact on global climate? A. "nuclear winter" caused by greenhouse gasses such as CO2 B. greenhouse conditions with elevated levels of water vapour and CO2 in the atmosphere C. Icehouse conditions resulting in the formation of glaciers D. back to normal, no change in temperature and climate E. extremes of cold winters and hot summers

greenhouse conditions with elevated levels of water vapour and CO2 in the atmosphere

In addition to the rotating tornadic winds, the other damaging winds from thunderstorms are straight-line winds near the _________. A. beaver's tail B. altocumulus castellanus C. wall cloud D. mammatus clouds E. gust front

gust front

Dust storms are called _______.

haboob

A parcel of air below its lifting condensation level __________. A. has a temperature equal or less than its dew point temperature. B. has a mixing ratio that increases as it rises. C. has a saturation mixing ratio that decreases as it rises. D. contains cloud droplets from water vapor condensed into CCN. E. simultaneously cools adiabatically and warms from the release of latent heat.

has a saturation mixing ratio that decreases as it rises.

In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, waves with the greatest speed ___

have the deepest wave base

The most common trigger of landslides WORLDWIDE is/are ______. A. volcanoes B. earthquakes C. heavy snowfall D. heavy rainfall

heavy rainfall

Which of the following does NOT explain why the surf at Tofino Beach varies on a daily basis? A. variable local winds B. constructive interference from waves C. swells generated by storms in the North Pacific Ocean D. high and low tides E. destructive interference from waves

high and low tides

What local conditions can make storm surge worse? A. high, steep cliffs that reflect the wave energy B. high tide C. lots of vegetation D. protective dikes E. Seawalls

high tide

Which of the following factors contributes the MOST to storm surge during a hurricane? A. resonance (seiche) in semi-enclosed bays B. shape of the coastline C. high tide D. high wind speed E. low atmospheric pressure under the eye

high wind speed

The greater the temperature dew-point depression (T - Td), the __________. A. more humid the air B. warmer the air C. colder the air D. lower the cloud base height E. higher the cloud base height

higher the cloud base height

In general, what was the Earth's climate like during the Triassic? A. tropical B. dominated by glacial conditions C. cold and arid D. temperate E. hot and arid

hot and arid

Most tornadoes at the ground are about as wide as a __________. A. tree trunk B. car C. house D. small town E. large city

house

A Lyman-alpha hygrometer measures __________. a. dew point temperature by cooling a small mirror and noting the temperature a laser beam shining on its surface gets diffracted b. humidity by beaming radiation from a transmitter to a detector and measuring attenuation of the beam c. humidity by measuring changing capacitance of a thin piece of plastic d. humidity by cooling a small mirror and noting the temperature a laser beam shining on its surface gets diffracted e. humidity by measuring changing resistance of a carbon-coated glass slide

humidity by beaming radiation from a transmitter to a detector and measuring attenuation of the beam

Which is NOT a measure of humidity? A. mixing ratio B. relative humidity C. vapour pressure D. hydrometer E. dew-point temperature

hydrometer

When does hail occur most frequently? A. in winter when the air is cold B. in summer when the air is hot C. near coastal areas due to hurricanes D. near the north and south poles E. in eastern Canada

in summer when the air is hot

Which type of energy depends on an object's velocity? A. work B. potential energy C. sensible heat D. latent heat E. kinetic energy

kinetic energy

According to the pressure gradient force equation, increasing the density of an air parcel relative to its surroundings will ______. A. increase the pressure gradient force B. cause the pressure gradient force to stay the same C. increase the acceleration of the air parcel D. increase the humidity of the air parcel E. decrease the pressure gradient force

increase the pressure gradient force

Tensioning a rock anchor helps to stabilize a slope by _____. A. reducing gravity B. preventing rain water from infiltrating into the slope and reducing the pore pressure C. breaking the rock, allowing it to be easily removed D. increasing the frictional strength E. increasing the tensile strength of the slope

increasing the frictional strength

Water may trigger a landslide by ___________. A. promoting plant growth B. increasing cohesion C. increasing the slide mass D. decreasing pore water pressure E. increasing shear strength

increasing the slide mass

Rockfalls refer to __________. A. large blocks of bedrock sliding on an inclined surface B. fragmented rock that flows at very high velocities for long distances C. a cement like mixture of rock, soil and water that travels rapidly down a stream channel D. a flow of weathered rock E. individual rocks that free fall from the face of a cliff

