Quizbowl

: 156442 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 5 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Louisiana became the 18th state in this year that saw the February 7th earthquake destroying New Madrid, Missouri. Vice President George Clinton died in this year and Elbridge Gerry was elected the successor. The USS Constitution earned the name (*) "Old Ironsides" during an August battle. U.S. forces also raided Gananoque [GAN-on-AH-kwah], Ontario in this year but lost the Battle of Queenston Heights to the British. For 10 points—name this year that saw the start of a conflict known as "Mr. Madison's War", a year in the 1800s.

: 1812 (accept War of 1812 after "USS Constitution") 88.

: 142436 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 8 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: This man nearly dueled James Monroe due to Monroe's investigation into one of his scandals. This man attacked the positions of Samuel Seabury in early writings, and in his highest position, he submitted the First Report on Public Credit to Congress. This man, along with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, negotiated the Compromise of 1790, and his political career was effectively ended when his affair with (*) Maria Reynolds was exposed. This man's influence in the Election of 1800 ultimately led to a fatal encounter this man had with the Vice President at Weehawken. For ten points, name this first Treasury Secretary of the United States who died in a famed duel with Aaron Burr.

: Alexander Hamilton <ES> 66.

: 156456 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 5 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This person was the 1931 president of The Ninety-Nines, an organization founded at Curtiss Field. This person kept a log while traveling with Wilmer Stultz and included Fred Noonan in a later project. In July 2017 National Geographic sent border collies to a Kiribati [KEER-ah-bas] island to investigate this person, while the (*) History Channel claimed she was captured by the Japanese. It is certain she left New Guinea but did not arrive at Howland Island. For 10 points—name this aviator who disappeared while attempting to circumnavigate the globe.

: Amelia Earhart [the Ninety-Nines was a club of female aviators] 85.

: 150432 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: (Canyon Crest) | Number: 7 TOSSUP: One campaign in this war was defeated at the battles of Mesilla and Glorieta Pass. During this war, Horace Hunley bankrolled the construction of a pioneering submarine. In one crisis from this war, diplomats James Mason and John Slidell were captured aboard a British mail steamer in the (*) Trent Affair. One side in this war commissioned "blockade runners" after the "Anaconda Plan" restricted that side's attempts at "cotton diplomacy". An indecisive battle in this war featured a ship built from the hull of the Merrimack and was the first battle between ironclads. For 10 points, name this war in which the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia clashed at Hampton Roads.

: American Civil War 14.

: 153768 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 4 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man's rise to prominence was championed by Thomas A. Scott. This man served as Superintendent of Military Railways during the Civil War before creating the Keystone Bridge Company. This man pioneered the use of vertical integration in his largest business venture, and this employer of Henry Frick used Pinkertons to crush an 1892 strike at his (*) Homestead plant. This author of The Gospel of Wealth became the richest man in America after selling his namesake metal company to J.P. Morgan. For ten points, name this Scottish-American philanthropist and steel magnate.

: Andrew Carnegie 33.

: 142369 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 5 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Prior to this battle, its losing side had won at the Battle of Chancellorsville and Joseph Hooker resigned as general of the Army of the Potomac. Richard Ewell was unsuccessful in taking Culp's Hill at this battle, and Joshua Chamberlain led a bayonet charge by the 20th of Maine at (*) Little Round Top. On the final day of this battle, Confederate soldiers led a failed assault at Cemetery Ridge, an event known as Pickett's Charge, and Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia. For ten points, name this turning point of the Civil War, fought at the location in which Lincoln would later give a namesake "Address".

: Battle of Gettysburg <RP> 60.

: 150636 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 7 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: The only non-posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor after this battle was Hershel W. Williams, and the Pima native American Ira Hayes became famous for his actions at this battle. Lieutenant General Holland Smith called the Japanese commander of this battle, Tadamichi Kuribayashi, "one smart bastard" since American casualties outnumbered (*) Japanese here. Mount Suribachi provided the setting for a famous photograph taken at this battle. For 10 points, name this early 1945 battle, the setting of a flag raising photograph by Joe Rosenthal.

: Battle of Iwo Jima 4.

: 150684 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 9 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Before this battle, one side planned a surprise attack on "AF" but gave the location away when the message "AF is short on water" was intercepted. One fleet involved in this battle assembled before it at "Point Luck". By following the wake of the Arashi at this battle, C. Wade McClusky was able to locate part of Admiral (*) Nagumo's fleet. Rear Admiral Yamaguchi launched an aerial counterattack from the Hiryu that sank the Yorktown, but Chester Nimitz's fleet managed to sink the Hiryu as well as the Soryu, Akagi, and Kaga. For 10 points, the Japanese lost four aircraft carriers in what turning point of World War II's Pacific theater, fought near an atoll northwest of Hawaii?

: Battle of Midway 3.

: 146465 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 7 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This man fought a delaying action at Valcour Island against Guy Tarleton. This man took Fort Griswold in Connecticut a month before Yorktown. This man was co-commander when Richard Montgomery was killed at the Battle of Québec. This man wrote the letter "To the Inhabitants of America" after leaving on the sloop Vulture. Along with Ethan Allen, this man captured fort (*) Ticonderoga. This man was stripped of command by Horatio Gates, even though this man helped win the battle of Saratoga. In 1780, John André's capture revealed this man's scheme to hand over West Point. For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War general who defected to the British.

: Benedict Arnold <LL> 53.

: 153749 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 3 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This man was credited by Thomas Malthus for establishing the basics of demography. James Ralph stole this man's identity, so this man attempted to seduce Ralph's girlfriend. This man created a social club called the Junto while working at Keimar's print shop. This man maintained a common law marriage with (*) Deborah Reed and illegitimately fathered New Jersey's last royalist governor. This Pennsylvania native wrote extensively under pseudonyms like Mrs. Silence Dogood and Richard Saunders, and also studied such topics as traction kiting and electricity. For 10 points, name this polymath and founding father nicknamed "The First American?"

: Benjamin Franklin 34.

: 142393 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 6 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: Anthony Burns was a slave who was tried in this city after he was captured due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Evacuation Day commemorates the surrender of the British at a siege in this city on March 17, and in 1919, the Great Molasses Flood occurred in this city. Brahmins were elitists from this city, which is cut by the (*) Charles River. This city was originally founded by Puritans and is home to the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. For ten points, name this capital of Massachusetts, where a famous "Tea Party" took place.

: Boston <AG> 63.

: 150458 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: High Tech | Number: 13 TOSSUP: The HMS Romney was sent to this city to assist commissioner Charles Paxton in collecting duties. A British withdrawal from this city, an event commemorated by Evacuation Day, occurred after cannons were transported to Dorchester Heights by Henry Knox. An engraving of another event in this city falsely depicts troops being ordered by Thomas (*) Preston to fire on a crowd; the first casualty of that event was Crispus Attucks. A group of men led by Samuel Adams snuck aboard ships in this city's harbor and threw crates of tea overboard. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts city, the place of a namesake 1770 "Massacre" and 1773 "Tea Party".

: Boston, Massachusetts 13.

: 150688 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Downingtown STEM | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This state was home to a rally organized by Ron Jones for the fascistic "Third Wave" political movement. An event in this state called "Pirandellian" by its main perpetrator was the subject of the documentary Quiet Rage; during that event here, preceded by a similar one led by David Jaffe and funded by the Office of Naval Research, David Eshelman emulated Strother Martin while wearing mirrored (*) sunglasses. A "privilege cell" was opened to non-rioting inmates of a makeshift prison in the basement of Jordan Hall in this state. For 10 points, "guards" in Palo Alto such as ""John Wayne"" worked at Philip Zimbardo's Stanford County Prison in what state?

: California 2.

: 153911 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 11 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: A man from this ethnic group defended his citizenship in U.S. v Ark, whose large-scale immigration was enabled by the Burlingame-Seward Treaty. Violence against these people occurred in Los Angeles and Wallowa County, Oregon, while at least 28 of these people died during a massacre in (*) Rock Springs, Wyoming, Large numbers of these people labored to construct the Transcontinental Railroad, and this group was notably victimized by California's Anti-Coolie Act and a namesake "Exclusion" Act. For ten points, name this U.S. immigrant group which emmigrated from the world's largest country.

: Chinese Americans (prompt on "Chinese") 20.

: 156424 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 4 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: One man with this surname founded the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and was involved in progressive education and pragmatist philosophy. An admiral with this last name won the Battle of Manila Bay. A third person with this surname devised a sorting method that assigns 110 to (*) metaphysics works and 929 to genealogy texts. A New York governor with this surname lost the 1944 and '48 presidential elections. For 10 points—give this name in a mistaken Chicago Tribune headline claiming Truman was defeated.

: Dewey (accept full names; accept Dewey Classification System after "sorting", accept Dewey Defeats Truman after "Chicago") [the men are John Dewey, George Dewey, Melvil Dewey, and Thomas Dewey] 92.

: 153947 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 12 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: The name of this policy was coined by psychologist Charles Moskos. This policy was challenged in McVeigh v. Cohen, and was eventually struck down in Log Cabin Republicans v. US. A 2012 Palm Center study found that voiding this policy had no impact on moral or (*) military readiness. In a State of the Union address, Barack Obama called reversing this policy "the right thing to do," and this policy originally emerged as a compromise between the Clinton Administration and southern conservative senators. For ten points, name this former U.S. military policy prohibiting gay individuals from military service.

: Don't Ask, Don't Tell (accept DADT) 18.

: 156445 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 5 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: In the "Chance for Peace" speech from the Statler Hotel, this man said military spending carried a cost of fewer schools and hospitals. He appointed Potter Stewart and John Harlan to the Supreme Court. As a lieutenant colonel, this man was in the 1919 Motor convoy, whose travel difficulties later led him to propose an (*) Interstate Highway System. While president of Columbia University, he published his 1948 memoir Crusade in Europe and then served as Supreme Commander of NATO. For 10 points—name this five-star general, a 1950s president.

: Dwight D(avid) Eisenhower 87.

: 150592 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 5 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: The front runner for the nomination of one party in this election, Champ Clark, lost his momentum after he was endorsed by Tammany Hall. One candidate in this election lost the support of progressives when he fired conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry and endorsing the Payne-Aldrich tariff. (*) Eugene V. Debs received nearly a million votes in this election, the last one before his campaign from prison. This election was won by the Democratic party after the Republicans split with the progressives starting their own Bull-Moose party. For 10 points, name this election, which saw Woodrow Wilson won his first term of office.

: Election of 1912 7.

: 156352 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 1 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Members of this group accused of alerting blockading British ships during a war were derisively called its "blue light" faction. "Concerning the General Power of Taxation" and "The Executive Department" were articles by this group's leaders. They controlled the Senate until 1800 and their power was further diminished after the (*) Hartford Convention such that by 1820 they ran no presidential candidate. For 10 points—give this term describing both a political party of John Adams and "papers" by Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

: Federalists or Federalist Party (accept The Federalist Papers) 97.

: 156433 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 4 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: In October 2014 the truck assembly plant in this city switched a production source due to corroding engines. Mona Hanna-Attisha, a pediatrician in this city's Hurley Medical Center, published a study on its children. Emergency manager Darnell Earley and state health director Bill Schuette are among those (*) charged with crimes related to this city's use of a local river that caused aging pipes to leach lead into residents' tap water. For 10 points—name this Michigan city whose name is derived from stones Native Americans used to make arrowheads.

: Flint, Michigan 90.

: 156487 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 7 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: In April 1913 this man led a train heist stealing from Wells Fargo, and later sold the silver back to the company. He was supplied by the arms smuggler Sam Dreben on behalf of the German spy Felix Sommerfeld. His Division of the North won the Battle of Zacatecas, but his loss at the Battle of Celaya helped Carranza assume the presidency. After this figure raided (*) Columbus, New Mexico, the U.S. sent John Pershing's expedition to capture him. For 10 points—give this Mexican revolutionary whose given name Francisco led to his nickname "Pancho".

: Francisco "Pancho" Villa (or José Doroteo Arango Arámbula) 79.

: 156496 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 7 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: In this person's later years, Henry Ford built him an elevator in Dorothy Hall. During his 1921 tariff testimony, congressman John Tilson was impolite to him, making a stereotypical watermelon remark. In the 1910 pamphlet "Help for the Hard Times", this advocate of crop rotation advised (*) farmers to sell shingles and own a hog. Booker T. Washington invited him to teach at the Tuskegee Institute, where he studied sweet potatoes and peanuts. For 10 points—identify this botanist whose given names honor the first U.S. president.

: George Washington Carver 78.

: 142440 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 8 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This decision overruled the 1942 case of Betts v. Brady in a majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, and it was later extended by Massiah v. United States and Miranda v. Arizona to apply its central principle to the process of police interrogation. Future Justice (*) Abe Fortas argued this case before the court, and this case concerned a break in at a pool hall in Florida. The petitioner in this case claimed his sixth and fourteenth amendment rights had been violated. For ten points, name this Supreme Court case which required that states provide attorneys to impoverished defendants in noncapital cases.

: Gideon v. Wainwright <SP> 67.

: 156534 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 9 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: Title Insurance Company employee Richard Bales did research casting doubt on Peg Leg Sullivan's role in this event. Robert Williams led teams reacting to this event that ended as W. D. Kerfoot reconstructed a real estate office. It caused City Council headquarters to move to the First Baptist Church. This event was preceded by a 98-day (*) drought and started at 137 DeKoven Street, where folklore has blamed this incident on Catherine O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. For 10 points—give this event that destroyed an Illinois city.

: Great Chicago Fire of 1871 (prompt on partial answers) 75.

: 156370 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 1 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: The Rush-Bagot Treaty limited the use of military vessels on these bodies of water. Disasters that occurred here include the rolling of the SS Eastland and the 1975 sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. One of these surrounds Manitoulin Island, which is home to 12,000 residents. The phrase "We have met the enemy and they are ours" was said by (*) Oliver Hazard Perry after winning an 1812 battle on one of these bodies north of Ohio. For 10 points—name this group of five lakes that includes Ontario and Superior.

: Great Lakes (prompt on "Lake Superior" et cetera before given) Bonuses 98.

: 153832 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 7 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This woman purchased land in Auburn, New York which became her base of activity. This woman suffered seizures and visions after being hit in the head with an iron weight as a child, and while serving as a scout for the Union Army, this woman guided an 1863 raid at Combahee Ferry. In 2016, Treasury Secretary Jack (*) Lew announced that this woman would replace Andrew Jackson on the front of the $20 bill. For ten points, name this Maryland suffragist, abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor called the "Moses of her People" who personally rescued over 100 slaves.

: Harriet Tubman 27.

: 142489 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 11 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: This man began his political career with help from Tom Pendergast, and while living at Blair House, he survived an attempt on his life by Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo. This man attacked the "Do-Nothing" Congress after they overrode his veto of the Taft-Hartley Act, and he desegregated the military with Executive Order 9981. This president fired General (*) MacArthur a year after he sent US troops into the Korean War, and a famous photo shows this president holding up a Chicago Tribune paper falsely stating that Thomas E. Dewey defeated him. For ten points, name this 33rd U.S. president that ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan after succeeding FDR.

: Harry S. Truman <ES> 68.

: 153991 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 14 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This woman founded a charity to combat malnutrition with George Kessler. Writing that "our democracy is but a name," this woman joined the Industrial Workers of the World and argued against "education without revolution." This woman penned such autobiographical works as Light in my Darkness and Story of My Life, and she cofounded the (*) American Civil Liberties Union in 1920. Earlier in life, this woman attended the Perkins Institute where she learned language and speech from Anne Sullivan. For ten points, name this deaf-and-blind activist from Alabama depicted in The Miracle Worker.

: Helen Keller 24.

: 150654 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 8 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: During this man's tenure as president and founder of the American Colonization Society, he established the country of Liberia. This man advocated for financial independence from Europe; in doing so, he passed the tariff of 1816 and also proposed the creation of the (*) Second Bank of the United States. This man resolved an electoral college deadlock in what became known as the "Corrupt Bargain". He famously supported a bill that proposed proposed that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, but banned slavery in all other states north of the 36-30 parallel. For 10 points, name this longtime Speaker of the House from Kentucky, nicknamed "The Great Compromiser."

: Henry Clay 15.

: 146471 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 8 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: The slave Charlotte Dupuy sued for freedom from this man, who was later president of the American Colonization Society from 1836 to 1849. This man promoted a plan including protectionist tariffs and federal infrastructure projects like the National Road and the Maysville Road. This man lost to James (*) K. Polk in the Election of 1844, and he was part of a Senate "triumvirate" with John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster. The "American System" was promoted by this man, who became secretary of State for John Quincy Adams in the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824. For 10 points, name this perennial presidential candidate and "Great Compromiser," who was from Kentucky.

: Henry Clay <LL> 51.

: 153914 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 11 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: This man sailed for the Muscovy Company in his first voyage. Abacuk Pricket's diary is an important source for information on this man's final days, while his ghost is featured in Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle. This captain of the (*) Hopewell laid the foundation for the creation of New Netherland through a 1609 exploration. In this man's final voyage, the crew of his ship Discovery mutinied and set him and his son adrift. For ten points, name this English explorer and captain of the Half Moon with a namesake bay in northeast Canada.

: Henry Hudson 21.

: 153855 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 8 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: This man rose to prominence after winning a Supreme Court case against the Comberland Telephone and Telegraph Company. This man earned a governorship by defeating the "Old Regulars" political machine, and he advanced the careers of O.K. Allen and Alvin King. This ally of Father Charles Coughlin promoted socialist reforms in his (*) Share the Wealth campaign which promised to make "every man a king." Assassinated by Carl Weiss in 1935, this politician was fictionalized as Willie Stark in All the King's Men. For ten points, name this autocratic Louisiana politician nicknamed "The Kingfish."

: Huey Long 26.

: 142286 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 1 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: After surviving a plane crash, Eugene Hasenfus spoke in a press conference with his confessions on this event. In the leadup to this event, Michael Ledeen, a consultant of Robert McFarlane, requested assistance from Shimon Peres. This event, which acted in violation of the Boland Amendment, saw the conviction of John (*) Poindexter and Oliver North, as well as Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. The American president who oversaw this scandal claimed that he was "committed to securing the release of the hostages". For ten points name this political scandal during Reagan's second term that involved the secret sale of arms to a certain Middle Eastern country.

: Iran-Contra Affair <RP> 55.

S. In April 2016, this successor of Thabo Mbeki was asked to resign after he was caught using public money to upgrade his private estate, Nkandla. For 10 points, name this current president of South Africa.

: Jacob (Gedleyihlekisa) Zuma <MK> 46.

: 153868 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 8 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: As his last act in one office, this man vetoed the Bonus Bill. This Princeton grad and owner of Paul Jennings helped write the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and staunchly opposed Macon's Bill Number 2. This man wrote the original version of the 27th (*) Amendment, and as president this man temporarily governed from Brookeville, Maryland after the Battle of Bladensburg. With John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, this man authored The Federalist Papers. For ten points, name this "Father of the Constitution" who led the United States during the War of 1812 as the nation's fourth president.

: James Madison Bonuses 25.

: 142419 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 7 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Mackenzie King created facilities at Slocan Valley and Christina Lake after enacting this policy in Canada. Two men who were subjected to this policy were shot by Clarence Burleson in the Lordsburg Killings. This system's enactment was partly influenced by the Niihau incident, in which a pilot who took part in the attack on (*) Pearl Harbor crashed into a Hawaiian island. Tule Lake and Manzanar were the locations of facilities for this system, and Korematsu v. United States protested this American practice, which was put forth in Executive Order 9066. For ten points, name this World War II measure taken by the United States against a specific East Asian peoples.

: Japanese Internment camps [prompt on partial answer, accept any answer relating to the confinement of Japanese-Americans] <AG> 65.

: 146604 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 14 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: This man was the dedicatee of his colleague Joseph Story's Commentaries. Daniel Webster once claimed that this man took in his arguments like a "baby takes in his mother's milk." This man took a literal interpretation of the Contract Clause when siding with (*) Dartmouth College over the government of New Hampshire. This man argued that a Maryland tax on a federal bank was illegal when ruling in favor of James McCulloch. He established judicial review with his ruling in Marbury v. Madison and was succeeded by Roger Taney ["TAW-nee"]. For 10 points, name this Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835.

: John Marshall <JR> 39.