individual rocks that free fall from the face of a cliff

Which of the following landslide causes is LEAST important (i.e. causes no or very few landslides) in British Columbia? A. high slope angle B. removal of vegetation C. overloading D. inherently weak materials E. removal of material from bases of slo

inherently weak materials

Which of the following sequence of events probably BEST describes conditions on Earth following the impact at Chicxulub? A. hot house conditions (days) ->cold house conditions (years) B. initial inferno and vaporization of all close to impact -> cold house conditions (years) -> hot house conditions (days) C. initial inferno and vaporization of all close to impact -> cold house conditions (months) -> hot house conditions (years) D. hot house conditions (days) -> cold house conditions (years) -> glaciation (million years) E. initial inferno and vaporization of all close to impact -> cold house conditions (years) -> glaciation (decades)

initial inferno and vaporization of all close to impact -> cold house conditions (months) -> hot house conditions (years)

Which technique would you use to reduce hazards from falling small blocky material

install netting

Which of the following geologic materials has the HIGHEST shear strength? A. clay B. soil C. intrusive igneous rock D. unconsolidated sand E. saturated unconsolidated sand

intrusive igneous rock

Which of the following is FALSE about the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)? The PTWC ______. A. needs about one hour to gather information before they know enough to issue a tsunami warning B. uses data from DART™ to detect tsunami as small as 1 cm C. is directly in charge of alerting populations in the Pacific Northwest for regional tsunami events D. issued a tsunami warning to Indonesia on 26 December 2004 E. depends on the assistance of government agencies to alert and evacuate coastal communities in the event of a tsunami

is directly in charge of alerting populations in the Pacific Northwest for regional tsunami events

The spiral outflow at the top of the hurricane ___________. A. keeps the sea-level pressure high B. add air to the eye, producing a calm and cloud-free area C. is caused by the density gradient between the rising warm air and sinking cold air D. is forced by the pressure gradient between the warm air in the core and the surrounding cold air E. causes the surface wind speeds to increase as they approach the eye wall

is forced by the pressure gradient between the warm air in the core and the surrounding cold air

If a slope has a calculated factor of safety = 1.05 it means that a landslide ________. A. has already occurred B. will happen within 24 hours C. is likely to occur in the future D. is highly unlikely E. will never occur

is likely to occur in the future

Coriolis force ______. A. is what makes warm air parcels rise B. is what makes hurricanes rotate C. is greatest at the equator D. depends on the specific heat of air E. depends on the latent heat of fusion

is what makes hurricanes rotate

A hurricane weakens (decays) and/or dies because of the following reasons EXCEPT that _______. A. it travels in the path of a larger weather system such as a cold front B. it moves over land C. it moves over ocean water with a 30-meter thick warm layer D. it has traveled more than 500 km E. it moves over colder water

it has traveled more than 500 km

A shield volcano such as Kilauea will most likely erupt ______. A.pumice and scoria B. lava flows and scoria C. pyroclastic flows and lahars D. pyroclastic flows, lahars, and scoria E. huge quantities of ash

lava flows and scoria

A seiche generated by a landslide into Lake Ontario would have a resonance period __________ a seiche in your friend's hot tub. A. shorter than B. longer than C. the same length as D. more regular than E. less regular than

longer than

The type of supercell thunderstorm that most frequently produces large hail is the ______ supercell. A. low precipitation B. classic C. high precipitation D. hybrid E. multi

low precipitation

According to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale _________ indicate stronger hurricanes. A. lower surface pressure in the eye and faster surface wind speeds B. higher surface pressure in the eye and faster surface wind speeds C. lower surface pressure in the eye and slower surface wind speeds D. greater damage to ships and coastal communities E. higher surface pressure in the eye and slower surface wind speeds

lower surface pressure in the eye and faster surface wind speeds

Put these landslides types in order of INCREASING velocity of their movement: Slump Debris Flow Rock Fall Earth Creep

lowest to highest earth creep slump debris flow rock fall

Following a tsunami warning after an earthquake off the coast of Alaska, one of the worst places to be is __________. A. on the 5th floor (or higher) of a reinforced concrete building on a beach in Japan B. on a sailboat off the coast of Halifax, NS C. lying on a beach in Hilo Bay, Hawaii D. on a submarine on the surface of the Pacific Ocean, where the water is at least 3500 meters deep E. in a park located beyond

lying on a beach in Hilo Bay, Hawaii

Sometimes whole thunderstorms can rotate slowly. These are the thunderstorms that cause the most severe tornadoes. Such a rotating thunderstorm is called a/an ______. A. cyclone B. wall cloud C. water spout D. mesocyclone E. tornado

mesocyclone

Rank these storm features by the rate that they rotate (from slowest to fastest). wall cloud mesocyclone tornado

mesocyclone wall cloud tornado

Long-lasting, rotating thunderstorms are called ______. A. Mesocyclones B. Tropical cyclones C. Hurricanes D. Wall clouds E. Tornadoes

mesocyclones

A meteor is a 1.----- that has entered the Earth's atmosphere.

meteoroid

Most thunderstorms are ______ A. supercell B. squall-line C. orographic D. multicell E. pulse

multicell

Which of the following is NOT a type of supercell? A. classic B. low precipitation C. high precipitation D. multicell

multicell

If a wave with a wavelength of 100 m travels in a body of water 1 km deep, water particles at a depth of 55 m will ______. A. move rapidly toward the shore B. move in orbits that are 1/23rd of the orbits of water particles in the surface C. move back and forth D. not be affected by the passing wave E. move in flattened ellipses

not be affected by the passing wave

The TOP of thunderstorm clouds is lower to the ground when __________. A. the dew-point temperature is colder B. the near-surface air temperature is warmer C. the relative humidity is also low D. the dew-point depression is small E. not enough information to answer

not enough information to answer

A slump ______. A. is a translational slide B. is a faster version of rock creep C. is characterized by the forward rotation of material about a pivot point on a slope D. requires that materials behave in a fluid-like manner E. occurs along a concave surface

occurs along a concave surface

A storm surge __________. A. is a tall mound of water that approaches shore like a wave, in a series of crest and troughs B. occurs when a mound of seawater builds-up underneath the low-pressure zone of a storm C. is more dangerous when it hits shore during low tide D. causes only minor flooding on land and rarely any deaths E. occurs when waves from different storms collide, combining to form an unexpected giant wave

occurs when a mound of seawater builds-up underneath the low-pressure zone of a storm

Hurricanes can exist for weeks because ______. A. of low friction over the ocean B. of strong condensation at the sea surface C. the inflow brings in lots of air molecules D. Coriolis force is small near the equator E. of heat stored in the ocean

of heat stored in the ocean

Debris flows are common in the BC coastal mountains because ______. A. of seasonal heavy rains that fall on steep slopes covered by loose sediments B. year-round irrigation for golf courses and farming add significant amounts of water to the ground C. BC coastal mountains are situated in a subduction zone that generates increased earthquake activity D. of increased population density and land development on steep slopes E. of increased road-building and

of seasonal heavy rains that fall on steep slopes covered by loose sediments

Rogue waves are notorious off the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa because __________. A. the Cape causes waves to constantly refract and reflect resulting in constructive interference B. of the constructive interference between strong currents and large wind waves C. the large Antarctic Ocean waves approach the Cape very rapidly, thus growing to great heights D. hurricane-generated storm surges constructively interfere with the currents E. of the high energy waves from the Antarctic Ocean (Southern Ocean)

of the constructive interference between strong currents and large wind waves

When a tsunami warning is issued after an earthquake occurs off the coast of Alaska, the safest place to be is ______. A. on a beach protected by seawalls in Hilo Bay, Hawaii B. on a small boat off the coast of Alaska, where the water is at least 2000 meters deep C. in Port Alberni, away from the Pacific Ocean coast D. any place along the Pacific coast of North America that has never experienced a tsunami E. on the second floor of a hotel on the beach in Hilo Bay, Hawaii

on a small boat off the coast of Alaska, where the water is at least 2000 meters deep