: 156363 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 1 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: Along with Russ Feingold, this senator sponsored the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 meant to restrict election contributions. This man rode the Straight Talk Express while meeting voters and was harmed by a smear tactic claiming his adopted Bangladeshi daughter was actually a child he fathered through an affair. This man who spent (*) five years as a prisoner of the North Vietnamese was diagnosed in July 2017 with an aggressive form of brain cancer. Sarah Palin was a running mate of—for 10 points—what Arizona senator?

: John McCain III 99.

: 153818 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 6 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: During one of this man's campaigns, his wife and three children died in a house fire. With the support of Teddy Roosevelt, this man skipped over 835 more senior officers to become a general, and he earned his colorful nickname through serving with a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers. After the Battle of Columbus, (*) Woodrow Wilson tapped this general to defeat Pancho Villa. In another conflict, this man refused to merge his forces with Allied troops and became the first U.S. General of the Armies. For ten points, name this commander who led American troops in World War One.

: John Pershing 29.

: 156378 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 2 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: Robert Caro's biography of this person includes the volumes Master of the Senate and The Passage of Power. This leader appointed Abe Fortas and Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court. The federal Department of Education building is named for this man, as is a Dallas freeway. This man defeated (*) Barry Goldwater in a presidential election, and he approved Medicare and Medicaid upon signing a 1965 act, as part of his Great Society initiative. Lady Bird was the wife of—for 10 points—what Texan often referred to by three initials?

: LBJ or Lyndon B(aines) Johnson (prompt on "Johnson") 96.

: 146589 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 13 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: In this city, Latasha Harlins was shot while purchasing a bottle of Orange Juice. One event in this city started after Marquette Frye was pulled over for drunk driving. In the wake of an event in this city, its namesake asked "Can we all get along?" That event is referred to as "Sa-I-Gu" by this city's Korean-Americans. Returning servicemen assaulted (*) Latinos wearing the titular outfit during this city's Zoot Suit Riots. The acquittal of four police officers who were caught on videotape beating an African-American man on the ground led to 1992 riots in this city. The Watts and Rodney King riots hit—for 10 points—what large city in southern California?

: Los Angeles [or L.A.] <LL> 41.

: 153931 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 11 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This man famously visited a farm owned by Roswell Garst. This ally of Lazar Kaganovich sanctioned the execution of Lavrentiy Beria and organized the unsuccessful Virgin Lands campaign. This leader attracted controversy by asserting "We will bury you" and he notably banged his (*) shoe on a desk during a speech before the UN. After assuming his highest office, this man delivered the "Secret Speech" and later faced off against Richard Nixon in the "Kitchen Debate." For ten points, name this Soviet premier and successor to Stalin who led the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

: Nikita Khrushchev Bonuses 28.

: 142379 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 6 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: Towards the beginning of this man's political career, he served as the assistant director for a mine in the Donbas region, where he had earlier been a worker. This man aimed to increase his country's agricultural production in the Virgin Lands Campaign, and he was overthrown by his former teacher Lazar Kaganovich. This leader argued with a vice president of the United States for their countries' economic policies in the (*) Kitchen Debate. This leader famously criticized the excesses of his predecessor in the "Secret Speech", and he banged his shoe against a table in a 1960 United Nations meeting. For ten points, name this premier of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the successor of Joseph Stalin.

: Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev <GM+RP> 61.

: 156512 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 8 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: The two people who served as governor of this area were Arthur St. Clair and Charles Willing Byrd. Rufus Putnam led The Forty-Eight, who created this region's first settlement of Marietta. Connecticut and Massachusetts ceded claims to land here before the (*) Confederation Congress created this region in an 1787 Ordinance. Its land eventually became six states including Indiana and Wisconsin. For 10 points—give this territory named for its direction with respect to the Ohio River.

: Northwest Territory (accept Northwest Ordinance after "Confederation Congress") 76.

: 146406 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 5 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: A 1968 Supreme Court case upheld this non-New York state's use of "stop and frisk"-style policing, which is thus known as a Terry stop after that case. A court case from this state was the origin of Potter Stewart's comment "I know it when I see it" with respect to pornography. In 1969, a statute in this state was held to violate the free speech rights of a KKK leader named Clarence (*) Brandenburg. The Supreme Court found that prosecutors in this state could not use evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. For 10 points each, name this Midwestern state that fought a Supreme Court case against Dollree Mapp.

: Ohio [accept Mapp v. Ohio, Brandenburg v. Ohio, Jacobellis v. Ohio, or Terry v. Ohio] <AF> 48.

: 156414 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 3 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: After West Virginia and Wyoming, this state had the third-highest vote percentage for Donald Trump in the general election. The name of this 46th state to join the Union is a Choctaw term meaning "red people." In 1995, Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in this state's (*) capital. When it was a territory, people entered settlement lands early, leading to its "Sooner" nickname. For 10 points--name this plains state with a western panhandle, whose cities include Norman and Tulsa.

: Oklahoma Bonuses 94.

: 142291 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 2 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: This politician volunteered for his predecessor in his highest office as a student at Miami College. This man stated that he had gotten involved in politics due to Ayn Rand, but later repudiated her for her anti-religious stances. In his most recent primary, this man faced a primary challenge from Paul Nehlen, who was endorsed by (*) Sarah Palin. Before this politician was elected into his highest office, he served on the House Ways and Means Committee. This politician was named as the running mate of Mitt Romney during the 2012 Presidential Election. For ten points, name this Wisconsin congressman, the current Speaker of the House.

: Paul Davis Ryan <AN> 56.

: 146551 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 11 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This city was home to an intellectual debate club called the Junto, as documented in an "American life" by Walter Isaacson. After murdering twenty-one Susquehannock in the Conestoga Massacre, the Paxton Boys marched to this city. Bifocal glasses were invented in this city, which was taken after the Battle of (*) Brandywine. Poor Richard's Almanac was published in this city, as was a Gazette that printed a political cartoon of a cut-up snake captioned Join, or Die. This city hosted both Continental Congresses and the Constitutional Convention. For 10 points, name this city founded by William Penn, which was home to Ben Franklin.

: Philadelphia [accept Philly] <JR> Tiebreaker 43.

: 156469 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 6 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Your answer may describe the object. Congressman Mike Rogers introduced HR 1813, a remittance tax with proceeds going to this endeavor. The Penna Group protested how its proposal for a prototype of this object was rejected. This object was proposed in a June 2015 speech in a New York skyscraper's lobby. Projected to cost (*) $21 billion, its champion said it would have a "big, beautiful door" to allow legal immigration. For 10 points—give this structure President Trump wants to construct to purportedly stop Latin American drugs and crime from coming here.

: President Trump's proposal to build a wall on the Mexican border (or the United States' southern border) (accept Trump's wall; accept any answer indicating a barrier or fence or similar is to be built on the U.S.-Mexican border) 83.

: 146627 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 3 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This colony was the biggest importer of slaves in the thirteen colonies, and it experienced their first major slave revolt in 1712. While Edmund Andros was deposed in Boston, this colony deposed Francis Nicholson in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution. In this colony, attacks printed against governor William Cosby were defended by lawyer Andrew Hamilton. (*) Leisler's Rebellion and the Stamp Act Congress happened in this colony, as did the libel trial of John Peter Zenger. After a dispute with New Hampshire, the Vermont Republic separated from this colony. For 10 points, name this Middle Colony home to a city formerly known as New Amsterdam.

: Province of New York <JR> 38.

: 142338 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 4 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: A man with this surname cofounded a company with Samuel Andrews and Henry Flagler that was later criticized in McClure's magazine. That man cofounded the University of Chicago. A different man with this surname utilized tear gas and the National Guard in suppressing the (*) Attica Prison Riots, and served four terms as Governor of New York as well as one term as Vice President under Gerald Ford. Ida Tarbell conducted detailed interviews on a magnate owned by a man with this surname. For ten points, name this surname shared by Nelson and the founder of Standard Oil, John.

: Rockefeller [accept John Davidson Rockefeller or Norman Rockefeller] <RP> 59.

: 142482 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 10 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: After this case, Sarah Weddington, who represented the plaintiff, was elected to three consecutive terms in the Texas House of Representatives. In a 1989 case from Missouri, Justice O'Connor refused to reconsider the holding in this case. Three years later, she co authored a joint opinion on this case with Justices Kennedy and Souter, adopting an undue burden standard, and rejected Harry (*) Blackmun's "trimester" framework. This case resulted in the creation of the Hyde Amendment, and in it the plaintiff Norma McCorvey admitted of falsely accusing rape after becoming pregnant with her third child. For ten points, name this Supreme Court case that resulted in the legalization of abortions.

: Roe v. Wade [or Wade v. Roe] <RP+SP> 69.

: 156419 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 4 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: In November 2001 Governor Jane Swift signed a bill exonerating Wilmot Redd and Bridget Bishop of their parts in this historical event. One of its participants told magistrate Bartholomew Gedney that Gamaliel [guh-MEAL-ee-ell] Hawkins was dead in Barbados, and claimed it was due to (*) Giles Corey's use of a pin. These proceedings began when young girls displayed seizure-like behaviors. For 10 points—name this 1692 event that saw women executed, purportedly for being in league with the Devil.

: Salem witch trials ("Salem" is enough here, and accept other answers like the Salem hangings) 93.

: 156530 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 9 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: The Locust Grove estate owned by this man in Poughkeepsie [pah-KIP-see], New York houses many of his artistic works. This man took Henry O. Reilly to court to defend a patent and worked on that invention with Leonard Gale and Alfred Vail. A 1838 audience saw his demonstration of "a patient waiter is no loser", but a much larger audience saw him (*) transmit "what hath God wrought" between the Capitol and Baltimore. For 10 points—name this man who developed a telegraph and a code to communicate on it.

: Samuel Morse (accept Morse code after "code") 71.

: 156499 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 7 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Two recent Supreme Court cases dealing with this issue are District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago; the latter decision extended a Constitutional prohibition to the states. Justice John Paul Stevens has said he would add the words "when serving in the (*) Militia" to the Constitution to clarify this topic some consider a matter of self-defense and sportsmanship. The NRA champions—for 10 points—what part of the constitution that establishes a "right of the people to keep and bear Arms"?

: Second Amendment (accept any answer related to possessing guns or firearms or gun control; accept the right to keep and bear arms before "keep") 77.

: 150509 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 1 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: A farmer named Plough Jogger gave a famous speech about the oppression he'd suffered in the run-up to this event, which was sparked in part by a man's anger at being forced to pawn a sword given to him by the Marquis de Lafayette. The goal of this event was to take the Springfield armory and eventually overthrow the United States government, but it was dispersed by the combined forces of James (*) Bowdoin and Benjamin Lincoln. For 10 points, name this rebellion that broke out in Massachusetts in 1786 due to excessive tax burden and a refusal by the government to print paper currency.

: Shays' Rebellion [accept anything involving Shays and a synonym of rebellion; do not accept anything involving Shay] 11.

: 150468 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ladue | Number: 1 TOSSUP: The photographers Trager and Kuhn were famed for depicting members of this tribe. In the largest mass execution in US history, thirty-eight members of this tribe's Santee branch were hanged. The Drexel Mission Fight preceded an attack on members of this tribe, whose leaders included (*) Red Cloud and Gall. This tribe forced the closing of the Bozeman Trail in one war that ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Subsequent US encroachment on the Black Hills sparked another war with this tribe in which the 7th US Cavalry were defeated by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. For 10 points, name this tribe that led the winning coalition in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

: Sioux​ [accept Lakota​ or Santee​ or Minneconjou​ or Oglala​ or Hunkpapa​ or Dakota​ or Nakota​] 16.

: 156380 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 2 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: This organization currently directed by David J. Skorton runs a tropical research center on a Panamanian island. The Megatherium Club was a group of its early naturalist employees who organized sack races in its Castle, a red building on Jefferson Drive Southwest. It owns the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery as well as the (*) National Zoological Park, and its newest additions concern Native Americans and African American culture. For 10 points—name this institution whose Washington D.C. landmarks include the Air and Space Museum.

: Smithsonian Institution 95.

: 153877 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 9 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Ernest Ackerman was the first man to profit from this program. When debating this program, one senator called it "a teeny-weeny bit of socialism," and the constitutionality of this program was affirmed in Steward Machine Company v. Davis. Black-dominated professions were originally (*) excluded from this program, which was amended in 1965 to create Medicare and Medicaid. Though known as the "Third Rail" of American politics for being difficult to change, this program was altered in 1983 to protect its trust fund. For ten points, name this program, started during the Great Depression, which offers benefits to American retirees.

: Social Security 23.

: 150690 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Downingtown STEM | Number: 5 TOSSUP: One senator from this state was nicknamed "Pitchfork Ben" for his advocacy of lynch mobs; that senator was Ben Tillman. Another segregationist senator from this state fathered Essie May Washington Williams with a black woman and founded the splinter Dixiecrat Party. Strom (*) Thurmond represented this state, as did the congressman who beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor, Preston Brooks. A Confederate battle flag was removed from this state's capitol grounds by its former governor, Nikki Haley, after a mass shooting in its largest city, Charleston. For 10 points, name this state where the Civil War began with the attack on Fort Sumter.

: South Carolina 17.

: 153793 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 5 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This position grew under Thomas Reed, who eliminated the disappearing quorum. When Democrat Jim Traficant supported Dennis Hastert for this position, he was stripped of his seniority. Frederick Muhlenberg was the first man to hold this office, and a 1910 revolt against Joseph (*) Cannon considerably limited its scope. The longest tenured holder of this office is Sam Rayburn, and James Polk is the only president to hold this position. In 1994, Newt Gingrich used the Contract with America to win this office. For ten points, name this legislative position held by Nancy Pelosi, John Boehner, and currently, Paul Ryan.

: Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 31.

: 156435 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 4 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: One city with this name is the seat of Hampden County and contained an armory attacked by Shays' Rebellion. Wisconsin has five places with this name. The one of these north of Branson is the home of Missouri State University. A state capital with this name was the site where (*) Barack Obama announced his presidential campaign and also contains a home of Abraham Lincoln. For 10 points—give this name in common to the capital of Illinois and the TV setting of The Simpsons.

: Springfield (accept clued states, such as Springfield, Massachusetts) 89.

: 153957 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 13 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man utilized the Schomburgk Line to quell a crisis in Venezuela, and he controversially opposed a train fare discount when governor of his home state. In the White House, this man refused to annex Hawaii, and his frequent use of the veto earned him the nickname "His Obstinacy." This man overcame a scandal involving (*) Maria Halpin to defeat James Blaine for the presidency, and while in office this man signed the Dawes Act and crushed the 1894 Pullman Strike. For ten points, name this Bourbon Democrat from New York, the only president to serve non-consecutive terms.

: Stephen Grover Cleveland (accept Grover Cleveland) 19.

: 156551 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 10 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: One member of this family held a governorship between 1999 and 2007, and was succeeded by Ted Strickland. Another member of this family, Alphonso, was Grant's Secretary of War. A third member was an Ohio Senator when he sponsored a labor act with Fred (*) Hartley. This family also includes a Chief Justice who previously won the 1908 presidential election. For 10 points—give this family whose President's close ties to Roosevelt led some to joke the surname stood for "Take advice from Theodore."

: Taft (accept full names such as William Howard Taft; accept Taft-Hartley Act after "Hartley") 73.

: 142324 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 3 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: William Leggett led an opposition group to this organization originally known as the Equal Rights Party, which acquired its nickname after this group attempted to disband one of its meetings by shutting off the gaslights. That faction was better known as the Locofocos. William Mooney was the first Grand (*) Sachem of this group, that helped Al Smith secure the presidential nomination in 1928. This organization's power grew immensely after the arrival of Irish immigrants who escaped the Potato Famine, and its most famous leader was depicted with a sack of money in place of his head in a Thomas Nast cartoon. For ten points, name this 19th century political machine in New York, once led by Boss Tweed.

: Tammany Hall <RP> 58.

: 156485 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 7 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This agreement's signers included François Barbé-Marbois and Robert Livingston. London's Barings Bank and the Hope and Company of Amsterdam transferred this transaction's funds. Saint Louis's Three Flags Day ceremony saw Spain turn over the involved assets to another empire, who relinquished the land the next day. To understand the (*) value of the involved property, Thomas Jefferson called for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. For 10 points—name this 1803 agreement by which the U.S. bought land from Arkansas to Montana.

: The Louisiana Purchase (Treaty) 80.

: 150504 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Westview | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Henry Raymond, a co-founder of this organization, once fought off draft rioters with a Gatling gun. This organization obliged John Patterson's request to retract "Heed Their Rising Voices" in a 1964 Supreme Court case. That case established the "actual malice" standard and was instigated by city commissioner L.B. (*) Sullivan. Daniel Ellsberg provided 43 volumes of a "Study Prepared by the Department of Defense" to this organization detailing US bombings in Cambodia and Laos. This organization originally published the Pentagon Papers. "All The News That's Fit To Print" is the slogan of, for 10 points, what American paper of record nicknamed "The Gray Lady"?

: The New York Times [or NYT; prompt on "The Times"; prompt on "The Gray Lady" before mentioned] 12.

: 146370 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 2 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This man's first Secretary of State may have written the Bixby letter while he was Abraham Lincoln's secretary. This man once joked that his predecessor had the backbone of "a chocolate eclair," and he strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission with the Elkins and Hepburn Acts. This man appointed Gifford Pinchot and sent out the Great (*) White Fleet. This man gave a campaign speech immediately after being shot, calling himself as "fit" as an animal. This man advocated a "Square Deal," created the Forest Service, and ran for a third term in 1912 on the "Bull Moose" Party. For 10 points, name this president who was succeeded by William Howard Taft.

: Theodore Roosevelt [or Teddy Roosevelt; prompt on just Roosevelt] <MK> 50.

: 142306 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 2 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: This man composed The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth by cutting and pasting the non-supernatural parts of the New Testament. This man rejected the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty in the events leading up to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair. This president's conflict with the Karamanli dynasty was ended by the Treaty of Tripoli. This man may have fathered a child with his (*) slave Sally Hemings, and he wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions with James Madison to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts. For ten points, name this third US president who was the principle author of the Declaration of Independence.

: Thomas Jefferson <AB> 57.

: 156480 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 6 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: In an 1857 document known by this name, the Qajar dynasty relinquished claims to the city of Herat. A 1763 text with this title allowed France to regain Martinique and established British control over French Canada. In another agreement of this name the U.S. gained Guam and Puerto Rico. The U.S. promised no more confiscation of (*) Loyalist property in a 1783 agreement with this name. The Spanish-American war and the American Revolutionary War were ended with—for 10 points—treaties named for what French city?

: Treaty (or Peace) of Paris Bonuses 81.

: 146468 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 7 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: In this election, the nasty South Carolina primary featured accusations that a candidate's adopted child was actually born out of wedlock. A candidate in this election was derided for proposing a federal "rainy day fund," and was the first major-party candidate with a Jewish running mate. In this election, Joe (*) Lieberman ran with a man who said he "took the initiative in creating the Internet." In this election, many voting errors came from "butterfly ballots" and "hanging chads." In this election, Green Party candidate Ralph Nader won 2.7% of the vote and recounts in Florida were halted by the Supreme Court. For 10 points, name this election that Al Gore lost to George W. Bush.

: United States Presidential Election of 2000 <LL> Bonuses 52.

: 156478 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 6 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: John Trout Greble died in this state as part of the Battle of Big Bethel here. The Wilson-Kautz cavalry raid followed a campaign in this state that included engagements at Wilson's Wharf, Yellow Tavern, and Trevilian Station. Abraham Lincoln met with Alexander Stephens here for the (*) Hampton Roads Conference. This states' two battles north of Manassas, also called the Battles of Bull Run, were about thirty miles from Arlington Cemetery. For 10 points—name this state bordering Maryland and North Carolina.

: Virginia 82.

: 150556 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 3 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: During this war, Alexander Smyth led a campaign which was abandoned after the battle of Frenchman's Creek, and one battle during this war inspired a song set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven." The aforementioned campaign featured the defeat of Stephen Van Rensselaer and death of Isaac Brock at the Battle of Queenston (*) Heights. One commander in this war sent the message, "we have met the enemy and they are ours" after winning the Battle of Lake Erie. One battle in this war was fought after this war was resolved in the treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war between Great Britain and the US that began in its namesake year.