Surging breakers occur ______. A. on mudflats B. on beaches with very steep slopes C. on flat, sandy beaches D. on sandy beaches with average slopes E. where the local wind is offshore

on beaches with very steep slopes

Which of the following may be responsible for a cyclical period of extinction every 26 to 30 million years? A. Van Allen belt B. Jovian gravity well C. Siberian Traps D. Oort Cloud E. Asteroid belt

oort cloud

Where is the safest place for a ship to be during a tsunami? A. out in the open ocean B. anchored in a harbor with a narrow opening C. in a drydock at least 10 meters above sea level D. anchored in a harbor on the opposite side of an island from the direction of tsunami approach E. tied securely to a dock

out in the open ocean

Which statement is FALSE? At Kitsilano Beach, __________. A. perfect pipeline (plunging) surf do not happen because the water is cold B. as a wave approaches shore, the motion of water particles is affected by friction with the ocean bottom C. longer waves become shallow water waves farther offshore than shorter waves D. waves form whitecaps when their crests are unstable E. water particles move in a back-and-forth motion as a shoaling wave passe

perfect pipeline (plunging) surf do not happen because the water is cold

To calculate wave speed while on a ship in the middle of the ocean, the most practical wave parameter to measure is A. wavelength B. period C. distance D. height E. amplitude

period

Downbursts are caused mostly by ______. A. low pressure inside tornadoes sucking the air downward B. cold air sinking from the lower stratosphere C. precipitation evaporating below cloud base D. climate change E. the weight of snow flakes dragging the air downward

precipitation evaporating below cloud base

Residents of Vancouver Island depend on the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) located in Honolulu, Hawaii to do all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. predict tsunami arrival times in coastal towns and cities in the Pacific Rim B. gather data from tide stations around the Pacific Ocean to make tsunami predictions C. inform local/national/international agencies when to alert ships to move offshore in anticipation of a tsunami D. predict tsunami behaviour and destruction in coastal towns and cities in the Pacific Rim E. use data from seismic stations from around the Pacific Ocean to make tsunami predictions

predict tsunami behaviour and destruction in coastal towns and cities in the Pacific Rim

When a large earthquake occurs, people want to know whether or not it generated a tsunami, and therefore whether or not evacuation is needed. What measurements can we collect with TODAY'S technology that would directly help determine whether a tsunami is on its way, before it arrives? A. earthquake magnitude and location B. pressure changes in the deep ocean C. displacement along the fault that ruptured D. sea level heights observed from airplanes E. sea level heights observed from ships

pressure changes in the deep ocean

You need to prevent SMALLER rock blocks from falling onto the road. Which approach to mitigation would you take?

protection by installing netting

What would be the dominant volcanic hazard associated with a cinder cone? A. large pyroclastic flows B. earthquakes > magnitude 5.0 C. landslides D. lava E. pyroclastic material

pyroclastic material

not a contributing factor for la conchita

quick clay

Which of the following causes of landslides is LEAST important in British Columbia? A. climate B. slope angle C. quick clays D. removal of vegetation E. overloading

quick clays

Doppler weather radars can measure both precipitation intensity and __________ a. atmospheric pressure b. electrical charge c. thunder intensity d. radial velocity e. humidity

radial velocity

A measure of the total amount of latent heat released in a thunderstorm is __________.

rainfall rate

When a tsunami hits a bay or a harbor, its effects can be amplified by ______. A. destructive interference with tides B. the higher concentration of people and buildings along the Bay C. concentration of wave energy along headlands D. dispersion of wave energy in an embayment E. resonance, if the tsunami has the right frequency

resonance, if the tsunami has the right frequency

Shear stress __________. A. results from the force of gravity on a slope B. has 3 primary components C. is the internal resistance of a body to stress D. moves parallel and down the slope E. decrease as slope steepness increases

results from the force of gravity on a slope

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases cliff erosion at UBC? A. tides B. wave action C. precipitation D. revegetation E. stormwater runoff

revegetation

An eruption with high viscosity, low volatile content, and moderate volume will produce ______. A. pyroclastic flow B. pumice fall C. scoria D. rhyolite flow or dome E. lahar

rhyolite flow or dome

Relative to the direction of movement of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere, most of the tornadoes imbedded in hurricanes are found in the ______ quadrant of the hurricane. A. left-forward B. right rearward C. left-rearward D. right forward

right forward

The uniform movement of coherent blocks of material along well-defined, inclined planar surfaces describes a ______. A. debris slide B. complex slide C. slump D. rock block slide E. rotational slide

rock block slide

"A cohesive mass of material moves along a flat surface of failure." A. fall B. flow C. rotational slid D. rock slide E. complex movement

rock slide

Which of the following are the most hazardous for ships at sea? A. Tsunami B. rogue waves C. Seiches D. storm surges E. none of above are a significant risk to ships at sea

rogue waves

Which indicates the more severe weather disaster? A. Saffir-Simpson 3 B. 5 km/hour gust C. 15 dBZ D. 10 Amp lightning E. EF0

saffir simpson 3

Which of these choices is by far the most important CAUSE of landslides (worldwide)? Or worded another way, which of these factors affects the stability of most slopes? A. slope angle B. water C. climate D. overloading E. human population

slope angle

Shallow water waves travel __________ over shallower depths.

slower

Which is NOT a type of flow? A. soil creep B. debris avalanche C. sturzstrom D. debris flow E. slump

slump

If the waves are approaching Vancouver Island from the south and the Island lies on a northwest to southeast direction, the longshore transport will be directed from ____. A. southwest to northeast B. northwest to southeast14 C. south to north D. north to south E. southeast to northwest

southeast to northwest

When waves approach shore where the bottom has a gentle slope, the WAVES will ___________. A. spill B. reflect C. refract D. surge E. plunge

spill

Which hazard or feature is NOT associated with individual thunderstorms? A. flooding B. derechos C. gust fronts D. tornadoes E. spiral band

spiral band

Quick clays often lead to what type of landslide? A. rotational slides B. translational slides C. spreads D. flows E. topples

spreads

When downbursts hit the ground, the air ______. A. bounces back as an updraft B. stagnates as a large pool of cold air C. starts swirling as a tornado D. spreads out as a gust front E. warms and begins to rise

spreads out as a gust front

For hurricanes WORLDWIDE, the most life-threatening aspect and cause of greatest coastal destruction is ______. A. storm surge B. tornadoes C. gust fronts D. high winds E. lightning

storm surge

The greatest hazard to life AND property associated with hurricanes striking North America is/are the ______. A. loss of infrastructure B. storm surge C. strong winds D. low pressure in the eye E. thunderstorms

storm surge

Force per unit area parallel to a surface is called ______.

stress

To persist, hurricanes do NOT need ______. A. strong environmental wind shear B. ocean surface temperatures > 25 °C C. a layer of warm ocean > 60 m deep D. to make waves and sea spray E. a warm core

strong environmental wind shear

When waves shoal, all the following occurs EXCEPT _________. A. waves bunch up as they slow down B. successive waves constructively interfere and energy increases C. water becomes packed in shallower depths, thus wave height increases D. the bottom of the wave slows relative to the top, so crests overtake troughs E. the ocean floor interferes with water particle motion, so their orbital motions flatten

successive waves constructively interfere and energy increases

The type of thunderstorm most likely to produce tornadoes is a ______ storm A. supercell B. multicell C. air-mass D. single cell E. orographic

supercell

Given the saturation vapour pressure curve below, an air parcel at 20 °C and vapour pressure 6 kPa is ______. A. supersaturated B. saturated C. unsaturated D. dry E. insufficient information to determine

supersaturated

The turbulent mass of agitated water rushing onshore as waves break is called __________.

surf

The restoring force for capillary waves is _______. A. gravity B. relaxation C. Coriolis force D. density E. surface tension

surface tension

When waves approach shore where the bottom is very steep, the WAVES will ___________.

surge

Which location is the LEAST landslide-prone? A. North Vancouver B. Lion's Bay (Sea-to-Sky Highway) C. Towers Beach (UBC) D. Surrey E. Squamish (Mt. Garibaldi)

surrey

Why don't hurricanes form at the equator? A. the Coriolis force is too weak at the equator B. the ocean water is not warm enough at the equator C. the winds blow the wrong direction at the equator D. ocean currents at the equator are not favourable for hurricane development E. the ocean water is not cold enough at the equator

the Coriolis force is too weak at the equator

Water-vapour mixing ratio indicates __________. A. the actual amount of water in air compared to the maximal amount that it can hold B. the ratio of the actual temperature to the temperature required for condensation to occur C. the amount of mixing needed for water vapour to become spread continuously within a volume D. the partial pressure of water vapour molecules E. the actual amount of water in air compared to the amount of other gases

the actual amount of water in air compared to the amount of other gases

A relative humidity of 75% means __________. A. that 75% of the air is water vapour B. the air could hold 75% water vapour C. the air is holding 75% of the water it could hold D. the air is holding 25% of the water it could hold E. the air is holding 75 kg water vapour/kg air

the air is holding 75% of the water it could hold

The BASE of thunderstorm clouds is lower to the ground when __________. A. the dew-point temperature is colder B. the near-surface air temperature is warmer C. the relative humidity is also low D. the dew-point depression is small E. not enough information to answer

the dew-point depression is small

The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is partially based on which of the following?