: War of 1812 9.

: 146515 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 10 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man gave the "The Republic must awaken" speech and popularized the word "bloviate." This man appointed American Relief Administration director Herbert Hoover, to be his Secretary of Commerce. This man's Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, led the Washington Naval Conference. This president appointed Harry Daugherty as Attorney General. This (*) Republican defeated a ticket of vice-presidential candidate FDR, and James Cox. This linchpin of the "Ohio Gang" called for a "return to normalcy" but also let Albert Fall lease Navy oil reserves in Wyoming. For 10 points, name this predecessor of Calvin Coolidge, who presided over the Teapot Dome Scandal.

: Warren G. Harding [The "G." is for "Gamaliel."] <MK> 37.

: 146404 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 4 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: An event in this city was described as "a circus" in a speech that criticized that event for having "lost its militancy." The Poor People's Campaign took place in this city, and an event in it was organized by Bayard Rustin and the Big Six, who included the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, (*) A. Philip Randolph. The Daughters of the American Revolution tried to stop Marian Anderson from singing a concert in this city. A speech made in this city imagines a time when a man's "four little children" would "not be judged by the color of their skin." Martin Luther King gave the "I Have a Dream" speech during a 1963 "March on"—for 10 points—what city?

: Washington, D.C. [accept either underlined part; accept District of Columbia; accept March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom] <LL> Tiebreaker 49.

: 142524 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 12 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: In a famous political cartoon from Judge Magazine, this man wears a red cape as he stands on the Bible with an oversized cross in his hand. In an article for the New York Times, this politician declared that he would "rather speak on religion than on politics" after giving "The Prince of Peace", which was among the speeches he gave while on the Chautauqua Circuit. This man represented the (*) prosecution against Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial, and advocated for his belief of "free silver" in his most famous speech. For ten points, name this three-time Democratic presidential nominee who denounced the gold standard in the "Cross of Gold" speech.

: William Jennings Bryan <RP> 54.

: 150625 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 6 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Failure to pass the Bacon Resolution caused this man to oppose the annexation of the Philippines. This politician, who ran for president with John Kern as his running mate, called for stricter railroad regulations in his magazine The Commoner, and he was prompted by the sinking of the Lusitania to resign as Secretary of State (*). Besides defending the Butler Act in court against Clarence Darrow, this man won the Democratic party's presidential nomination though his support of bimetallism, which he advocated for in his "Cross of Gold" speech. For 10 points, name this orator from Nebraska, a leader of the Populist party and three-time presidential candidate.

: William Jennings Bryan BONUSES 5.

: 146566 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 12 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: An incident at this location was followed by the Drexel Mission Fight. In 1973, a group led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means was besieged by FBI Agents and U. S. Marshals at its location. An incident at this location was sparked after a deaf man didn't hear a soldier's orders to give up his rifle, and was exacerbated by some supposedly bulletproof shirts. Dee Brown wrote a 1970 book titled (*) Bury My Heart at [this location]. Black Coyote was killed at this location, along with many practitioners of the Ghost Dance at Pine Ridge Reservation. For 10 points, name this South Dakota location of an 1890 massacre of over 150 Lakota Sioux.

: Wounded Knee Creek [accept Wounded Knee Massacre or Wounded Knee Incident] <LL> 42.

: 153774 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 4 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: The Philadelphia Plan was one example of this policy. In 2016, John Kasich said this policy amounted to "counting us like so many beans." The University of Michigan's application of this policy was partially upheld in cases named for Lee Bollinger, while the use of a quotas in this policy was outlawed in (*) Regents v Bakke. The Supreme Court twice evaluated Abigail Fisher's interaction with this policy, and in the United Kingdom this policy is known as positive discrimination. For ten points, name this policy which supports disadvantaged groups in hiring and educational admissions.

: affirmative action 32.

: 146530 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 10 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Warning: general answer acceptable. A recent one of these events was sparked by the attempted blockade of a van carrying Guadalupe Garcia de Rayos in Phoenix, Arizona. A large one of these events was first planned by Bob Bland and Teresa Shook, but took on Carmen Perez, Tamika Mallory and Linda Sarsour as co-chairs. At one of these events, a masked man (*) punched Richard Spencer in the face. Supposedly, "professional anarchists" organized spontaneous instances of these events at airports. Those events of this kind were responses to an executive order that targeted seven majority-Muslim countries. For 10 points, name these oppositional events that have included a post-inauguration Women's March.

: anti-Trump protests [accept reasonable equivalents; if they answer with just "airport protests" or similar, prompt by saying "What general thing are they protesting?"—if necessary, keep prompting with "More general?"] <IKD> Tiebreaker 44.

: 142403 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 7 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Simon Lokodo alleged that children were being "recruited" to become these people in his country. In Indonesia's Aceh province, these people can be sentenced to 100 lashes, and Ireland's Ashers Bakery faced recent criticism after denying to make a cake with a picture of two Sesame Street characters and a message advocating for these people's rights. In 2014, (*) Uganda introduced a bill which stated that life imprisonment of the death penalty were justifiable punishments to these people. A June 2015 case in the U.S., Obergefell v. Hodges, legalized the marriage of these people. For ten points, name these people that are attracted to their same sex.

: homosexuals [accept equivalents like gay, lesbian, queer] <AG> 64.

: 146647 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 1 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Subsidies for this good are provided under the HOPE VI plan and Section 8 of the Wagner-Steagall Act. Restrictions on selling this type of good were struck down in Shelley v. Kraemer. Harry Truman's Fair Deal resulted in a 1949 act named for this good. This good was provided in bulk at Cabrini-Green. A mass-produced version of this good was created by William (*) Levitt. This good is massively undersold and then oversold in "blockbusting." In the 1950s and '60s, this good's acquisition by black people sparked selloffs called "White Flight." For 10 points, name this good that names a cabinet-level department along with "Urban Development."

: housing [accept houses or any other reasonable equivalent, e.g. real estate; accept more specific answers like public housing; accept Deparment of Housing and Urban Development; prompt on property; prompt on Levittowns] <LL> 40.

: 156546 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 9 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: The 1977 example of these events used high school teacher Julia Coleman as a source. One of these in 1993 called capitals places of intrigue and calculation. The texts for these communications have ranged from 135 to 8,460 words. Some quotations from these include "the (*) only thing we have to fear is fear itself" and "Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country". For 10 points—give the term for these speeches currently delivered the January after a presidential election.

: inauguration speeches or inaugural address Bonuses 74.

: 146508 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 9 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: During one of these events, Attorney General Richard Olney had the Federal government issue writs of injunction. John Mitchell led one of these events in 1902 that prompted a commission appointed by Teddy Roosevelt. One of these events led to an assassination plot by Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. One of these events began in Martinsburg in July (*) 1877. Henry Clay Frick hired the Pinkertons to stop one of these events. Grover Cleveland sent Federal troops to an 1894 one organized by Eugene Debs's ARU. The Homestead Steel Works and Pullman Railroad were hit by—for 10 points—what events in which workers refuse to work?

: labor strikes [accept more specific strikes] <LL> 45.

: 153702 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 1 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This action was perpetrated on George White of Wilmington, Delaware in 1903. Eleven Italians were victims of this action in 1891, sparking a diplomatic incident. Ida B. Wells published an exposé on this action, which was chronicled by the Department of Records and Archives at the (*) Tuskegee Institute. In 1991, Clarence Thomas quipped that the Anita Hill hearings represented a "high tech" one of these actions, and 14-year-old Emmett Till lost his life to this action in 1955. For ten points, name this form of extrajudicial killing often targeted against African Americans in the Jim Crow South.

: lynching 36.

: 150623 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 6 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: A poem about this event describes "salamandrine fires" and proclaims that the "Spinner of Years said 'Now!'". The newsboy Ned Parfett is depicted in a photograph taken in the aftermath of this event, which some witnesses blamed on the actions of J. Bruce Ismay, who was said to have escaped this event by crossdressing (*). This disaster occurred after warnings from the captain of the Californian were ignored. The site of this disaster was discovered in 1985 by Robert Ballard, and the Carpathia managed to rescue survivors of this tragedy, although many others succumbed to hypothermia due to the lack of lifeboats. For 10 points, identify this 1912 event that was caused by a collision with an iceberg.

: sinking of the RMS Titanic [accept equivalent answers] 6.

: 153896 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 10 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: Henry Charles Carey encouraged the strengthening of these laws during the Civil War. Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution bans one type of this law, and Alexander Hamilton supported one of these laws to cover Revolutionary War debts. In 1833, Andrew Jackson signed the "Force Bill" to enforce one of these laws in (*) South Carolina. Historical examples of these laws include those named for Oscar Underwood and William McKinley, and Herbert Hoover supported the Hawley-Smoot one of these laws to fight the Great Depression. For ten points, name these often-controversial taxes on international trade.

: tariff (accept import tariff, prompt on "tax") 22.

: 156446 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 5 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: In 2010 the Supreme Court said some of these impartations by officer Jeff Quon were not private when done using workplace-issued objects. In 2014 Malaysian Airlines was criticized for using this method to tell passengers' families rescue efforts had stopped. Massachusetts teen Michelle Carter was found (*) guilty of manslaughter after using these to encourage her boyfriend to go through with carbon monoxide poisoning. Most states ban drivers from using—for 10 points—what method of communication typical on mobile devices?

: texting or text messages (or SMS or Short Message Service; prompt on "messaging", "electronic communication", or similar answers, but do not accept "email") 86.

: 144514 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 2 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: Three days before this speech, its speaker and Roy Wilkins got interrogated about Bayard Rustin on Meet the Press. Mahalia Jackson encouraged its speaker to improvise. At one point, this speech quotes the entirety of "My Country, Tis of Thee." This speech begins "five score years ago", alluding to the (*) Gettysburg address. Its speaker says that America has defaulted on a promissory note and asks for judgment by the "content of [one's] character." In its final section, this speech mentions the red hills of Georgia and repeats "Let freedom ring." For 10 points, name this 1963 speech given during the March on Washington by Martin Luther King, Jr.

: "I Have a Dream" speech 161.

: 150566 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 4 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: One side in this agreement accepted a less than satisfactory compensation due to the fact that they borrowed money from the Rothschilds and could not afford to pay back the loan. Eduard de Stoeckl was the representative of one side of this agreement and a formal ceremony for this event was conducted at New (*) Archangel. One of the motives behind it was isolating British Columbia. This event was often known domestically as "Seward's Folly". For 10 points, name this event that allowed the United States to annex its northernmost territory.

: Alaska Purchase [accept Seward's Folly before mention; accept anything indicating that the US gained possession of Alaska] 8.

: 111392 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 1 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: John Quincy Adams protected this man from censure after he ordered an invasion without authorization, and he ordered the execution of two British citizens during that military expedition. His role in that war led to the Adams-Onis treaty and his appointment as the military governor of Florida. This man signed the Force Bill, and the Petticoat Affair led to the creation of his "Kitchen Cabinet." He fought the Bank War against Nicholas Biddle and was denied the presidency by the "Corrupt Bargain." For 10 points, name this American president, the victor of the Battle of New Orleans.

: Andrew Jackson [prompt on "Old Hickory"] 391.

: 72174 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 12.pdf | Number: 16 TOSSUP: The governor of this state just defeated a challenge from its Attorney General Terry Goddard, and one of its sena- tors just defeated Rodney Glassman. In 1997, this state's governor resigned when he was convicted of bank fraud, and in 1988, its governor was impeached for obstruction of justice. In addition to Fife Symington and Evan Mecham, an- other recent governor of this state is now the Secretary of Homeland Security, Janet Napolitano. Current Governor Jan Brewer is closely associated with its SB1070 law, named the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighbor- hoods Act, an anti-immigration measure that has led to boycotts of this state. Name this home state of Senator John McCain.

: Arizona 456.

: 149626 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 10 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: A Dictabelt recording from a police motorcyclist's open microphone spawned many conspiracies about this event but was debunked because of the sound of vehicles rushing to Parkland Hospital after it occurred. Another well-known recording of this event is (*) Abraham Zapruder's silent film of this event. Governor John Connally was struck by a "single bullet" that also struck the target of this event. That single bullet theory originated from the Warren Commission, which investigated, for 10 points, what event, that resulted in the death of the thirty-fifth President on November 22, 1963 in Dallas?

: Assassination of John F. Kennedy [accept synonyms for assassination and accept JFK for J. Kennedy, prompt on answers that only include "Kennedy"; do NOT accept or prompt on mentions of Robert Kennedy] 107.

: 72239 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: finals phase 2.pdf | Number: 5 TOSSUP: The outcome of this battle probably was determined by a seventeen day wait by Union forces for supplies to build pontoon bridges, allowing Confederate forces to set up artillery at points such as Telegraph Hill and Howison Hill. Union attacks such as the one led by Edwin Sumner and William Franklin were easily turned back by troops under James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson. The Union plan to advance on Richmond was halted at this battle on the Rappahannock River, harming the reputation of General Ambrose Burnside. Name this battle that lasted five days in December, 1862.

: Battle of Fredericksburg 454.

: 111176 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 3 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: One general in this battle took over the troops of Ebenezer Learned without authority, and Major Armstrong was unable to order that general to return until the fighting had ended. General Poor's brigade was the first to come to the aid of Daniel Morgan's attack, and a sniper fatally wounded Simon Fraser in one phase of this battle. The losing commander never received reinforcements from Henry Clinton, and this battle took place at Bemis Heights and Freeman's Farm. John Burgoyne was defeated by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates in, For 10 points, what 1777 American victory is often dubbed the turning point of the Revolutionary War?

: Battle of Saratoga 425.

: 142756 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: During this battle, a barrage by gunboats near Pittsburg Landing prevented one side's forces from being overwhelmed by a Confederate assault. The Union defense near a sunken road during this battle was so fierce that it became known as the (*) "Hornet's Nest". General Albert Sidney Johnston was killed during this battle, becoming the highest ranking Civil War officer to die on the field. The loser of this battle was forced to evacuate the city of Corinth, leading to the fall of Vicksburg the next year. For 10 points, name this bloody 1862 battle that took place near the Tennessee River.

: Battle of Shiloh 192.

: 149665 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 12 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Before this event happened, a B-26 bomber had its cowling intentionally damaged and made a faux emergency landing at Miami International Airport in an effort to deceive the media. The group Operation Forty was designed to seize control after this event. This event's failure led Allen(*) Dulles to be forced to resign. Over 1,400 exiles, who were organized in Brigade 2506 ["twenty five oh six"], were defeated by government forces during this event. For 10 points, name this failed 1961 invasion of Cuba, approved by the Kennedy administration.

: Bay of Pigs Invasion [Or Invasión de Playa Girón; or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos; or Batalla de Girón] <Jonathan Amlong>/<ed. JO> 130.

: 152015 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 1 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: 5. This man told pro-Palestinian hecklers to "Shut up!" at a town hall meeting in August 2014. Diane Rehm incorrectly asserted that this man had dual citizenship with Israel on her radio show. Marissa Johnson was booed during a moment of silence for Michael Brown after forcing her way on stage when this man was giving a speech in Seattle. This man's campaigns discourage the use of money from (*) Super PACs. This former mayor of Burlington is the only independent senator. For 10 points, name this democratic socialist from Vermont, who is currently running for the Democratic presidential nomination.

: Bernard "Bernie" Sanders <CD> 149.

: 146692 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 2 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: While running for this state's Senate, Dick Tuck made a speech asserting that the dead could still vote. Sir Francis Drake claimed what became this state for England as "New Albion." In this state, the Sleepy Lagoon murder helped spark a riot against people who wore zoot suits. Dan White assassinated the first publicly (*) gay officeholder in this state. Harvey Milk was from this state, which was once represented by Richard Nixon. John C. Fremont helped conquer what became this state during the Mexican-American War with the help of the Bear Flag Revolt. A discovery at Sutter's Mill caused--for 10 points--49ers to rush into what state seeking gold?

: California 307.

: 149477 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 9 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: While leading an organization, this man instituted the Synanon community requirement "the Game," which required each member to be singled out to hear harsh, profanity-laced criticism from the rest of the group. While this man was undertaking a 25-day fast in Phoenix, his partner came up with the slogan "si se puede," ["see say pway-day"] or "yes,(*) one can." With Dolores Huerta, this man organized a march of grape workers from Delano to Sacramento and co-founded the UFW. For 10 points, name this Mexican-American activist, who founded the NFWA.

: Cesar Chavez [or Cesar Estrada Chavez] <Jonathan Amlong>/<ed. JO> 135.

: 112031 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 3 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: One commander of this group was tricked by a landing at Verplanck's point. According to one account, nine Tarleton's Raiders were defeated by a single member of this force named Peter Francisco during his namesake "fight." Some unpaid members of this group, which at one point was commanded by Israel Putnam, planned a coup d'etat during the Newburgh Conspiracy. Members of this army lost battles at Brandywine and Germantown, but were trained to use bayonets and become a "model company" by Prussian officer Baron von Steuben at Valley Forge. For 10 points, name this army of the Colonies led by George Washington during the American Revolution.

: Continental Army [or the American soldiers during the Revolution or Army of the American Colonies or clear-knowledge equivalents; prompt on general answers like "American army"] 291.

: 117607 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 New Trier Scobol Solo | Round: 1 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Henry Kissinger referred to this former CEO of General Instrument and G. D. Searle as an "occasional adversary and permanent friend". Anthony Zinni was one of several retired generals who called for this person to resign from the cabinet amid complaints that he too forcefully exerted civilian control over the military. When President Ford fired several moderates from his staff, this man was promoted from Chief of Staff to Secretary of Defense. He later became the only person to be the Secretary of Defense twice. Identify this man replaced by Robert Gates, who was criticized for his handling of the Iraq War under George W. Bush.

: Donald (Henry) Rumsfeld 269.

: 144476 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 1 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This politician coined the term "vast right-wing conspiracy." The "Harry and Louise" ad advocated a universal healthcare law named for this non-Obama politician. Citizens United v. FEC was based on a movie titled <this person>: The Movie. Anthony Weiner's ex-wife, Huma Abedin, works for this (*) politician. During a campaign, this politician claimed to "hammer on the glass ceiling." This author of the memoir Hard Choices first won political office as a senator from New York in 2000. She used her own email server to receive classified messages while Secretary of State. For 10 points, name this Democratic presidential nominee.

: Hillary Clinton [prompt on Clinton] 163.

: 63399 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regular Season | Round: 14.pdf | Number: 7 TOSSUP: These writings were first published in The Independent Journal. One figure who wrote essays opposing this project was George Clinton. The best-known of these essays claimed that factionalism would be easier to prevent in a large, strong republic. Numbering eighty-five in total, they were all signed "Publius" and advocated replacing the Articles of Confederation. For 10 points, name this series of papers in which John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton urged ratification of the United States Constitution.

: Federalist Papers [or The Federalist] 411.

: 144945 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 9 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: 22. In his autobiography, this man described how he learned to read and write by watching ship workers and by tricking local boys into teaching him, and one of its chapters ends with a fight he had with Mr. Covey. This man was nominated for Vice President on the Equal Rights Party ticket as the running mate of Victoria Woodhull. He was taught the alphabet by (*) Hugh Auld, his master's wife, and later founded the newspaper The North Star. This man was the only African American in attendance at the Seneca Falls Convention. For ten points, name this abolitionist famous for his oratories and autobiographical narratives.

: Frederick Douglass [or Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey] <EC> Bonuses 231.

: 142380 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 6 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This man stated in a Reddit AMA that he makes decisions based on cost-benefit analysis instead of ideology, adding that he wanted to cut the federal budget by 43%. This politician vetoed a national record 200 out of 424 bills during his first six months in office as Governor of (*) New Mexico. During one interview, this man failed to name a foreign leader he admired, and in another, this politician was unable to provide an answer for what he would do about a Syrian city, asking "What is Aleppo?" For ten points, name this Libertarian candidate from the 2016 presidential election.

: Gary Johnson <LP+ES> 62.

: 107279 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 10 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: At one battle, this man constructed redoubts overlooking Brenton's Ford but came under artillery fire fromWilhelm von Knyphausen. At another battle, Adam Stephen's drunkenness caused this man's forces to fire uponeach other accidentally. This loser at the battles of Brandywine Creek and Germantown ordered the fortification ofDorchester Heights with artillery brought from Fort Ticonderoga by Henry Knox. He routed Johann Rall and hisHessian mercenaries at Trenton and Princeton after crossing the Delaware River. For 10 points, name thiscommander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, the first president of the United States.