the duration of the eruption

Of the water on Earth, most is found in ______.

the ocean

The MAIN difference between a translational slide and a rotational slide is ___________. A. that a translational slide is also called a slump while a rotational slide is not B. the shape of the failure surface C. the condition of the material moving downslope (coherent blocks verses a turbulent mixture of material) D. the type of material involved in the

the shape of the failure surface

A fully developed sea is when ______. a. the wind speed is as high as physically possible for a given atmospheric temperature and pressure b. the wind has been blowing at a certain strength for at least 24 hours c. the wind energy building up the waves equals the energy dissipated through waves breaking d. the fetch is infinite e. a category 5 hurricane hits a coastline

the wind energy building up the waves equals the energy dissipated through waves breaking

As waves approach shallow depths__________. A. they transport more energy B. they move at minimum speed 0% C. they bend and focus their energy on headlands D. they flatten out and disappear E. they break and become surf at the same distance from shore

they bend and focus their energy on headlands

Ammonites are useful fossils for biostratigraphy because ______. a. they are found from the Cambrian all the way through geological time to the Tertiary b. they evolved rapidly with many short ranging forms c. they were present on many different land masses d. many of them have very long geological range e. they are especially common in rock

they evolved rapidly with many short ranging forms

If you were a geologist trying to reconstruct the history of tsunami on a particular coastline (prior to written or oral records), what type of evidence would you look for? A. thin layers of sand between layers of marsh deposits. B. salt deposits alternating with mud deposits of the same thickness C. pieces of shocked quartz and breccia D. thin salt deposits far inland from the coast E. archeological remains of boats buried by sand

thin layers of sand between layers of marsh deposits

Although a tsunami has not struck the coasts of Oregon and Washington recently, geologic evidence shows that tsunami have hit those coastlines in the past. What is that geologic evidence? A. ancient dune deposits along the coastline B. thin layers of sand interspersed between layers of marsh deposits C. thin salt deposits far inland from the coast D. thick layers of debris from ancient forests that were drowned during tsunami events E. layers of mud and silt in west coast harbours

thin layers of sand interspersed between layers of marsh deposits

The building blocks of hurricanes are ______. A. tornadoes B. thunderstorms C. storm surges D. winds E. waves

thunderstorms

If condensation of water vapour in clouds did NOT release any latent heat, then __________. A. thunderstorms would not occur because there would be no condensation to make cloud droplets B. thunderstorms would not occur because rising air cools at the adiabatic rate of 9.8 °C/km C. thunderstorms would occur and be less powerful because rising air would be less buoyant D. thunderstorms would occur and be more powerful because no latent heat would be lost from the storm E. there would be no change in thunderstorms

thunderstorms would occur and be less powerful because rising air would be less buoyant

Which has the strongest winds near the surface? A. tornado B. gust front C. thunderstorm D. hurricane E. derecho

tornado

When many tornadoes happen within a day or two in a small region, it is called a ___. A. mesocyclone B. supercell C. anvil D. tornado outbreak E. tornado cluster

tornado outbreak

Which list below gives storm horizontal diameters from smallest to largest? A. hurricane, tornado, thunderstorm B. hurricane, thunderstorm, tornado C. thunderstorm, tornado, hurricane D. thunderstorm, hurricane, tornado E. tornado, thunderstorm, hurricane

tornado, thunderstorm, hurricane

Slopes with daylighted bedding (as shown in the figure below) are most susceptible

translational slides

The enormous 1980 Mount St. Helens rockslide _____. A. was triggered following the massive eruption of the volcano B. triggered an earthquake which in turn triggered the volcanic eruption C. triggered the massive eruption of the volcano D. was triggered by lahars that were flowing down the slope following the eruption E. was triggered independently of the volcanic activity

triggered the massive eruption of the volcano

The tops of both hurricanes and thunderstorms are near the ______. A. turbopause B. mesopause C. Earth's surface D. stratopause E. tropopause

tropopause

Most of our weather happens in the _____________. A. stratosphere B. mesosphere C. ionosphere D. troposphere E. thermosphere

troposphere

All landslide flows are characterized by __________. A. channelization B. debris fans C. fully saturated debris D. velocities in excess of 30 km/hour E. turbulent flow