: George Washington 202.

: 110967 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: In one battle, this man defeated Lieutenant Colonel Mawhood after staging a night march, which allowed this man's army to reach Morristown. This man's actions in the Jumonville Affair provoked a war with France that saw this man stave off a complete rout during an expedition against Fort Duquesne. After that expedition, commanded by Edward Braddock, this man was promoted to Colonel, and his later military exploits included winning battles at Princeton and Yorktown. For 10 points, name this commander of the Continental Army and first President of the United States.

: George Washington 435.

: 102345 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 1 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This person chartered the Oskar II and sailed to a conference in Stockholm in an attempt to bring an end to World War One. He bankrolled the purchase of many historic buildings that ended up in Greenfield Village. He blamed war on the financial schemes of the "International Jew," and he bought the Dearborn Independent in order to publish such opinions. Name this automobile tycoon who utilized the assembly line in the manufacture of the Model T.

: Henry Ford 244.

: 111554 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 9 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: One lawyer in this case wrote the newspaper column "A Bystander's Notes," calling for resistance against the central law in this case. That lawyer, Albion Tourgée, was hired by a "committee of citizens" as a lawyer for the plaintiff five years before it. The law in question in this case was called a "badge of servitude" by the lone dissenter, Justice John Marshall Harlan, and the "octoroon" plaintiff in this case resisted an 1890 Louisiana law by refusing to sit in a segregated railroad coach. For 10 points, name this 1896 court case which upheld the constitutionality of "separate but equal."

: Plessy v. Ferguson [accept either underlined name; accept Ferguson v. Plessy] 384.

: 102113 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 10 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: He was the first president to appoint William Wirt as Attorney General, and Wirt argued both Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland while this man was president. This president's predecessor signed a law creating the Second Bank of the United States, which was blamed for an enormous financial panic during this president's first term, which still became known as the Era of Good Feelings. Name this president whose Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, succeeded to the presidency after developing this president's namesake foreign policy doctrine.

: James Monroe 368.

: 149394 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 5 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: The first case argued before the United States Supreme Court originated from this state. In a case originating from this state, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the meaning of the "Guarantee Clause" of Article Four of the Constitution. That case from this state was Luther v. Borden, which grew out of Dorr's Rebellion. The founder of this state pleaded for a(*) "wall of separation" in The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. For 10 points, name this state, whose founder Roger Williams founded its capital of Providence.

: Rhode Island and Providence Plantations <David Dennis>/<ed. JO> 139.

: 102401 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 4 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This politician used the voting record of Vito Marcantonio to smear Helen Douglas via "pink sheets." In one speech, this politician claimed that his wife owned a "respectable Republican cloth coat." In response to accusations concerning an $18,000 slush fund, this person claimed he had been given a dog. This leader forced the resignation of Elliot Richardson and fired William Ruckelshaus during the Saturday Night Massacre. Name this president who defeated Hubert Humphrey and George McGovern and who resigned following the Watergate scandal.

: Richard Milhous Nixon 248.

: 110482 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 15 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe returned to England from this site with Manteo and Wanchese [wahn-chay-say]. Its early leaders included Sir Richard Grenville and Ralph Lane. John White founded a second iteration of a colony here; when White returned here in 1590, he found the word CROATOAN [KROE-uh-toe-un] carved into a tree. Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, name this island off the coast of North Carolina, home to the Lost Colony.

: Roanoke Island (prompt on "North Carolina" until "Richard", prompt on "Lost Colony") 266.

: 111771 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This man lost the Battle of Cheat Mountain, following which he acquired the nickname "Granny" for his perceived lack of aggressiveness. In civilian life, this man stated that "We have but one rule here, and it is that every student must be a gentleman" while president of a certain educational institution that now bears his name. This man led a force of Marines during John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and assumed his most famous command after Joseph Johnston was wounded prior to the Seven Days Battles. For 10 points, name this commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.

: Robert Edward Lee 354.

: 112192 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 11 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: The WRA was tasked with creating these places, which were heavily supported by John L. DeWitt. The largest of these places, and the last to continue operating, was located at Tule Lake. One located in Owens Valley was the site of a series of photographs made by Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams. That place was Manzanar. Most of the people who lived in these places were either "issei" or "nisei". First established by Executive Order 9066, these places were declared constitutional in the 1944 case Korematsu v. US. For 10 points, name these locations to which members of an Asian ethnicity were forcibly relocated after Pearl Harbor.

: Japanese-American internment camps [or same-knowledge equivalents; prompt on partial answer] 272.

: 102223 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 14 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Along with Robert Livingston and Gouverneur Morris, this person drafted the first Constitution of New York. Due to vote counting technicalities, he lost to George Clinton in an election for governor of New York, but he was elected to the position three years later. This politician agreed to arbitration to settle American debts in exchange for the removal of English troops from Western forts in a 1794 treaty that bears his name, and he contributed essays to Alexander Hamilton and James Madison's Federalist Papers. Name this Federalist who served as the first U.S. Chief Justice.

: John Jay 381.

: 149580 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 8 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This man and John Glenn were the only members of the Keating Five to avoid any punishment. His decision to forgo a cross party presidential ticket with a Connecticut Democrat was chronicled in the book Game Change. A more well-known example of his bipartisan bridge-building was the 2002 act named for him and Wisconsin's (*) Russ Feingold, which was overturned by Citizens United in 2010. After this man's 2017 cancer diagnosis, Lindsey Graham noted that nothing could compare to his torture as a prisoner in Vietnam. For 10 points, name this maverick Arizona Senator who was defeated by Barack Obama in the 2008 election.

: John S. McCain III 110.

: 156565 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 10 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: A book by Finis Bates controversially claimed this man lived into the 1880s under the pseudonym John St. Helen. Mary Surratt, the first woman executed by the federal government, met this man at her boarding house. Samuel Mudd created a splint for this man's (*) broken leg. David Herold and this man hid in Richard Henry Garrett's barn, the end of a journey that began after he interrupted an 1865 production of Our American Cousin in Ford's Theater. For 10 points—name this man who shot Abraham Lincoln.

: John Wilkes Booth 72.

: 146736 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 4 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: In a broadcast about this man, Edward Murrow claimed that a "very fine" line existed between "investigating and persecuting" This man, who was attacked on See it Now, ran for Congress with the slogan "Congress needs a tail-gunner." The Tydings committee rebuked claims this man had made in a speech given to the Republican Women's Club in (*) Wheeling, West Virginia. Joseph Welch said that he had "never really gauged [this man's] cruelty" and asked this man "Have you no sense of decency?" during hearings between this man and the U.S. Army. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin senator who claimed to have found 207 members of the Communist party in the State Department.

: Joseph McCarthy [accept the Pepsi Cola Kid; accept Tail Gunner Joe] 301.

: 142453 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 LIST (Ladue Invitational Spring Tournament) VI | Round: 9 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: This state's capitol building houses John Steuart Curry's Tragic Prelude mural, which includes a fuming depiction of an abolitionist who led a massacre to avenge the sack of Lawrence in this state. Following the Civil War, cattle were often driven from this state to Texas through the Chisholm Trail, which began at its city of Abilene. The Wyandotte and (*) Lecompton were among four documents that have served as the official constitution of this state. In Illinois, Abraham Lincoln gave the Peoria Speech expressing his opposition to an act that established popular sovereignty in this state and Nebraska. For ten points, name this state that was nicknamed "Bleeding" in the 1850s, with its capital at Topeka.

: Kansas <RP> HALFTIME 70.

: 144108 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 13 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: 4. According to legend, a speech addressing the actions of this group was accompanied by Benjamin Butler waving a bloody shirt. This group's resurgence began after the death of Mary Phagan was attributed to the Jewish Leo Frank, who was subsequently killed by a band led by William Simmons. This organization's founder had earlier massacred captured soldiers at (*) Fort Pillow, and was named Nathan Bedford Forrest. This group was lionized in D.W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation. For ten points, identify this terrorist organization famous for wearing hooded robes, burning crosses, and lynching blacks.

: Ku Klux Klan (or KKK) <MS> 332.

: 107307 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 12 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: Elizabeth Tyler and Edgar Clarke were publicists for this organization, which supported Bibb Graves for governorof Alabama. This organization almost collapsed after its leader D.C. Stephenson was convicted for murder, and itsupported William McAdoo for President in the 1924 Democratic convention. The Prescript of this organizationwas developed by George Gordon, and William Simmons revived this organization after the production of D.W.Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation. Its first Grand Wizard was Nathan Bedford Forrest. For 10 points, name thiswhite supremacist organization that burned crosses at rallies and whose members wore white robes and hoods.

: Ku Klux Klan [or the Klan; or the "Hooded Order" before "hoods"] 200.

: 102359 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 2 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: A follow-up to this agreement was issued following the passage of a clause excluding mulattoes [muh-LAH-toes]. One proposed amendment to this involved the emancipation of slaves upon turning 25-years-old. This agreement's eighth and final section addressing a portion of the Louisiana Purchase was annulled by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and this act allowed for Maine to enter the Union as a free state. Name this 1820 agreement that allowed a midwestern state to enter the Union.

: Missouri Compromise of 1820 238.

: 110388 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 11 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This organization's Special Counsel was victorious in McLaurin v Oklahoma State Regents, which affected graduate and professional schools. The current publisher of The Crisis, retaliatory actions against this group included the murders of field secretaries Harry Moore and Medgar Evers. This group is now headed by Benjamin Jealous, and one of its founders was W.E.B. DuBois. Name this association that bestows Image Awards and Springarn Medals and which lobbies for the constitutional rights of African Americans.

: NAACP (accept National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 260.

: 153806 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 6 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: Clarence Lexow sponsored one investigation of this organization in the 1890s. One member of this organization, Michael Dowd, spent over 12 years in prison for running a racketeering and narcotics ring in it. Corrupt officials in this organization were divided into "meat eaters" and "grass eaters" by the Knapp Commission, whose creation was spurred by the shooting of (*) Frank Serpico. This agency's chokehold policy led to the death of Eric Garner in 2014, while 23 officers from this organization lost their lives on 9/11. For ten points, name this law enforcement organization tasked with defending America's largest city.

: New York Police Department (accept NYPD) 30.

: 111475 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: The largest one of these events in the United States occurred in 1910 in Kern County, California at Lakeview Gusher. During the First Gulf War, Saddam Hussein claimed that American attacks on two ships had caused one of these events. A more famous one of these events occurred in Prince William Sound in 1989 when a merchant vessel ran aground on a reef; long-term effects from that incident continue to affect Alaska. An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon platform resulted in, For 10 points, what type of disaster that describes environmental contamination from the release of liquid petroleum?

: Oil Spills 396.

: 144086 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 12 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: 4. The "Four Horsemen" and "Three Musketeers" were opposing groups in this body, which David Davis left his position in to avoid being part of the 1877 Electoral Commission. It began incorporation in 1925, thanks to the anarchist Benjamin Gitlow. Federalist No. 78 defends the only part of the (*) Constitution that mentions this body. To allow the New Deal to proceed unimpeded, FDR tried to nearly double the size of it in a namesake "packing" plan. For ten points, identify this 9-member body which gained the power of judicial review under Chief Justice John Marshall.

: Supreme Court of the United States (accept SCOTUS; prompt on "judiciary") <MS> 333.

: 152014 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 1 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: 4. Eleanor Roosevelt feuded with the last leader of this organization, Carmine de Sapio. After this organization shut off the gaslights to silence their opposition, a group that opposed this organization started meeting under matchlight and became known as the locofocos. To gain power as a sachem of this society, "Honest" John Kelly aided Samuel Tilden in fighting this organization's (*) corruption. Thomas Nast depicted this organization as a tiger and depicted one of its leaders with his head replaced by a money bag. For 10 points, name this Democratic political machine based in New York that was once led by Boss Tweed.

: Tammany Hall [or the Society of St. Tammany] <AB> 148.

: 101914 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 2 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This incident led to a Supreme Court ruling upholding the arrest of the brother of the attorney general. The resolution authorizing an investigation into this incident was written by Senator Robert La Follette. Thomas Walsh, who headed that investigation, demanded the resignation of Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby. This was sometimes called the Elk Hills scandal because Pan American Petroleum was given the rights to that oil field without bidding. Name this scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall favored oil companies that had bribed him, scandalizing President Harding's administration.

: Teapot Dome scandal [accept Oil Reserves Scandal before "oil"; accept Elk Hills scandal before it is mentioned] 378.

: 146433 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 BHSAT | Round: 6 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: In this state, William Hazen defended the "Round Forest" during the Battle of Stones River. W.H.L. Wallace was mortally wounded defending a road in this state. A general got the epithet "Unconditional Surrender" from Simon Bolivar Buckner's surrender of Fort Donelson in this state. After Chickamauga, Ulysses S. Grant fought at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in this state to relieve the Army of the (*) Cumberland. Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston died in a battle in this state, which saw heavy fighting at the Hornet's Nest near Pittsburg Landing. For 10 points, name this Southern state, the site of Civil War battles like Shiloh, Chattanooga, and Memphis.

: Tennessee <LL> 47.

: 144683 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 10 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: The doctrine of constitutional avoidance was introduced in a Supreme Court case between Ashwander and this corporation. David Lilienthal was known as "Mr. <this company>". It signed the Fontana Agreement with ALCOA. Nebraska Senator George Norris was the main proponent for this corporation. The Muscle (*) Shoals Bill, vetoed by Herbert Hoover, was the initial impetus for this organization. It supplied the electricity for the Manhattan Project at Oak Ridge. It was created in 1933 as one of the earliest New Deal programs. For 10 points, name this hydroelectric power company that serves Kentucky, North Carolina, and a namesake state.

: Tennessee Valley Authority [or TVA] 170.

: 149547 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 6 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: During this event, a synagogue was forced to hire private security after local police refused to station an officer nearby. During this event, a helicopter crash led to the deaths of two state troopers. This event saw a member of the (*) IWW, Heather Heyer, killed in a terrorist attack by Alex Fields. This event, spearheaded by David Duke and Richard Spencer, led to criticism of the President after a press conference in which he discussed good people being "on both sides." For 10 points, name this event where protesters with tiki torches attempted to stop the removal of Confederate statues in the town housing the main campus of the University of Virginia.

: Unite the Right Rally [accept clear knowledge equivalent, e.g. Neo-Nazi rally in Charlottesville; prompt on partial answer] 115.

: 144716 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 12 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: The "rational basis" level of this doctrine was introduced in footnote 4 of Carolene Products. Hugo Black introduced the highest level of this doctrine as a way to defend "suspect classes" in Korematsu v. US. This doctrine, which is tiered into intermediate and strict scrutiny, is implied by the phrase "made in pursuance" in the (*) Supremacy Clause. The appointment of "midnight justices" led to the case which instituted this practice. John Marshall instituted this practice by striking down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 in Marbury v. Madison. For 10 points, name this legal doctrine which gives the US Supreme Court the power to rule a law unconstitutional.

: judicial review [prompt on review; accept judicial scrutiny before it is read] 167.

: 143960 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 6 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: 10. Fernando Belaunzaran recently introduced a bill for this purpose in his home country, claiming it's a "matter of life or death" in Mexico, and 1975's Ravin v. State established it inside the home in Alaska. Ted Kennedy's son Patrick is leading opposition to this action in the Rhode Island state legislature. The (*) California Supreme Court recently struck down all amendments to Prop. 215, effectively completely doing this if it is for medical purposes. For ten points, identify this action sought by successful ballot measures in Washington and Colorado, which allows possession of a certain drug.

: legalizing marijuana (generously accept equivalents) <MS> HALFTIME 323.

: 150538 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 FACTS | Round: Ed 2 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: Two rival companies in this industry allegedly backed the two sides of the 1930s Chaco War. Charles Pratt was an early founder of a company in this industry, which was responsible for the 1979 Ixtoc disaster. Thomas J. Walsh led an investigation into this industry that implicated Edward Doheny, and Operation Ajax was launched by the U.S. in response to the (*) nationalization of this industry in one country. A scandal in this industry involved the leasing of the Elk Hills; that incident was the Teapot Dome Scandal. Muckraker Ida Tarbell attacked the business practices of one company in--for 10 points--what industry over which John D. Rockefeller once held a monopoly?

: oil industry [accept petroleum] 10.

: 110384 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 11 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: One work attributed to Samuel Willard about this incident is presented as a dialogue between S and B. Those accused in this incident included the wife of Governor William Phips. A special court featuring Sam Sewall, John Hathorne, and William Stoughton heard cases stemming from it, and it came to an end following "spectre evidence" being thrown out. It ultimately was traced to the West Indian slave Tituba [tih-TOO-bah] and her tales of voodoo. Name this series of cases which saw 19 women hanged for witchcraft.

: Salem witch trials 256.

: 111785 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: One side in this event was led by Tom Stewart, and this event originated with an announcement by George Rappalyea for the American Civil Liberties Union. The words "I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me" were spoken by Dudley Field Malone during this event, which began with Judge John Raulston quoting the Book of Genesis. The defendant in this trial was accused of violating the Butler Act, and was notably defended by Clarence Darrow against prosecutor William Jennings Bryan. For 10 points, name this 1925 test case in which a Tennessee teacher was fined for teaching human evolution.

: Scopes Trial [accept Scopes Monkey Trial or State of Tennessee v. Scopes] 353.

: 156430 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 4 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: One natural disaster during this decade was Hurricane Agnes, which devastated the U.S. East Coast. Nine hundred members of the Peoples Temple died in Guyana during it, which begat the phrase "drink the Kool-Aid". In an essay, Tom Wolfe called it the "Me Decade". During two different shortages in this decade, many (*) states used even-odd rationing which restricted when motorists could buy gas. For 10 points—give this decade that saw the film Saturday NIght Fever popularize disco music.

: 1970s 91.

: 149248 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 2 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: The night prior to this event, the perpetrators ate at a Pizza Hut and shopped at a Wal-Mart in Portland, Maine. One of those men, Mohammed Atta, was the subject of a phone call to Dallas-Fort Worth Airport by Betty Ong and led the "Hamburg Cell" that helped plan this event. An investigation into this event was led by a namesake (*) Commission. Todd Beamer said "Let's Roll" during this event before breaking into the cockpit of a Boeing 757. For 10 points, name this deadliest terror attack in history where three thousand died in the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

: 9/11 Attacks [accept equivalents like September 11, 2001 attacks; accept American Airlines Flight 11 before mention of Todd Beamer; do NOT accept or prompt on anything mentioning "bombing the World Trade Center"] 123.

: 112072 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 5 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: In one political cartoon, this politician's head is held by a rival candidate and is said to be a "fellow of infinite jest" in an imitation of Hamlet holding the skull of Yorick. One of this man's campaign slogans originated the phrase "Don't Change Horses in the Middle of the Stream." During his second run for president, this politician defeated the nominee of the "Peace Democrats." In this man's inaugural speech, he promised "malice towards none, with charity for all" after defeating his opponent George McClellan. For 10 points, name this American president who won the Election of 1864 and was later assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

: Abraham Lincoln 273.

: 78862 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q1 | Round: 4q1-03.pdf | Number: 25 TOSSUP: This document specified that Canada could choose at any time to join the United States. Under this charter, the government passed the Land Ordinance and the Northwest Ordinance, but had no power to tax. The Annapolis Convention was intended to revise this document. Instead, a subsequent meeting led to this document's replacement with a new charter that gave more powers to a central government. For 10 points, identify this framework of the United States government from 1781 until 1789, when it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution.

: Articles of Confederation 473.

: 142792 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 11 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: One organization based in this city created "citizen schools" to help people pass literacy tests. One speech delivered in this city expressed preference for "severe and constant struggle" over "artificial forcing", words (*) W.E.B. DuBois would later denounce. Martin Luther King, Jr. helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Blacks were urged to "cast down your bucket where you are" in a speech in this city delivered by Booker T. Washington. For 10 points, name this city in Georgia where a "Compromise" speech was held in 1895.

: Atlanta, Georgia 194.

: 107355 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: Before this battle, George Stoneman failed in an attempt to destroy the Orange and Alexandria Railroad to cutenemy supply lines. Lafayette McLaws defeated John Sedgwick's Sixth Army Corps at Salem Church and drovethem back to Banks' Ford during this battle. Zoan Church was one position fortified by Confederates during thisbattle. Oliver Howard's Eleventh Army Corps was outflanked by a division of the victors of this battle that startedwhen Union forces crossed the Rappahannock River. For 10 points, name this "perfect battle" fought by Robert E.Lee against Joseph Hooker, after which Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own men.

: Battle of Chancellorsville 211.

: 144645 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 9 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: The losing side of this battle referred to the winning side as the "dirty shirts." The Cottonbalers got their nickname at this battle. Disaster hit the losing side of this battle when Thomas Mullins forgot ladders to cross the Rodriguez Canal. John Lambert retreated at the end of this battle, against the dying orders of commander Edward Pakenham. (*) Jean Lafitte [la-FEET] and his privateers were pardoned after helping win this battle, which took place a month after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed. For 10 points, name this battle which ended the War of 1812, won by Andrew Jackson in a major Louisiana city.

: Battle of New Orleans 172.

: 79014 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q1 | Round: 4q1-08.pdf | Number: 17 TOSSUP: This woman analyzed what she called "the problem that has no name" in her landmark book. She was a founder of the pro-choice organization NARAL. Her major book was based on a 1957 survey that she mailed to her graduating class from Smith College, which found that many of her female contemporaries were unsatisfied as housewives. She went on to co-found the National Organization for Women to change the conditions identified in her 1963 book. For 10 points, name this feminist who died in 2006, forty-three years after writing The Feminine Mystique.

: Betty Friedan [or Bettye Naomi Goldstein] 472.

: 142672 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 7 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: A person with this last name opposed Ferris Wharton in a state Attorney General race. In the spring of 2014, that man with this last name would announce his candidacy to replace Jack Markell as Governor of Delaware, a plan cut short after he died of (*) brain cancer. CNN was mocked for keeping a podium reserved for another man with this last name during the first Democratic presidential debate. That man would later declare "I will not run, but I will not be silent" after announcing he would not run for President. For 10 points, what is this last name of the current Vice President?

: Biden 189.

: 152130 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 6 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: 20. The Republican convention in this year was held at the Front Street theatre, where the "Radical Democracy" party split from the Republicans. George Pendleton was the Vice Presidential candidate for the Democratic party during this election. The winner of this election declared (*) "malice toward none" and "charity for all" in his inauguration address. The loser of this election had been relieved of command after mistakes like failing to chase Lee's army after their defeat at Antietam. For 10 points, name this election in which George McClellan was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.

: Election of 1864 <AB> Bonuses 154.

: 144051 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 10 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: 13. Along with Republican Susan Collins, this politician sponsored the bill that repealed Don't Ask, Don't Tell, and was chairman of the Homeland Security committee after her. Obama had to prevent him from being stripped of his seniority after he supported McCain. This politician was the first (*) Jew named to a major-party presidential ticket. Former WWE President Linda McMahon was defeated trying to take his seat, which is now currently held by Democrat Jim Murphy. For ten points, identify this vice presidential candidate of Al Gore, a now-retired Independent senator from Connecticut.

: Joseph Lieberman <DA> 324.

: 107027 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 3 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This man led Temple Number Seven in Harlem and led a mob in New York City to protest the arrest of JohnsonHinton. This man encouraged blacks both to use their right to vote and to take up arms against the government in"The Ballot and the Bullet" speech. This founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-AmericanUnity was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom. After this man claimed that Kennedy's assassination was anexample of "chickens coming home to roost," he was forced into a ninety-day silence by Elijah Muhammad. For 10points, name this militant civil rights leader advocated black separatism before breaking with the Nation of Islam.

: Malcolm X [or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz; or Malcolm Little] 208.

: 102069 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 9 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This politician developed a political machine called the Albany Regency that was opposed by William Seward. Andrew Jackson tried to appoint this person as Minister to Great Britain, but that appointment was cancelled by Vice President John Calhoun, who broke a tie vote in the Senate. Before that, this person was Jackson's secretary of state, and he later became Jackson's vice president. In 1848, he ran for president on the Free Soil Party ticket. Name this president whose popularity was weakened by the Panic of 1837, and who lost his re-election bid to William Henry Harrison.

: Martin Van Buren [do not accept "Buren"] 369.

: 149551 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 6 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: One of these people served as George W. Bush's second Attorney General, after John Ashcroft's resignation, before himself resigning. Another member of this group was Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Barack Obama and previously keynoted the 2012 D.N.C., while serving as Mayor of (*) San Antonio, Texas. The Zoot Suit riots targeted these people, including those who worked as part of the Bracero Program. The fourth largest ethnic group in the U.S. is, for 10 points, what group whose Chicano movement was led by, among others, Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez?

: Mexican-Americans [accept Chicanos or Chicanas until mentioned; prompt on answers such as "Hispanics" or "Latinos"] Tiebreaker 114.

: 144707 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 12 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: Standard Oil founder Henry Flagler made this city the terminus of a railroad built in 1885. 1980 race riots in this city were caused by police brutality to Arthur McDuffie. Giuseppe Zangara attempted to assassinate FDR in this city in 1933. In 2000, Janet Reno ordered that a seven-year old boy living in this city be returned to his father. This city's population shot up after the (*) Mariel boatlift. "Freedom flights" to this city began in 1959 after the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista. Many exiles living in this city joined with the CIA during the Bay of Pigs invasion. For 10 points, name this American city where many Cuban refugees migrate.

: Miami, Florida 168.

: 149322 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 1 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: The majority opinion in Dickerson v. United States struck down an attempt by Congress to legislatively overrule this case. This case was the subject of a dissent by Justice Tom Clark, and it built upon the decision in Escobedo v. Illinois. The defendant in this case was killed during a knife fight at the La Amapola bar. This case arose after a(*) Latino man was not informed of his Fifth Amendment rights before confessing to kidnapping and raping a woman. For 10 points, name this 1966 Supreme Court case which ruled that police officers must inform arrestees of their right to remain silent.

: Miranda v. Arizona [or Arizona v. Miranda] <William Groger>/<ed. SP>/<ed. JO> 128.

: 110965 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: This city contains Fairmount Park, and the USS Olympia, Society Hill, and its namesake naval shipyard lie on this city's waterfront on the Schuylkill River. This city's City Hall is the largest Second Empire building in the United States, and its tallest buildings are the Comcast Center and One Liberty Place. Carpenter Hall and the Liberty Bell Center lie in this city's Independence National Historical Park, which also contains Independence Hall. For 10 points, name this city set upon the banks of the Delaware, the largest city in Pennsylvania.

: Philadelphia 436.

: 110939 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: After winning a battle off Cavite, one commander in this war became the only man ever promoted to Admiral of the Navy. Another battle saw a "Flying Squadron" under the command of Rear Admiral Schley defeat Admiral Cervera, and the Ten Years' War was previously fought on one of the major theatres of this war. Before this war, tensions were inflamed by the de Lome letter, and notable victories for one side included El Caney, Santiago, and Manila Bay. Triggered by the destruction of the USS Maine, For 10 points, name this 1898 war which saw Teddy Roosevelt lead the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill and Cuba gain its independence.

: Spanish-American War 429.

: 143900 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 3 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: 16. This war's battles of Chateauguay and Crysler's Farm caused one side to give up on an attempt to invade their northern neighbor. Edward Pakenham died during one of this war's battles, whose winning side was assisted by the pirate Jean Lafitte. One skirmish in this war resulted in the sinking of the Guerriere, and one side's capital was (*) burned after they lost at Bladensburg. Francis Scott Key composed "The Star-Spangled Banner" while watching the shelling of Fort McHenry during this war. For ten points, name this war between Britain and America which resolved by the Treaty of Ghent and fought about thirty years after the Revolutionary War.

: War of 1812 <MS> 337.

: 102047 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 8 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This person became the secretary of defense after the Senate voted down John Tower, and he had served earlier as an aide to Donald Rumsfeld, chief of staff to Gerald Ford, and U.S. congressman from Wyoming. During this person's time as vice president, one of his chiefs of staff, Scooter Libby, was convicted after leaking the name of a CIA officer. Before becoming vice president, this person was the CEO of Halliburton Company, a company whose critics claim received no-bid contracts during the Iraq War. Name this politician who served as vice president under President George W. Bush.

: (Richard Bruce) "Dick" Cheney 380.

: 76439 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 BATE | Round: Finals 1.doc | Number: 5 TOSSUP: Article 2 of this document used the somewhat inaccurate Mitchell Map. It was part of a larger process that saw the losing side gain the Indian city of Nagappattinam but give up Tobago. On one side, the Comte de Vergennes agreed to separate negotiations for the various countries, while another side

: 1783 Treaty of Paris 467.

: 156458 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 5 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: James Johnston was the first man in charge of this place, and Olin Blackwell oversaw its 1963 closure. A group of Native Americans occupied the land around this complex for 19 months ending in 1971. Residents were transferred here from the Lewisburg Penitentiary and (*) Leavenworth. Doc Barker was killed trying to escape this facility, and John Paul Scott was suffering from hypothermia by the time he was recovered on a nearby shore. For 10 points—name this prison on an island in San Francisco Bay.

: Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Bonuses 84.

: 149728 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 11 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: During this battle, Station HYPO cracked the losing side's encryption. This battle notably did not see the participation of the Shōkaku and Zuikaku because of damages sustained a month earlier. This battle saw the United States sink the Akagi and (*) three other carriers, while it lost only the USS Yorktown. Ishikoro Yamamoto's crushing defeat at the hands of Chester Nimitz at this battle left the Imperial Japanese Navy incapacitated. For 10 points, name this 1942 battle decisively won by the United States Navy, the turning point of the Pacific Theatre.

: Battle of Midway 106.

: 102491 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 8 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: In the build-up to this battle, two of the Combined Fleet's forces were sent north as a diversion, while the main force was met by a Task Force led by Frank Fletcher and Raymond Spruance. At this battle, the Enterprise set the Hirpu afire, but not before the Yorktown went down. Name this World War Two battle fought northwest of Hawaii, seen as a turning point in the Pacific theater.

: Battle of Midway 236.

: 153729 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2018 Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament (MBAT) | Round: 2 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: This battle was preceded by St. Leger's expedition and the Battle of Bennington. Ebenezer Learned and Enoch Poor commanded troops in this battle, during which George and James Clinton's diversionary attacks proved fruitless. An uncredited statue of a boot commemorates one hero of this battle, in which Timothy Murphy fatally wounded (*) Simon Fraser. Bloody fighting at Bemis Heights and Freeman's Farm in this battle forced the surrender of 6,000 starving British soldiers led by "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne. For ten points, name this 1777 American victory credited with turning the tide in the Revolutionary War.

: Battle of Saratoga 35.

: 152139 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 7 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: 9. George Webb and Joseph Fore created the "burley" type of this commodity. Pierre Lorillard established a namesake company in the United States to process this commodity. The Advancement of Sound Science Center lobbies on behalf of this commodity. For some time, the processors of this commodity were required to fund TheTruth.com. A magnate in this industry named George Washington (*) Duke lends his name to a North Carolina university. The Virginia Company was saved from bankruptcy after John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of this plant. For 10 points, name this smokeable herb whose production financed Jamestown.

: tobacco [accept cigarettes until "Pierre Lorillard"] <AB> 155.

: 152270 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 13 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: 20. This group killed five members of the Communist party in the Greensboro massacre. Superman radio programs revealed this group's code words after they were infiltrated by Stetson Kennedy, as they later would be by Jerry Thompson. This organization, whose first incarnation was targeted by the Force Acts, was founded at Stone Mountain by a group of men including (*) Nathan Bedford Forrest. One leader of this group described himself as a "racial realist." That man, David Duke, lead this organization after the cross-burning antics that they became known for. For 10 points, name this American hate group, famous for their white hoods.

: the Ku Klux Klan <AB> Bonuses 146.

: 86374 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2008 HSAPQ ACF 3 | Round: Round_14_HSAPQACF3.pdf | Number: 15 TOSSUP: The ratification of this treaty was delayed by blizzards caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano. This treaty followed an informal agreement negotiated by Richard Oswald and was signed by David Hartley. Its eighth article guaranteed both sides free navigation of the (*) Mississippi River, and its fifth article provided for the return of seized property to Loyalists. For 10 points, name this treaty signed by John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams that secured the independence of the United States, named for the capital of France.

: 1783 Treaty of Paris ## BONUSES

: 144763 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 14 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: Enrico Caruso performed as Don José in Carmen the night before this event. Governor George Pardee was praised for his handling of this event. Mayor Eugene Schmitz wasn't. Jack London wrote an eyewitness account of this event. A firebreak was created after this event by dynamiting buildings. The "flag" from the Bear Flag Revolt was (*) lost during it. 83 years after this event, a similar one took place on live TV during the World Series. This event caused thousands of unreported deaths in the original Chinatown. Refugees from this event sheltered in Golden Gate Park. For 10 points, name this 1906 disaster caused by a slip in the San Andreas Fault.

: 1906 San Francisco earthquake [prompt on earthquake; prompt on other partial answers; players must name both city and event for points] 165.

: 144554 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 4 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: The Pecora Commission, formed to investigate this event, blamed it on Charles Mitchell. Clarence Hatry's corruption investigation happened a month before this event. The Babson break was caused by a prediction of it. The P/E ratio hit a record peak before this 20th century event. GM co-founder William Durant went bankrupt trying to prevent it. This event took place a month after the (*) Smoot-Hawley tariff was signed. This event lasted between Black Thursday and Black Tuesday and is often blamed on overspending on the margin. For 10 points, name this event which occurred in October 1929 on Wall Street and ushered in the Great Depression.

: 1929 Wall Street stock market crash [or the Wall Street crash; or obvious equivalents; prompt on the Great Depression; must mention stocks or Wall Street for points] 181.

: 152040 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 2 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: 10. In a discussion of this event, Gore Vidal quipped that "the only pro- or crypto-Nazi I can see here is yourself," which caused William F. Buckley to threaten to punch him. The keynote speaker at this event was Daniel Inouye. During this event, Abraham Ribicoff denounced "Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago." (*) Pigasus was nominated by Abbie Hoffman and the Yippies during this event, after which Hoffman and seven others were tried as the "Chicago Eight." For 10 points, name this event during which Hubert Humphrey's nomination was marred by protests, and which occurred in the year that Nixon won his first presidential election.

: 1968 Democratic National Convention [prompt on partial answers] <AB> 150.

: 110367 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 10 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: During the primaries, the winner of this election faced allegations involving Gennifer Flowers. The highest-finishing third-party candidate in this election featured James Stockdale on the ticket, and took almost 19% of the popular vote. To keep campaigners focused, a sign including the slogans "Don't Forget Health Care" and "the economy, stupid" was hung up by James Carville. Name the year in which incumbent George H.W. Bush lost to Bill Clinton.

: 1992 United States Presidential Election 255.

: 146862 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 10 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Key members of this event had organized in Hamburg, Germany. After this event, Tom Ridge became the head of a newly consolidated office that consolidated part of the INS and the Federal Protective Service. One location in this event had been the site of an earlier truck (*) bombing in a parking lot. Photographs taken during this event include "The Falling Man" and one of a president in the midst of reading to schoolchildren. The Department of Homeland Security was created and the PATRIOT Act was passed in response to this event. For 10 points, hijacked planes were used to carry out what terrorist attack?

: 9/11 310.

: 149508 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 10 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This event was code-named Operation Holy Tuesday, and a neighboring nation handled diversions resulting from this event in Operation Yellow Ribbon. After this event, Article 5 of the NATO Charter was invoked for the first time. This event was planned by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Mohammed(*) Atta led a group from Hamburg in carrying out this event. During this event, some passengers on United Flight 93 were able to crash-land their aircraft in Pennsylvania, but other hijacked planes destroyed the World Trade Center. For 10 points, name this terrorist attack by al-Qaeda.

: 9/11 attacks [accept any clear-knowledge equivalent related to terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001; prompt on partial answer, such as September or 11th] <Tyler Benedict>/<ed. JO> 133.

: 149562 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 7 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: It was not for civil rights, but Charles Perkins led a Freedom Ride in 1965 to end the segregation of these people. In his namesake treaty, John Batman bought Port Phillip from these people, who were the targets of the Myall Creek Massacre. Judge Richard Blackburn ruled against these people in the (*) Gove Land Rights Case but that decision would later be repealed with the Mabo Case. Kevin Rudd publicly apologized for the separation of these people's children from their families, who became known as the "Stolen Generation." For 10 points, name these native peoples of Australia.

: Aborigines [accept Indigenous Australians before "Australia, prompt afterward] 113.

: 143975 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 7 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: 3. This man's "Lost Speech" was supposedly so good that reporters put their pencils down to listen. In another speech, this man notes that, unlike his addressees, he has sworn an oath to protect the Constitution, and that a "momentous issue" lies in their hands. In one of this man's speeches, he advocates binding up wounds "with malice towards none, with charity for all," and in another, he claims that the (*) "brave men who struggled here have consecrated" the ground on which he stood far better than he did with a speech which "the world will little note, nor long remember." For ten points, identify this President who said, "Four score and seven years ago" in his Gettysburg Address.

: Abraham Lincoln <MS> 321.

: 102367 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 2 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: The illegal transfer of land in this state sparked the Ballinger-Pinchot affair. Two Organic Acts helped move this territory towards home rule, with the second being heavily pushed by James Wickersham. During World War Two, its islands of Attu and Kiska were invaded by the Japanese. In 2008, Mark Begich [BEH-gich] was elected to represent this state in the Senate, defeating long-time incumbent Ted Stevens. Name this state which used to be governed by Sarah Palin.

: Alaska 245.

: 111932 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 12 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: It's not Israel or Madagascar, but the Slattery Report suggested that European Jews be moved to Baranof Island in this region, which had earlier been home to a provincial administration at New Archangel. The Nootka Conventions settled British and Spanish territorial disputes in this state, where the Organic Acts managed the influx of immigrants traveling through this territory to search for gold in 1898. A $7.2 million check paid for the American acquisition of this territory from Russia, known as "Seward's Folly." For 10 points, name this forty-ninth state, the largest in the Union.

: Alaska 348.

: 142559 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 2 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This man used the Sinking Fund Commission to manage a crisis caused in great part by William Duer. In a "logrolling" bargain, this man persuaded Northern states to support a capital on the Potomac River to receive support for the (*) Funding Act of 1790. This man advocated for the promotion of a factory system in his Report on the Subject of Manufactures. He authored 51 of the Federalist Papers and advocated for the first National Bank. For 10 points, name this first Secretary of the Treasury who will soon be replaced on the $10 bill.

: Alexander Hamilton 197.

: 111204 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This man wrote under the name Pacificus in a war of pamphlets over the Neutrality Proclamation, and he lead an assault on Redoubt 10 during the American Revolution. This man unsuccessfully campaigned for Charles Pinckney, and he received heavy criticism for an affair with Maria Reynolds. He was appointed Inspector-General by John Adams during the Quasi War, and later, he would write four reports to Congress, one of which advocated the creation of the Bank of the United States. The primary writer of the Federalist Papers, For 10 points, name this founding father who was shot and killed in a duel by Aaron Burr.

: Alexander Hamilton 426.

: 74635 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 TJ NAREN | Round: Round 14.doc | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This man defended Jay's Treaty in his "Camillus" papers, and he led one of the battalions that won the Siege of Yorktown. He presented the "Report on Manufactures" to Congress and argued for assumption of state debts incurred after the Revolutionary War. This politician agreed to move the capital to Washington, D.C., and proposed an excise tax which led to the Whiskey Rebellion. Under the pseudonym "Publius," this figure co-wrote a work along with John Jay and James Madison in favor of the new Constitution, the Federalist Papers. For 10 points, name this Federalist leader and first Secretary of the Treasury killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

: Alexander Hamilton 465.

: 79700 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q2 | Round: 4q2-15.pdf | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This politician wrote the "Camillus" essays and drafted George Washington's farewell address. This man proposed government policies of assuming all wartime debts and subsidizing industry in his "Report on Public Credit" and "Report on Manufactures." This proponent of a strong federal government was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. For 10 points, name this Founding Father who rebuilt the American economy as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

: Alexander Hamilton 475.