turbulent flow

Which is TRUE? A. typhoons spin in the opposite direction than hurricanes B. typhoons are stronger, on average, than hurricanes C. tropical cyclones are strongest over the equator where the water is warmest D. the strongest winds are found in the eye of the storm E. most hurricane deaths are caused by high winds

typhoons are stronger, on average, than hurricanes

Which of the following triggered the Hope Slide? A. joints (fractures) in the rock B. weather C. human activity D. unknown at this time E. earthquake

unknown at this time

Increased vulnerability to landslide hazards may result from ________. A. increasing population density B. use of marginal land C. rapid land-use change D. global warming E. All of the above

use of marginal land

The partial pressure exerted by water vapour in air is called __________. A. vapour pressure B. water pressure C. partial water D. pore pressure E. partial stress

vapour pressure

Eustatic changes refer to _______. A. the advance and retreat of polar ice caps B. the increase in ocean surface temperature due to greenhouse warming C. variations in sea level that can be measured all over the world's ocean D. the subsidence of low-lying islands and coasts E. the increased use of man-made structures to protect the coast

variations in sea level that can be measured all over the world's ocean

Wavelength equals ______.

velocity times period

Which statement is TRUE? You can recognize thunderstorm cells on RADAR images by the ______. A. very small dBZ values B. shadow under the anvil C. broad areas of light precipitation D. lightning strikes E. very large dBZ values

very large dBZ values

Concerning the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, which of the following was a probable contributory factor? A. volcanism in India B. impact in Tunguska C. formation of the supercontinent Pangaea D. glaciation E. volcanism in Siberia

volcanism in India

If a saturated air parcel and a dry air parcel start at the same altitude and both are lifted 2 km, the new temperature of the saturated air parcel will be ______ relative to that of the dry parcel. A. Nearly the same B. 2 times cooler C. Warmer D. 2 times warmer E. Cooler

warmer

All these factors determine the size of wind-generated waves EXCEPT __________.

water depth

The most influential agent that changes the shape of the coast is __________. A. freezing and thawing of coastal cliffs B. wave action C. prevailing winds D. hurricanes and storm surges E. the tidal range

wave action

When waves shoal, all of the following occur EXCEPT __________. A. wave height increases B. wave period decreases C. wavelength shortens D. the wave steepens E. wave speed decreases

wave period decreases

The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is the __________. A. orbital B. wave height C. wavelength D. wave period E. Amplitude

wavelength

Which of the following does NOT affect particle cohesion? A. water's surface tension B. electrostatic forces C. cementation D. weak failure surfaces E. particle composition (clay)

weak failure surfaces

All of the following likely caused the Permo-Triassic extinction EXCEPT ______. A. widespread deforestation B. massive loss of marine life in anoxic oceans C. decrease in continental biodiversity D. greenhouse warming E. loss of coastal and shallow water marine habitats

widespread deforestation

When a wave with L=200 meters passes over water with d=10 meters, the motion of the water particles at a depth of 8 meters ______.

will be flattened into eclipses

Supercell thunderstorms last a long time compared to other thunderstorms because of favorable _______. A. wind shear B. humidity in the boundary layer C. downbursts and gust fronts D. hail E. precipitation

wind shear

The modern Beaufort scale is based on ____. A. wavelength B. visibility C. effects of wind on trees and buildings D. wave period E. wind speed

wind speed

Which lists waves in order from SHORTEST to LONGEST wavelength? A. wind waves, tides, tsunami, seiches B. seiches, tsunami, wind waves, tides C. wind waves, tsunami, seiches, tides D. wind waves, seiches, tsunami, tides E. tides, seiches, tsunami, wind waves

wind waves, seiches, tsunami, tides

A wave with a frequency of 100 Hz is traveling across the ocean. The probable generating force for this wave was ______ and the restoring force will be ______. A. wind, gravity B. wind, surface tension C. an earthquake, gravity D. gravity, friction E. wind, friction

wind, surface tension

In a storm surge, the seawater level bulges up to 7 meters underneath the eye of a hurricane because ______. A. of low pressure at the top B. of high pressure at the base C. winds rushing towards the eye of the hurricane creating deep-water waves D. the high tide constructively interferes with the surge E. winds rushing towards the center pushes water into a mound

winds rushing towards the center pushes water into a mound

If your beachfront property has a steep, narrow, rocky beach year-round, it must be located in an area ______ A. where sediment deposition processes dominate B. with high population density C. with spilling waves D. with high wave energy E. protected by a breakwater

with high wave energy