: 82210 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 NTV | Round: 02 TU.pdf | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man conspired with Edward Rutledge to have South Carolina's electors determine one election. He toured New England campaigning for Charles Pinckney, and he gave an endorsement in a letter Concerning the Public Character and Conduct of John Adams. Damaged by his affair with Maria Reynolds, he had a namesake tariff that went into effect in 1789, and he was also responsible for the 1791 Whiskey Tax and the First Bank of the U.S. With James Madison and John Jay, he contributed to the Federalist Papers. Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, name this Federalist who was the first Secretary of the Treasury.

: Alexander Hamilton 481.

: 152172 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 9 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: 2. This man founded the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, which eventually became the Coast Guard. James Reynolds blackmailed this politician after discovering this man's affair with Reynolds' wife. This politician's Report on Public Credit led to an early rebellion against the federal government by suggesting an unpopular excise tax on (*) whiskey. This primary author of The Federalist Papers called for the federal government to assume state debts and created the First Bank of the United States. For 10 points, name this first Secretary of the Treasury, who was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

: Alexander Hamilton <EX> 157.

: 70123 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 GDS Ben Cooper Memorial | Round: Ben Cooper 2010 Packet 12 [Finals 1] COMPLETE.docx | Number: 2 TOSSUP: With Egbert Benson, this man represented his state at the Annapolis Convention; after early success as the captain of an artillery company, he gained control of three infantry battalions at the Battle of Yorktown. He advocated relieving a "shortage of hands" through "pecuniary bounties" for American industry in his [*] "Report on Manufactures", and his "First Report on Public Credit" proposed federal "assumption" of state war debts, and a First Bank of the United States. For 10 points, name this a prolific contributor to the Federalist Papers who was killed by Aaron Burr, the first Secretary of the Treasury.

: Alexander Hamilton [OH] 428.

: 144781 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 1 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: 12. Justus Scheibert studied the military tactics of this war, while Arthur Fremantle took a three-month tour of the countries involved. Jennie Hodgers fought in this conflict while disguised as Albert Cashier. Technological advancements made during this war included the development of Springfield rifles that loaded Minie balls and the invention of the (*) Gatling gun. The American Red Cross was founded after this war by Clara Barton, who worked as a nurse during it. Most of the fighting in this war ended after one commander surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. For 10 points, name this war that pitted the United States against the Confederate States of America.

: American Civil War [accept War between the States or War for Southern Independence or War of Secession] <BZ> 222.

: 112058 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 4 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: George H.W. Bush made a notorious 1988 campaign speech at a factory for these objects. Martin Sheridan quipped that this item "dips before no earthly king." Barbara Fritchie holds up one of these items in front of Stonewall Jackson in a poem by John Whittier. The court case Texas v. Johnson permitted symbolic speech with these objects, which were painted in encaustic works by Jasper Johns. George C. Scott, while portraying George Patton, delivers a speech to the Third Army in front of a giant one of these objects. For 10 points, name this item which was allegedly first sewn by Betsy Ross.

: American flag [or US Flag or Star-Spangled Banner or Union Flag or Stars and Stripes; prompt on "flag"] 288.

: 149753 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 12 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This man founded the Church Peace Union, which advocated against massive military spending. This man offered the U.S. Government twenty million dollars in order to back out from the Philippines; when they refused to do so, he became vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League. Charles M. Schwab negotiated the buyout of this man's (*) company by J.P. Morgan. In his Gospel of Wealth, this man called on rich men to donate money back to society. Henry Clay Frick worked for this man and put down the Homestead Strike against his company. For 10 points, name this "robber-baron" who founded a namesake steel company.

: Andrew Carnegie 105.

: 144739 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 13 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This white man founded the National Negro Business League with Booker T. Washington. He founded a think-tank dedicated to the Endowment for International Peace. In an article for the "North American Review," this man proposed that surpluses should be redistributed to reduce the income gap, arguing the rich have a moral obligation to obey the (*) "Gospel of Wealth." He funded namesake libraries in Pittsburgh. This man supported Henry Clay Frick and the Pinkertons during the Homestead strike at one of his plants. JP Morgan bought out this industrialist to form US Steel. For 10 points, name this Scottish steel magnate and philanthropist.

: Andrew Carnegie 166.

: 111533 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 8 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This man worked under Thomas Scott with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as a telegraph operator, before becoming the superintendent of its Western Division. He founded the Keystone Bridge Company following the Civil War, seeing potential in the iron industry. This man donated almost $50 million to American public library systems in accordance with the ideas he outlined in his "Gospel of Wealth." This man introduced the idea of "vertical integration" and later sold his namesake company to J.P. Morgan. For 10 points, name this Scottish-American industrialist and millionaire, who greatly expanded the American steel industry.

: Andrew Carnegie 390.

: 146953 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 14 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This president was shot by Charles Dickinson and vetoed a bill that would have constructed a road through Kentucky known as the Maysville Road. Richard Lawrence attempted to assassinate this man, whose wife Rachel Donelson died shortly after one election. This man's first Secretary of State resigned in order to end the (*) Peggy Eaton Affair. This president and Nicholas Biddle fought the "Bank war" over the renewal of second Bank of the United States' charter. John Quincey Adams supposedly beat this man in the 1824 election as the result of a "Corrupt Bargain." For 10 points, what seventh President of the United States was known as "Old Hickory"?

: Andrew Jackson 304.

: 144667 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 10 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: David Burnet prevented the schooner Invincible from transporting this man as a prisoner. During his exile on Staten Island, this man introduced the American public to chicle, used to make chewing gum. This "Napoleon of the West" was ousted at the start of the Reform War. After this man lost 630 men in a battle, compared to 9 Americans, his wooden (*) leg was stolen and paraded around the US. This man ordered a massacre at Goliad, weeks after his troops killed James Bowie. This eleven-term president lost the Battle of San Jacinto. For 10 points, name this longtime dictator of Mexico who won at the Alamo.

: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna [prompt on partial answer] 171.

: 144574 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 5 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: A vast amount of the emulsifier Corexit was used in the aftermath of this event. Kurt Mix was charged for his role in this event, after deleting hundreds of voicemails about operation "top kill." Tony Heyward was castigated for asking if he could "have [his] life back" during its fallout. This event, which occurred 21 years after a similar event at Ixtoc I, was blamed on contractors for (*) Halliburton and Transocean. During this event, a cement cap failed to prevent the wellhead blowout at the Macondo Prospect. It occurred after an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon rig. For 10 points, name this 2010 environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.

: BP oil spill [or British Petroleum oil spill; or the Gulf of Mexico oil spill; or the Deepwater Horizon explosion until it is read; or the explosion at the Macondo Prospect until it is read; accept any answers that mention oil spilling AND either the location or the company responsible] 179.

: 107271 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 10 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: The initial leaders of both sides in this conflict were in-laws through a woman named Frances Culpeper. JohnIngram later led one side during this conflict, and the leader of the opposing side sought help from chieftessCockacoeske. Thomas Grantham suppressed enemy forces during this conflict by tricking his way into theirgarrison. This conflict began when colonists conducted a raid on the lands of Doeg Indians and was partially causedwhen the Long Assembly ordered traders not to trade with certain groups. The House of Burgesses refused to offer apardon for the instigator of this revolt. For 10 points, name this 1676 rebellion against Virginia governor WilliamBerkeley that burned down Jamestown.

: Bacon's Rebellion 203.

: 111964 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Members of the Pamunkey tribe were mistakenly attacked during this event despite being officially neutral. One document produced during this event, the "Declaration of the People" of this event's colony, condemned the colonial governor for alleged favoritism, excessive taxation, and mishandling of Indian policy. Although it was supported by a broad coalition of indentured workers and frontier settlers, this event collapsed after its namesake leader, who had earlier led a force to burn Jamestown, died of dysentery. For 10 points, name this 1676 rebellion that saw Virginian colonists rise up against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

: Bacon's Rebellion [accept equivalents mentioning Bacon] 347.

: 119402 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: Replacements and Tiebreakers | Number: 16 TOSSUP: During the march to this battle, many American soldiers successfully leveraged their way to receiving one month's pay before leaving Maryland. Banastre Tarleton was engaged by Lauzun's Legion in this conflict, and Wilhelm von Zweibrücken and John Laurens were pivotal in capturing Redoubts 9 and 10. Robert Abercromby failed to (*) spike the American and French cannons in this conflict which took place in Virginia. The Marquis de Lafayette, Comte de Rochambeau, and George Washington caused General Cornwallis to surrender in, for 10 points, which battle that effectively ended the American Revolutionary War?

: Battle (or Siege) of Yorktown 397.

: 85094 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2008 HSAPQ 4Q 1 | Round: Round_03_HSAPQ4Q.pdf | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Prior to this engagement, Richard Gridley created the design for a redoubt, and shortly after, admiral Samuel Graves bombarded the enemy fortifications from the HMS Somerset. Resulting in the deaths of James Abercrombie, John Pitcairn and Joseph Warren, this battle included an assault between Moulton and Copp Hills by Robert Pigot. A loss for Israel Putnam and William Prescott, for 10 points, name this Pyrrhic victory for William Howe in 1775, actually fought on Breed's Hill on the Charleston Peninsula of Boston.

: Battle of Bunker Hill [accept Battle of Breed's Hill before it is read] 483.

: 111911 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 11 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: During this battle, a gap in one side's defenses along the Mystic River was covered by a makeshift barricade constructed by men under the command of John Stark. One notable participant in this battle, Peter Salem, distinguished himself by fatally wounding John Pitcairn, and following this battle Thomas Gage was relieved of command. After exhausting their ammunition, colonial troops were ordered to retreat from this battle by William Prescott. For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War battle that saw heavy British casualties result from a bloody attack on Breed's Hill.

: Battle of Bunker Hill [accept Battle of Breed's Hill before mentioned] 349.

: 62230 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ Tournament 16 | Round: 03.pdf | Number: 23 TOSSUP: Samuel Graves provided artillery support during this battle. Joseph Warren was killed during this battle that saw colonial forces led in part by Israel Putnam. This battle was preceded by a withdrawal by Thomas Gage, which allowed colonial forces under William Prescott to land at night and quickly fortify a position named (*) Breed's Hill. According to legend, the colonial commander told his troops not to fire until they saw the whites of their enemies' eyes. For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War battle fought after Lexington and Concord near Boston.

: Battle of Bunker Hill [or Battle of Breed's Hill before it is read] 405.

: 102204 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 13 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This battle, which took place simultaneously with the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Salem Church, was unaffected by George Stoneman's cavalry raid near Hanover Junction because he had raided the wrong place. A surprise attack by split Confederate forces surrounded the Union Eleventh Corps commanded by Oliver Howard, and "Jeb" Stuart became a confederate leader here two months before Gettysburg. This battle ended soon after Lafayette McLaws's forces pushed John Sedgwick's forces back across the Rappahannock River. Name this 1863 battle which led to the dismissal of Joseph Hooker and the death of Stonewall Jackson from friendly fire.

: Battle of Chancellorsville 363.

: 102268 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 15 | Number: 29 TOSSUP: The night before this battle, an enemy gun battery fired upon the USS McCulloch when its smokestacks accidentally flared up. This battle ended after the USS Baltimore destroyed a gun battery at Sangley Point in order to expose a fort at Cavite [kah-VEE-tay]. This battle began as the Asiatic Squadron, led by the USS Olympia, opened fire on Admiral Montojo's fleet, once Captain Gridley was told he "may fire when you are ready". Name this opening battle of the Spanish-American War in which Commodore Dewey decisively defeated a fleet near the Philippine capital.

: Battle of Manila Bay [accept Batalla de Cavite before "Cavite"; do not accept "Battle of Manila"] 359.

: 72257 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: finals phase 3.pdf | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Intelligence for this battle was provided by Oscar Williams, and one of its causes was that Secretary of the Navy John Long left work early one day, leaving his assistant in charge. The victorious flagship was the USS Olympia. American victory was easy because the enemy cruiser Castilla was taking on water before fighting began, Subic Bay was not prepared, and Admiral Montojo positioned the battle so that American ships could not be hit by bullet fire from land. US ships, which had been commanded to prepare for battle by Teddy Roosevelt, sailed from Hong Kong and entered battle through Boca Grande south of Corregidor. Name this first major battle of the Spanish-American War, a major victory for Admiral Dewey.

: Battle of Manila Bay [do not accept "Manila"] 458.

: 146818 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 8 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: The losing side's plan for this battle included an advance by Barry St. Ledger up the Mohawk River Valley, which was defeated by the Green Mountain Boys at Bennington. A diversion during this battle was led by General Clinton on Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery. Timothy Murphy, a sniper at this battle, killed General Simon (*) Fraser, while serving under Daniel Morgan at Bemis Heights. Fighting there during this battle followed earlier fighting at Freeman's Farm where Benedict Arnold was wounded while leading American forces. For 10 points, what battle ended with General Burgoyne surrender to Horatio Gates and caused France to enter the American Revolutionary War?

: Battle of Saratoga (or Battle of Bemis Heights or Freeman's Farm before mentioned) 300.

: 102226 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 14 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: At the start of this battle, Abraham Owen was killed by enemy forces that mistook his white horse for that of his commander. After Spier ["spear"] Spencer was killed, his Yellow Jackets panicked and retreated from the southern front. This battle began after the losing commander cast a magic spell to reassure his forces that enemy bullets would not harm them, and it ended with the flight of Tenskwatawa and the sack of Prophetstown. Name this 1811 battle in which Native Americans led by the brother of Tecumseh were defeated by the forces of William Henry Harrison.

: Battle of Tippecanoe [accept Battle of Prophetstown before "Prophetstown"] 362.

: 71977 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 02.pdf | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This battle caused the collapse of the Red Stick Confederacy and took place when one of the leaders told his men that the Master of Life promised success and that bullets could not harm them. That leader, who changed his name from Lalawethika to Tenskwatawa, had set up a religious village three years before this battle took place. The other side, which approached the battle via the Wabash River, was headed by the Governor of Indiana. In this 1811 battle, the Shawnee brother of Tecumseh was defeated by troops led by future President William Henry Harrison. Name this battle that later became part of Harrison's campaign slogan.

: Battle of Tippecanoe [or Prophetstown] 451.

: 110488 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 16 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: In the build-up to this battle, Grant's forces utilized the fleet of David Porter to move northeast, where his forces took Port Gibson and Grand Gulf before blocking the forces of Joseph Johnston. John Pemberton's forces retreated from Big Black River to the site of this battle, which culminated in isolating the western part of the Confederacy. Won a day after Gettysburg, name this siege fought on a key port in Mississippi.

: Battle of Vicksburg 267.

: 84367 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2008 Chitin | Round: Round 3 - Vandy 2.doc | Number: 18 TOSSUP: A captured letter, the Wethersfield Intercept, revealed that one of the commanders planned to march south to this battle. The only major advance during it was achieved by Alexander Hamilton, when he captured an enemy redoubt. A British band played "The World Turned Upside Down" at the end of this standoff, and second-in-command Charles O'Hara was directed to surrender to George Washington. For 10 points, name this 1781 battle at which Lord Cornwallis' army was besieged in Virginia, the last major engagement of the American Revolution.

: Battle of Yorktown 482.

: 142662 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 7 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: Reinforcements to the victor's side during this battle came from Head of Elk. The victors of this battle took Redoubts 9 and 10, an effort in part led by Alexander Hamilton. A fleet under Lord Robert Graves failed to relieve the losers at this battle after being defeated by the Admiral De Grasse at the Battle of (*) Chesapeake. French general Comte de Rochambeau led the French forces in this battle, who were allied with Continental army. For 10 points, name this battle that resulted in the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis to General George Washington.

: Battle of Yorktown [accept "Siege of Yorktown"] 188.

: 149431 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 7 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: During this battle, the commander of Lauzun's Legion unhorsed cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton. Charles O'Hara presented the sword of the losing commander at this battle to the winner, who gave it to Benjamin Lincoln. Reinforcements for this battle led by Thomas(*) Graves were blocked by the Comte de Grasse from entering the Chesapeake Bay. Land support at this battle was given by the Comte de Rochambeau ["Roh-sham-bo"] and the Marquis de Lafayette. For 10 points, name this battle in which General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington, ending the American Revolution.

: Battle of Yorktown [or Siege of Yorktown] <Cole Phinney>/<ed. JO> 137.

: 102462 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 7 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: In the build-up to this battle, James Neill was chosen as the site's garrison leader, while Green Jameson set up cannon to defend against artillery. Governor Henry Smith ordered William Travis to this site, where the lieutenant colonel would end up leading the regulars, with the volunteers led by Jim Bowie. Name this battle that took place ten years before the Mexican-American War, fought at a fortification in San Antonio, Texas.

: Battle of the Alamo 242.

: 142633 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 5 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: One attack during this battle is debated to have taken place either on Calhoun or Reno Hill. Before its start, the leading defender general refused to accept a battery of artillery and two Gatling guns into his regiment. A commander claimed to have experienced a revelation before this battle, saying the (*) "Great Spirit has given our enemy to us". Native accounts of this battle state that the enemy had not been encircled, but were routed after a cavalry charge lead by Crazy Horse. For 10 points, name this 1876 battle that saw George Custer's last stand during the Great Sioux War.

: Battle of the Little Bighorn [accept "Battle of Greasy Grass"] 186.

: 102116 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 10 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This event was preceded by an ineffective air raid of eight disguised B-26 bombers as part of Operation Puma. Changes to the original plan for this event made retreat into the Escambray Mountains impossible, and its failure led to the resignation of Allen Dulles. During this event, paratroopers failed to block a road to Playa Larga [PLY-ah LAR-gah] after their equipment landed in a swamp, and at Playa Girón [PLY-ah hee-ROHN], a group of exiles in Brigade 2506 were defeated. After this failed invasion, a thank you note was sent to the United States by Che Guevara. Name this failed 1961 invasion of Cuba ordered by the Kennedy administration.

: Bay of Pigs Invasion [or Invasión de BahÃa de Cochinos; accept Invasión / Batalla de Playa Girón before "Playa Girón"; accept Operation Puma before it is mentioned; prompt on Operation Falcon or Operation Zapata] 367.

: 111755 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man survived a military campaign that saw the death of Richard Montgomery, although he was wounded severely in the leg. His actions during the Battle of Valcour Island successfully delayed Guy Carleton's invasion of New York. Along with Ethan Allen, he participated in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, and during the Saratoga campaign he clashed with Horatio Gates and suffered additional wounds to his leg. His most notable action was foiled when Major John Andre was captured by American militiamen. For 10 points, name this American officer who conspired to surrender West Point to the British during the Revolutionary War.

: Benedict Arnold 344.

: 143872 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 2 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: 10. The Boot Monument in New York manages to commemorate this man without naming him. With Richard Montgomery, he led a failed invasion of Canada, and along with Ethan Allen, this man led the Green Mountain Boys in capturing Fort Ticonderoga. This man successfully defended (*) Bemis Heights during the Battle of Saratoga, but felt he did not get enough credit for it. This man's most famous deed was exposed when the spy John André was captured with his letters and the plans to surrender West Point. For ten points, identify this American traitor who, encouraged by his Loyalist wife Peggy, defected to the British during the Revolutionary War.

: Benedict Arnold <MS> HALFTIME 317.

: 144183 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 16 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This president endorsed the Federal Elections Bill to help blacks in the South vote, though it was filibustered by Congress. During his presidency, he oversaw the implementation of the Dependent and Disability Pension Act, and he worked with a Congress that passed the McKinley tariff and was criticized for spending a billion dollars. Under this man's administration, John Sherman's namesake Silver Purchase Act and (*) Antitrust Act were both signed into law, but this president lost the 1892 race for his re-election to a previous president. For ten points, name this 23rd president of the United States, who served between Grover Cleveland's two terms.

: Benjamin Harrison (prompt on "Harrison") 329.

: 110475 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 15 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: One side in this conflict sought provisions from the "trembling lands" around Lake Koshkonong [KOSH-kuh-nong]. The losing side in this conflict did not abide by the Treaty of St. Louis, which included the ceding of all land claims east of the Mississippi. Following a loss at Stillman's Run, Governor John Reynolds called out more militia. Jefferson Davis escorted the namesake of this conflict after that leader was taken prisoner, and one of the volunteers in this conflict was Abraham Lincoln. Name this 1832 conflict fought in Iowa and Illinois between US forces and a band of Sauk and Fox Indians.

: Black Hawk War 265.

: 119403 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: Replacements and Tiebreakers | Number: 17 TOSSUP: At the trial following this event, one man made a sarcastic remark about one party acting as a "stoic philosopher". Bartholomew Broaders and Henry Knox were present; Samuel Gray and James Caldwell were central to its results. The prosecution at the trial following it was led by Robert Treat Paine and Samuel Quincy. The commanding (*) officer present, Thomas Preston, was acquitted by Josiah Quincy and John Adams. It involved the throwing of snowballs and debris, and among the three immediate deaths was Crispus Attucks. For 10 points, name this 1770 occurrence in which some redcoats fired on American colonists in a Massachusetts city.

: Boston Massacre [accept Boston Riot or a reasonable equivalent from someone who just wants to show off the fact that he disputes that it's a "massacre"] 403.

: 110412 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 12 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: John Randolph refused to fire at this person during a duel that both men survived. He successfully defended Aaron Burr on charges of treason. This politician was passed over as a presidential candidate twice, by William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor, who were elected as Whigs. He was offered the Secretary of State post as part of the "Corrupt Bargain" which led to the election of John Quincy Adams. Name this Kentucky Congressman known as the "Great Compromiser."

: Henry Clay 262.

: 146707 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 3 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: The William was destroyed before reaching this event and a related event saw the burning of the Peggy Stewart. Similar events were prevented in Charleston and Philadelphia and Charles O'Connor was stripped naked and sent home for thievery during this event. The Beaver, Eleanor, and Dartmouth weren't allowed by Governor Thomas (*) Hutchinson to return to England, leading to this event. Just prior to this event, a meeting at Old South Meeting House ended with members of the Sons of Liberty streaming to Griffith's Wharf dressed as Mohawks. For 10 points, name this 1774 event protesting the Townshend Duties, where the namesake product was emptied into Boston Harbor.

: Boston Tea Party 315.

: 144537 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 3 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: William Leddra became one of the "Martyrs" of this city after his hanging. Mary Dyer died in this city. Simon Bradstreet led a rebellion which forced governor Edmund Andros out of this city. An event in this city was inspired by the passage of the anti-smuggling Indemnity Act by Thomas Hutchinson. James (*) Otis railed against "writs of assistance" in this city's State House. The first committee of correspondence was created in this city by Samuel Adams. The Intolerable Acts were established after a protest in this city's harbor led by the Sons of Liberty. For 10 points, name this city in colonial Massachusetts, the site of a namesake tea party.

: Boston, Massachusetts 182.

: 101980 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 5 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: John Hynes served as the acting mayor of this city when its elected mayor James Curley was in prison in 1947, and Hynes then defeated Curley in the next election. This city had large demonstrations in favor of Anthony Burns when he was tried under the Fugitive Slave Act. After the passage of the Stamp Act, the home of Thomas Hutchinson in this city was attacked, and Hutchinson later removed troops from this city after an incident involving five deaths, including Crispus Attucks. Name this home of Paul Revere, where Samuel Adams supported forcefully boarding English ships and destroying their tea.

: Boston, Massachusetts 375.

: 149300 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 4 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Briggs v. Elliot was one of five cases combined with this court case. During this case, William Rehnquist wrote a memo arguing that the case it eventually overturned should instead be affirmed. The action mandated by this case was not begun until a second suit was filed by the same plaintiff in 1955. That action was to be undertaken (*) "with all deliberate speed" after that second suit. The unanimous opinion in this case was penned by Earl Warren and stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." For 10 points, name this 1954 case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and found that segregation in schools was unconstitutional.

: Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. 118.

: 110422 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 12 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: In the unanimous opinion in this case, the Court drew comparisons to Sweatt v Painter, which lacked the "tangible factors" presented in this case. The cases of Gebhart v Ethel and Briggs v Elliot were combined with the namesake case in this decision. The attorney for the plaintiff argued that the Equal Protection Clause was violated due to the creation of an inferiority complex. This case overruled the doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson of separate but equal. Name this landmark decision that ruled school segregation unconstitutional.

: Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KS 253.

: 111848 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 8 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Clarence Thomas claimed that this case's ruling had been misunderstood by the courts in an opinion for Missouri v. Jenkins. A speech by Barbara Johns sparked a protest calling attention to this case's central concept. The decision in this case was supported by a doll experiment conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark which was first introduced in its companion case Briggs v. Elliott. Chief Justice Earl Warren later ordered this case's ruling to be implemented with "all deliberate speed," which was met with much resistance from Southern states. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka [accept in either order] 342.

: 144529 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 3 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: The current holder of this office claimed in 2014 that it's good karma for women to wait for a raise. The Omni-Processor and the "Reinvent the Toilet" challenge are sponsored by a man who held this office until 2000. Three months after retiring from it, the second person to hold this office purchased the LA Clippers after the (*) Donald Sterling controversy. The current holder of this office is Satya Nadella. The first person to hold this position retired in order to lead the world's largest private foundation, which is co-named for his wife Melinda. For 10 points, name this office held by Steve Ballmer until 2014, the leader of a company founded by Bill Gates.

: CEO of Microsoft [or Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft Corporation] 160.

: 144802 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 2 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: 11. Frank Wisner headed the Office of Policy Coordination during the tenure of this organization's first leader, Roscoe Hillenkoetter. Scooter Libby was indicted for lying during an event in which Robert Novak reported that Valerie Plame worked for this organization. Frank Olson fell out of a thirteen story hotel window after being drugged with (*) LSD during this group's controversial MK-ULTRA experiments. Michael Morell has twice served as Acting Director of this organization, whose former leader David Petraeus resigned after news of an affair were leaked. For ten points, name this principal intelligence-gathering agency of the United States.

: CIA or Central Intelligence Agency <BZ> 223.

: 149365 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 3 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: During this event, 150 Wintu Native Americans were killed in the Bridge Gulch Massacre. The location of this event was the land where the former Swiss colony of New Helvetia was located. This event came to the attention of the public after the publisher of The Star, Samuel Brannon, ran through the street yelling about a discovery made by James(*) Marshall. During this event, German immigrant Levi Strauss began selling blue jeans near John Sutter's mill. For 10 points, name this event, where "forty-niners" attempted to find a precious metal in a western state.

: California Gold Rush [or the Gold Rush of 1849 until "forty-niners" is mentioned; or any answer that indicates gold was discovered in California; prompt on Gold Rush] <William Groger>/<ed. JO> 142.

: 156588 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 11 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: The subject of the Irish folksong "Mursheen Durkin" travels to participate in this event. Others who took part included candymaker Domingo Ghiradelli, shipbuilder Matthew Turner, and mountaineer Grizzly Adams. Samuel Brannan publicized this event through a newspaper, which told of James Marshall's (*) lumbermen. After James Polk confirmed this event to Congress, 300,000 people immigrated, which greatly increased towns such as San Francisco. For 10 points—give this event started when a valuable metal was discovered at Sutter's mill.

: California gold rush or 1849 gold rush (accept Forty-niners; accept any answer mentioning gold and an indication of where the event took place; accept answers including Sutter's mill before "Sutter") 102.

: 149780 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 14 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This man repeatedly vetoed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill in line with his laissez-faire approach, and he became president after defeating the first Democratic nominee from a slave state since the Civil War, John Davis. (*) This man chaired a committee to arbitrate the "bread and roses" strike as a Massachusetts state senator, and he came to national prominence following the 1919 Boston police strike. For 10 points, name this famously "silent" president of the United States who first took office after the unexpected death of Warren G. Harding.

: Calvin Coolidge 103.

: 112163 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 9 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This president vetoed the McNary-Haugen Farm Bill twice due to objections to establishing price ceilings. He was criticized for his leadership during the "Great Mississippi Flood." This man signed the Indian Citizenship Act into law. This president capitalized on dissention in the opposition party by defeating compromise candidate John W. Davis in his reelection campaign. He put down a police strike during his time as Governor of Massachusetts. This man was sworn in at 3 in the morning after the death of the previous President, Warren Harding. For 10 points, name the 30th President of the United States, known as "Silent Cal."

: Calvin Coolidge 286.

: 144831 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 3 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: 18. The Durham Report urged for the union of this modern-day country's two parts. The explosion of the SS Mont-Blanc occurred in this country, whose first prime minister left office after accepting bribes over the construction of a transcontinental railroad in the (*) Pacific Scandal. Louisiana's Cajun culture originated from settlers in this country called Acadians. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham occurred in this country during the French and Indian War, and its Klondike Gold Rush resulted in the settlement of Yukon Territory. For ten points, identify this largest member of the British Commonwealth home to the province of Ontario.

: Canada <JD> 225.

: 102040 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 7 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This woman blamed her first husband for the problems with her daughter Charlien, who was committed to an asylum. After being kicked out of the Disciples of Christ, which her second husband preached for in Medicine Lodge, Kansas, she believed that she heard the message, "Go to Kiowa." Often working alone or accompanied by women singing hymns, according to legend she scared boxer John L. Sullivan and destroyed a painting of Cleopatra at Her Bath. Name this member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union who destroyed several bars, events that she referred to as "hatchetations".

: Carrie A(melia Moore) Nation [accept either underlined name] 372.

: 119379 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: 2 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: Evidence against this person was partially provided by Ricardo Morales, and Werner Spitz attacked reports presented by Jan Garavaglia against this person. This person was accused of defamation by Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez, and she lied to police about the status of her employment at Universal Studios. The (*) "CSI effect" has been cited as a potential reason for the result of the case with which she was involved. Her defense team expounded upon the significance of a certain swimming pool, and argued against the use of chloroform. For 10 points, identify this woman who was found not guilty of murdering her daughter, Caylee.

: Casey Anthony [prompt on partial answer; don't accept Caylee Anthony anywhere] 402.

: 112202 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 11 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: Charles Sumner Hamlin was the first occupant of this office. A man who held this office under Jimmy Carter was nicknamed "the Gentle Giant" and was notorious for chewing cigars. An Objectivist who held this government position for 19 years convinced the FOMC to reduce the FFR by 0.5% after 9/11. A ban on proprietary trading in the Dodd-Frank law was named for a man who alleviated stagflation while holding this office, Paul Volcker. Under four presidents, this office was held by Alan Greenspan, though its current occupant will likely be leaving in January. For 10 points, name this office in charge of interest rates and printing money, now held by Ben Bernanke.

: Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve [or Fed Chairman; or same-knowledge equivalents; they must have "chairman" for points] 297.

: 112241 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 13 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: In the 1800s, Henry Pinckney founded this city's newspaper, the Mercury. In this city, the leading African Episcopal church was burned down after the mystic Gullah Jack was hanged here. The most famous attack on this city, which involved the Star of the West, was recorded by Mary Boykin Chesnut. A fort in this city was defended during the Battle of Sullivan's Island thanks to its palmetto walls. Denmark Vesey was captured in this city. Commander Robert Anderson was forced to give up this city after a bombardment led by P.G.T Beauregard, who watched from its harbor. For 10 points, name this South Carolina port city home to Fort Sumter.

: Charleston 284.

: 72246 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: finals phase 2.pdf | Number: 12 TOSSUP: In 1791, this group received farm tools for signing the Treaty of Holston. At the beginning of the Civil War, this group signed a treaty at Park Hill with the Confederacy, and these Native Americans supported the Confederacy un- der the leadership of William Holland Thomas and Stand Watie. Earlier, Chief John Ross unsuccessfully tried to bring a case to the Supreme Court in 1831 to settle what he saw as a boundary dispute with Georgia, but a more fa- vorable ruling was made a year later. This tribe's Eastern headquarters are at the Eastern end of the Great Smoky Mountains. Name this tribe that went from Red Clay, Tennessee to Tahlequah, Oklahoma, becoming the last one forced to follow the Trail of Tears.

: Cherokee Nation/Tribe 446.

: 111728 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 3 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Following one violent event in this city, Frank Gusenberg, while being questioned by police, asserted that "Nobody shot me" before dying of his wounds. During a series of legal proceedings in this city, Bobby Seale received a four-year prison sentence for contempt of court, while members of the Youth International Party nominated "Pigasus" for president. Those events occurred as a result of the 1968 Democratic convention, which was held in this city. An 1871 disaster in this city was apocryphally caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow. For 10 points, name this city in Illinois, the location of the St. Valentine's Day massacre and a namesake Great Fire.

: Chicago 338.

: 152290 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 14 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: One person with this last name became Governor of New York by replacing Daniel Tompkins after losing a primary to James Madison. Two people with this name were investigated by Kenneth Starr in the Whitewater Scandal, and Starr later headed a committee that investigated one of those people with this last name who was under suit by (*) Paula Jones. That man with this last name had earlier claimed that he "did not inhale" when trying marijuana in college, and claimed that he "did not have sexual relations with that woman." For 10 points, give this last name, held by a former president, Bill, and his wife, a former secretary of state, Hillary.

: Clinton <AB> Bonuses 147.

: 102479 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 8 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: In 1992, this state's citizens voted to add a "taxpayer bill of rights" to its state constitution. A gold rush along the South Platte River in this state led to the founding of towns like Central City and Cripple Creek, but it sparked a conflict with natives that led to the Sand Creek massacre. In 2008, this state hosted the Democratic National Convention where Barack Obama was nominated. Name this state with capital Denver.

: Colorado 243.

: 110444 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 13 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: Ex Parte [PAHR-tay] Young created the Stripping Doctrine, an exception to this amendment involving unconstitutional acts that allows for injunctive relief. The scope of this amendment was expanded by the decision in Hans v. Louisiana. This amendment was passed in reaction to the ruling in Chisholm v. Georgia. Name this constitutional amendment that established the sovereign immunity of the states, the first amendment passed after the Bill of Rights.

: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution 234.

: 71955 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 01.pdf | Number: 4 TOSSUP: All three of this state's delegates to the Constitutional Convention became members of Congress who contributed to the Judiciary Act of 1789. One of this state's delegates, who chaired the five-member Committee of Style, was Wil- liam Samuel Johnson. Another one, who eventually became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when John Rutledge's nomination was rejected, was Oliver Ellsworth. This delegation proposed a bicameral legislature, with one house giv- ing states an equal number of representatives and the other making representation proportional to population, a plan that became known as the Great Compromise. Name this state whose delegation also included Roger Sherman, who had been the first mayor of New Haven.

: Connecticut 453.

: 111789 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This event took place following the failure of Operation Zapata, and Major Rudolf Anderson became the only combat fatality during this event. Vasili Arkhipov successfully persuaded the captain of the submarine B-59 to refrain from launching a nuclear torpedo during this event. Acting in his capacity as ambassador to the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson presented an incriminating series of aerial photographs to the Security Council, and this event concluded with the withdrawal of Jupiter missiles from Turkey. For 10 points, name this Cold War incident that occurred when the Soviet Union attempted to place missiles in a nation ruled by Fidel Castro.

: Cuban Missile Crisis [accept October Crisis or Caribbean Crisis] 352.

: 112176 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 10 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: A plaque inscribed with this man's words "Enough of honor cannot be paid" was erected after his son died near the salt springs of Blue Licks. According to one account, this man was taken to Chillicothe (CHILLY-COATH-EE) before being adopted by Blackfish, but escaped after learning of a siege on a borough named for him. This man partnered with Richard Callaway to track Hanging Maw and the Cherokee who had captured his daughter Jemima. This explorer was hired by the Transylvania Company to blaze a 200 mile trail through the Cumberland Gap. For 10 points, name this architect behind the Wilderness Road, a legendary Kentucky frontiersman who lends his name to a coontail cap.

: Daniel Boone 295.

: 72008 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 03.pdf | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This person issued a warning before the Battle of Blue Licks which was not heeded, but his later warnings about Dequindre and Black Fish led to a successful defense. This person's life was saved by Simon Kenton after a Shawnee bullet destroyed his knee, and he was later captured by the Shawnee. An employee of Richard Henderson, he worked for the Transylvania Company on the Wilderness Road. Name this man who led the expedition that widened the Cumberland Gap and after whom the first incorporated town in Kentucky was named.

: Daniel Boone 463.

: 111863 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 9 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: This man responded to a revolution in Hungary by writing the Hülsemann Letter. He successfully argued that private contracts, including royal charters from the colonial era, cannot be legally overturned by a state in the case Dartmouth College v. Woodward. In addition to defending the Second Bank of the United States, this man promoted the Compromise of 1850, for which he was criticized by abolitionists, and he also negotiated a treaty with Baron Ashburton that defined Maine's border with Canada. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts senator who famously declared, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

: Daniel Webster 350.

: 110924 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 3 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Early in his career, this man advocated a form of nullification in opposing the Conscription Act and attended the Hartford Convention. This man argued McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden before the Supreme Court. He negotiated a treaty with Britain agreeing to cooperate against the slave trade and delineating the Maine border, and he demanded "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable" in a namesake series of debates with Robert Hayne. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts Senator and Whig who argued forcefully for American nationalism against secession and nullification.

: Daniel Webster 437.

: 72139 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 10.pdf | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This politician supported the Fugitive Slave Law with the Seventh of March speech, and he used the words "one and inseparable" to conclude the second reply to Senator Robert Hayne. First admitted to Congress in 1812 thanks to an antiwar stance, he was the only member of William Henry Harrison's cabinet to remain in office when Tyler took over, serving as Secretary of State. As a lawyer, he successfully argued the Gibbons, McCulloch, and Dartmouth cases before the Supreme Court. Name this man who in 1842 negotiated a treaty with Baron Ashburton.

: Daniel Webster 444.

: 119372 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: 2 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Before this election, Senator Gary Hart dropped out after pictures of him and Donna Rice together on a yacht were released. In one publicity stunt during this election, the Democratic candidate posed smiling on top of a tank. One candidate in this election was hurt by rumors of his wife Kitty's flag-burning habits, along with ads dealing with his unsatisfactory cleanup of (*) Boston Harbor. In this election, Lloyd Bentsen, the Democratic running mate of Michael Dukakis, told Dan Quayle that he was "no Jack Kennedy." For 10 points, name this election year in which George H.W. Bush won his only term.

: Election of 1988 399.

: 111455 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This man advocated for the creation of the "Rainbow" Division to avoid favoritism of any particular state. He was the youngest judge to serve on the court martial of Billy Mitchell, and this man led the force that dispersed the Bonus Army. His forces made a successful landing at Inchon during the Korean War, although that did not prevent his dismissal by President Truman. During World War II, he promoted the "island-hopping" strategy, and he later oversaw the occupation of Japan. For 10 points, name this American general who famously proclaimed, "I shall return," after leaving the Philippines.

: Douglas MacArthur 394.

: 142726 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: An example of this one of these events was caused by disputes between Imperialist and Nationalist factions in Canada in 1917. Horatio Seymour referred to this practice as a, "revolutionary doctrine of public necessity." During one of these events, New York City firemen burned down and demolished several buildings on Third Avenue, including the (*) conscription office. Participants in one of these events in Seattle in 1969 burned pieces of paper in front of of Selective Service offices. For 10 points, name this practice that often occurs in response to the passing of unpopular, wartime conscription laws.

: Draft Riots [accept obvious equivalents, prompt on "riots"] 191.

: 142642 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 6 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This man delivered his "Chance for Peace" speech to propose peaceful uses for nuclear materials. His campaign ran on a platform of a crusade against "Communism, Korea, and Corruption." His farewell address included a warning about the rising influence of the (*) Military Industrial Complex. He passed the Federal Aid Highway Act in 1956, claiming it was essential to US security during the Cold War. For 10 points, name this US president who ran with the campaign slogan, "I like Ike."

: Dwight David Eisenhower 187.

: 111327 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 10 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This man used Operation Quicksilver to conceal an invasion, and this man was criticized by the GI General for having a poor grasp of tactics. This man oversaw the Battle of Falaise pocket, and he ordered the seventh army under George S. Patton to take Messina in accordance with General Montgomery's invasion plan. He authorized the execution of Eddie Slovik for desertion, and organized Operation Overlord. For 10 points, name this man, who served as the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in WWII and oversaw the Normandy landing on D-Day.

: Dwight David Eisenhower 416.

: 112097 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 6 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: James Bayard Sr. convinced his colleagues not to vote during this election year. The eventual winner of this election was called "not so dangerous a man" by an outgoing politician. The loser joined with James Wilkinson in a Spanish plot to have the American West secede. The Twelfth Amendment was passed in response to this year's election. In the lame duck period after this election, a Judiciary Act allowed for the appointment of Midnight Judges like William Marbury. For 10 points, name this election in which a tied electoral vote gave Thomas Jefferson the presidency over Aaron Burr and John Adams.

: Election of 1800 298.

: 149564 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 7 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: A cartoon by Joseph Keppler that depicts this election shows Mephistopheles standing behind one of its candidates, who walks away with the "Solid South." A controversy during this election emerged when Oregon Governor La Fayette Grover revealed that John Watts was not an eligible elector. The Greenback Party ran a ticket for the first time during this election under Peter (*) Cooper. Democrats refused to accept this election's results unless federal troops were withdrawn from the South, thereby ending Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this election which saw Samuel Tilden defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes.

: Election of 1876 112.

: 144696 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 11 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Cartoons made after this election include one where Uncle Sam presses on a man reaching for his gun, and one in which a bandaged elephant moans, "Another such victory and we are undone". David Davis became governor of Illinois during this election. South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida were the three (*) unredeemed states in this election. Ten Congressmen and five justices formed the Electoral Commission that decided it. The loser of this election, a New York governor who fought Tammany Hall, was Samuel Tilden. For 10 points, name this election which ended Reconstruction in exchange for Rutherford Hayes winning the White House.

: Election of 1876 169.

: 149350 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 2 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This man allegedly came up with the idea for his most influential invention at the suggestion of Nathanael Greene's widow, Catherine. Machine tool historian Joseph Roe credited this man with inventing the first true milling machine. This man allegedly met with President Adams and President-elect Jefferson, and wowed them by assembling a(*) musket from a drawer filled with shuffled pieces that he manufactured. This man used the profits from his interchangeable parts system to pursue litigation against Southern farmers. For 10 points, name this inventor of the cotton gin.

: Eli Whitney <Jonathan Amlong>/<ed. JO> Bonuses 129.

: 144769 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 14 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This man's son, also the great-grandson of Jonathan Edwards, earned the commission to produce the first Colt Walker revolver. Nathanael Greene's wife Catherine Littlefield insisted that this man move to Mulberry Grove. This man was contracted to produce 10,000 muskets in two years, which he failed to deliver on time. This man invented a wooden (*) cylinder covered in spikes, which was later improved by a row of teeth. This man, who is credited with bringing interchangeable parts to the US, created a device in 1793 that separated seeds from fibers. For 10 points, name this man who indirectly brought in the plantation system with his cotton gin.

: Eli Whitney Bonuses 164.

: 112222 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 12 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: Fort Gibson was originally located at this place. Castle Garden was replaced by this location. A controversial practice implemented here was asking people how much money they were carrying. This place's namesake "special" refers to the myth that it forced people to change their names. The National Origins Act limited the operation of this place during the 1920s. An analog to this place located in San Francisco Bay was called Angel Island. This place, which today is mostly claimed by New Jersey, rejected about 2% of those who entered it. For 10 points, name this island abutting the Statue of Liberty, where many immigrants to the US were processed.

: Ellis Island 285.

: 110343 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 9 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Current promulgators of this law are relying on precedents set by Dillon v. Gloss and Coleman v. Miller in pursuing a "three-state strategy." This law was originally named for Lucretia [loo-KREE-shuh] Mott by its author Alice Paul, and it faced strong opposition from Phyllis Schlafly. Despite a three-year extension, this did not meet the 38-state requirement for ratification by June 1982. Name this failed amendment that would forbid discrimination of any kind on the basis of gender.

: Equal Rights Amendment (accept ERA) 258.

: 149683 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 13 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: Much of the opposition to this legislation stems from an interpretation of the Hayden rider. The potential for states to drop support for this legislation was declared moot in Idaho v. Freeman. The Eagle Forum was created to oppose this legislation, which was first written by Alice Paul in 1923. This legislation missed the mark for(*) ratification by its 1979 deadline, in part due to a campaign with the phrase "I am for Mom and apple pie" by activist Phyllis Schlafly. In 2017, Nevada became the 36th state to ratify this proposed amendment. For 10 points, name this unratified Constitutional amendment that aims to stop discrimination based on sex.

: Equal Rights Amendment [or ERA] <David Dennis>/<ed. JO> 126.

: 72113 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 09.pdf | Number: 11 TOSSUP: This activist edited Locomotive Firemen's magazine and the newspaper Appeal to Reason and worked with Victor Berger and Morris Hillquit. This person wrote an essay about receiving help from a poor umbrella mender, and he of- ten said, "While there is a lower class I am in it." He organized the ARU, which was broken by Richard Olney and Nelson Miles after a successful strike against the Great Northern Railroad. Despite being represented by Clarence Darrow, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could order this leader's strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company to end and jail him for not following that order. This man received nine hundred thousand votes for President while serving time in jail. Name this leader who often ran for President in the early 20th Century as a Socialist.

: Eugene Victor Debs 449.

: 72188 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 13.pdf | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Some people claimed that this bill was written at the Jekyll Island Club. During debate over this bill, Senator Bris- tow stated, "The Senator from Oklahoma has accepted the most vicious provisions of the Aldrich Plan," and he added that the Senate's behavior "would have made Alexander Hamilton blush." This bill's impact was made permanent by the McFadden Act of 1927 and the creation of the FOMC in the 1930s. Sometimes referred to as Glass-Owen, its passage six years after the Panic of 1907 led to debates over how to select the eight to twelve cities it referred to and whether New York City would have a special status within that group, and its supporters claimed that it would stabi- lize the economy. Name this bill that created our current financial system.

: Federal Reserve Act [accept Glass-Owen Bill before it is mentioned] 455.

: 111113 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Early in this battle, probing attacks were launched at Blackburn's Ford, but one side's main attack was eventually launched across Sudley Springs Ford. Francis Bartow and Barnard Bee helped stop that attack at Henry Hill, and the arrival of fresh units from the Shenandoah by rail under Joe Johnston caused Union forces under Irwin McDowell to retreat and then rout across the Stone Bridge. However, Confederate forces under P.G.T. Beauregard were unable to pursue due to exhaustion. For 10 points, this July 1861 clash in northern Virginia, the first major battle of the Civil War.

: First Battle of Manassas [accept First Battle of Bull Run; prompt on Battle of Manassas; prompt on Battle of Bull Run] 430.

: 101961 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 4 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This battle was supplemented by John Cadwalader's feint on Bordentown in an attempt to cut off enemy supplies. At its start, Henry Knox deployed an artillery line overlooking King and Queen Streets, while John Sullivan cut off the enemy's escape route by securing a bridge over Assunpink Creek. Johann Rall and his Hessians were defeated at this battle, and a week later American forces were victorious again at Princeton. Name this battle of the American Revolution which began after George Washington crossed the Delaware River into the modern-day capital of New Jersey.

: First Battle of Trenton [do not accept or prompt on "Second Battle of Trenton" or "Battle of Assunpink Creek"] 376.

: 149280 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 3 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: News reporter James R. Kilpatrick was harassed by employees of this company. Harry Bennett was an ex-Navy sailor who worked for this company. Walter Reuther fought against this company's security guards during Battle of the Overpass at the River Rouge Plant. This company sold the failed (*) Edsel, which came to refer to any commercial failure. This company, one owner of which authored The International Jew, sold a product "that could be painted any color as long as it was black." For 10 points, name this company founded by its namesake, the seller of the Model T.

: Ford Motor Company 120.

: 102410 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 4 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: Cannon from this site was transported by Henry Knox to Dorchester Heights in Boston to scare the British. Following a failed attack on Quebec, revolutionary forces retreated to this site, later re-taken along with Mount Independence by John Burgoyne. This fort was initially called Carillon when built by the French during the French and Indian War. Name this fort taken during the American Revolution by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys.

: Fort Ticonderoga (prompt on "Carillon") 249.

: 101902 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 1 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: The Supreme Court ruled that this amendment was violated in the arrest of Fremont Weeks. The fifth and sixth amendments, along with this, have exclusionary rules that were expanded to the state level in Mapp v. Ohio, which reversed an arrest of a woman who possessed pornographic materials. The case of Katz v. United States applies this amendment to all cases in which the defendant had a "reasonable expectation of privacy." Name this amendment in the Bill of Rights that states "The right of the people to be secure in their personsÂ...shall not be violated", and which protects "against unreasonable searches and seizures".

: Fourth Amendment [or 4] 379.

: 112036 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 3 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: One principle associated with this amendment was upheld nationally in Weeks v. United States. This amendment was held not to apply formally to students in New Jersey v. TLO, and a guideline on "reasonable suspicion" was added in Terry v. Ohio. This amendment is described in the "fruit of the poisonous tree" metaphor, an extension of this amendment's exclusionary rule. This amendment was the subject of Mapp v. Ohio, and states that evidence acquired illegally is inadmissible. The constitutional right this amendment provides is limited if there is "probable cause." For 10 points, name this Bill of Rights Amendment which protects against illegal searches and seizures.

: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 276.

: 107182 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 6 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: In his lone election, this man ran with William Rufus King as his running mate and defeated his commandingofficer from the Mexican-American War, Winfield Scott. This man's Minister to Spain recommended eitherpurchasing Cuba or taking it by force in the Ostend Manifesto. To gain land for the Southern Pacific Railroad, thisman's Secretary of War arranged the Gadsden Purchase. Stephen Douglas convinced this man to repeal the MissouriCompromise and allow popular sovereignty to decide whether slavery would be legal in two certain territories. For10 points, name this Democratic fourteenth President who signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, succeeded by JamesBuchanan.

: Franklin Pierce 205.

: 72220 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: finals phase 1.pdf | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This person's original lawyer was Ernest Besig, and when a judge originally released him on bail, the court was sur- rounded by military police who arrested him again. In 1983, after showing that the military withheld evidence, the case against him was vacated, but it is still considered established law. Many years earlier, looking forward to his up- New Trier Scobol Solo 2010 Championship Match Phase I, page 2 of 5 coming marriage and wanting to continue his career as a welder, this man disobeyed Executive Order 9066, trying to change his name to Clyde Sarah when his family went to Tanforan. Name this former resident of Oakland, a native- born American whose attempt to avoid internment camps led to a Supreme Court case.

: Fred Korematsu 459.

: 72047 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 06.pdf | Number: 1 TOSSUP: Born in Tuckahoe in Talbot County, Maryland and later moving to New York City, New Bedford, and Rochester, this person's fame was encouraged by William Coffin. When the Seneca Falls Convention was hung up on a resolu- tion promoting suffrage, this orator convinced them to pass it. This person's most famous enterprise used the slogan "Right is of no Sex - Truth is of no Color - God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." This person's fame increased from an 1845 autobiography, and he eventually pushed for the Fifteenth Amendment and oversaw the end of the Freedman's Savings Bank. Name this abolitionist who escaped from slavery and published The North Star.

: Frederick Douglass [or Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey] 443.

: 111187 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 4 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Old Briton was cannibalized in a raid in this war, and one leader claimed that the Covenant Chain had been broken in the events leading up to it. In this war, forces under General Abercrombie were defeated at the Battle of Carillon, but the British were able to seize Fort Ticonderoga the following year. The Marquis de Montcalm and General James Wolfe were killed at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity during this war. For 10 points, name this North American phase of the Seven Years' War, in which Quebec was ceded by France to Britain.

: French and Indian War [prompt on Seven Years War before mentioned] 423.

: 149370 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 3 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: In a 2012 debate, this politician stated that his "neighbor's dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this administration." This politician was referred to as "Puff Daddy" by Clinton drug czar Barry McCaffrey for his endorsement of marijuana legalization. This man initially failed to answer a Chris Matthews question about his "favorite(*) foreign leader," and in a previous gaffe, he answered a question about Syria with "what is Aleppo?" For 10 points, name this former New Mexico governor, who ran with Bill Weld in the 2016 Presidential election as the Libertarian candidate.

: Gary Johnson [or Gary Earl Johnson] <David Dennis> Bonuses 141.

: 144492 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 1 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: This man led the "Wolverines" during the Valley Campaigns, where he defeated Jubal Early at the Battle of Cedar Creek. His forces won the Battle of Washita River. He testified to Congress in the Belknap Affair, and got rebuked by his ex-commander Ulysses Grant. This general lost a battle after refusing a Gatling gun, and after Marcus (*) Reno decided to form a skirmish line. This man earned 726 demerits at West Point and graduated last in his class. His 7th Cavalry Regiment was routed by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and the rest of the Sioux in 1876. For 10 points, name this officer famous for his "Last Stand" at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

: George Armstrong Custer 162.

: 63082 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regionals | Round: regionals-02.pdf | Number: 4 TOSSUP: While treasurer of the Ohio Company, this man wrote Extracts from the Virginia Charters, with Some Remarks upon Them. This man was the representative of Fairfax county at the Virginia Convention. One of his stated views against the constitution was that "the augmentation of slaves weakens the states." Along with Thomas Jefferson, this man was one of the key drafters of the 1776 Virginia Constitution. This man wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights. For 10 points, name this Founding Father and namesake of a large university in northern Virginia.

: George Mason 409.

: 102476 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 7 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: In one battle, this leader erected a post at Great Meadows before leading an attack that killed Coulon [koo-lon] de Jumonville. This person ordered the court-martial of Charles Lee following the Battle of Monmouth. Following the death Edward Braddock, this aide-de-camp took command of the Virginia troops fighting in the French and Indian War. Name this leader of the Continental Army and the first United States President.

: George Washington 250.

: 144081 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 11 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: 21. Along with Tanacharison, this man once ambushed some soldiers led by Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. This man gave the Newburgh Address to appease his officers, and during the Forbes Expedition, he ordered Captain Waddell to investigate the remains of Fort Duquesne ("do-cane"). In one speech, he stated that "it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves... in the ordinary vicissitudes of (*) Europe's politics" and warned against "entangling alliances". This man's troops ambushed the Hessians at Trenton, and after a defeat at Brandywine, he camped the winter at Valley Forge. For ten points, name this leader of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.

: George Washington <HG> 325.

: 144517 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 2 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This general screamed at second-in-command Charles Lee during an oppressively hot battle which gave his horse heatstroke. This man miraculously evacuated 9000 troops across Brooklyn Ferry without a single loss of life. He led the retreat back from the Battle of Monongahela after the disastrous Braddock Expedition. He constantly feuded with (*) Horatio Gates for command. This victor of the Battle of Monmouth hired Baron von Steuben to install discipline in his troops during the winter at Valley Forge. For 10 points, name this general who crossed the Delaware and led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolution.

: George Washington Bonuses 183.

: 144595 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 6 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: This politician once told New York City to "drop dead." This president is the only one to declare the state of the Union was "not good". Donald Rumsfeld served as his Chief of Staff. This man urged Americans to wear buttons reading "Whip Inflation Now!" Two assassination attempts were made on this president in Sacramento. This member of the (*) Warren Commission and longtime Michigan representative promised an "end to our long national nightmare" in his August inauguration. He appointed Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President but lost his re-election bid against Jimmy Carter. For 10 points, name this successor of Richard Nixon.

: Gerald Ford [or Leslie Lynch King, Jr.] 177.

: 149772 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 13 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Two candidates for this position were supported by factions known as "Minstrels" and "Brindletails" during the Brooks-Baxter War. Winthrop Rockefeller held this position in the early 1970's. David Hale claimed that a holder of this position had pressured him into providing loans to Jim and Susan (*) McDougal. The 101st Airborne division was brought in to prevent one holder of this position from stopping nine African-American students from entering a high school. For 10 points, name this position which was formerly held by Orval Faubus and Whitewater scandal participant Bill Clinton.

: Governor of Arkansas [prompt on "Governor"] 104.

: 102375 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 3 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: In one election, this man had to reveal his relationship with Maria Halpin after opponents used the phrase, "Ma, ma, where's my pa?" In that election, this person defeated a politician nicknamed the "continental liar from the state of Maine." During his second term, this president refused to annex Hawaii, and he lost union support after sending federal troops to break the Pullman strike in 1894. Name this President who defeated James Blaine and Benjamin Harrison in nonconsecutive elections.

: Grover Cleveland 246.

: 102245 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 15 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This incident occurred soon after Governor Joseph Wanton's request for a meeting was turned down, and it led Reverend John Allen to write An Oration on the Beauties of Liberty, which was published with a dedication addressed to the Earl of Dartmouth. This event was precipitated when Benjamin Lindsey moved just past Namquid point in his boat Hannah while being pursued by Lieutenant William Dudingston. Abraham Whipple then put a crew together that completely destroyed Dudingston's ship in Narragansett Bay. Dudingston had been stopping smuggling, and the English reaction to the attack was to threaten to try Americans for treason in England. Name this 1772 affair that heightened tensions before the Revolutionary War.

: HMS Gaspée affair [accept synonyms for "affair"] 361.

: 144948 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 10 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: 3. This man exposed wasteful spending during the construction of Fort Leonard Wood as head of the Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. This man's Presidential Library was the first to be created and is located in Independence. After criticizing a (*) "Do-Nothing Congress" in his presidential campaign, this man was photographed holding up a copy of the Chicago Tribune which erroneously claimed that Thomas Dewey had defeated him in the 1948 election. For ten points, name this President who ordered the use of atomic bombs on Japan after succeeding Franklin Roosevelt.

: Harry S Truman <BZ> 233.

: 146856 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 10 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: An attempt on this man's life led to the death of police officer Leslie Coffelt, who managed to kill Griselio Torresola. That assassination attempt was also perpetrated by Oscar Collazo, who was a Puerto Rican nationalist. As president, this man vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act and desegregated the (*) armed forces. This proponent of a "Fair Deal" recalled Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War. This man is depicted holding a copy of the Chicago Daily Tribune that claims that he had lost to Thomas Dewey in the 1948 presidential election. For 10 points, name this president who ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

: Harry S. Truman 309.

: 146921 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 12 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: Attempts to grant clemency to those convicted in connection with this event were opposed by Marshall Field. Two death sentences handed out after this event were commuted by Richard Oglesby. One man committed suicide using a cigar bomb after being put on trial for this event, while three other defendants were pardoned by Governor John Altgeld. Samuel (*) Fielden was the last speaker on the day of this event at a rally supporting the institution of the 8-hour workday at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant. For 10 points, name this 1886 Chicago riot which broke out when an unknown assailant threw a dynamite bomb at the police.

: Haymarket Riot [accept Haymarket Massacre; Haymarket Square Riot; or Haymarket affair; or similar obvious knowledge equivalents] 313.

: 111464 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: Evidence introduced at the trial following this event included a document with the phrase "arm yourselves and appear in full force." One day before this event, men under Inspector John Bonfield fired at and killed two workers, and two men indicted after it were Rudolph Schnaubelt and Samuel Fielden. Governor John Altgeld pardoned three men convicted of conspiracy for inciting this event. Prior to it, August Spies delivered a speech advising others "to stand by their union," and its first casualty was Mathias Degan. For 10 points, name this 1886 Chicago riot during which an anarchist threw a pipe bomb into a group of policemen.

: Haymarket Square Riot [accept Haymarket Square Massacre or Haymarket Square Affair or Haymarket Square Bombing or other obvious equivalents] 395.

: 149610 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 9 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: Oscar Neebe referred to Officer Michael Schaack's men during this event as "among the city's worst gangs." The newspaper Arbeiter-Zeitung called for this event; that newspaper's editor, August Spies, was executed for his actions during it. Governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the participants during this event, which began as a (*) strike at the McCormick Reaper Factory. After Samuel Fielden gave a speech during this event, a bomb was thrown, killing several policemen. For 10 points, name this worker's riot for an eight-hour work day that took place in Chicago.

: Haymarket Square Riot [accept anything mentioning Haymarket] 109.

: 107200 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 7 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: After this event, Louis Lingg was sentenced to death but killed himself in jail before his execution. RudolphSchnaubelt most likely caused this event, but left the country after he was released the first time. William Wardinterrupted a speech by Samuel Fielden immediately before this event to order the crowd to disperse. After thisevent, the Knights of Labor declined in influence, and those convicted for this event were later pardoned by JohnPeter Altgeld. This event occurred during a rally in front of the McCormick Harvesting Company led by AugustSpies. For 10 points, name this 1886 event in Chicago that began when anarchists through a bomb at the police.

: Haymarket Square Riot [or Haymarket affair; or Haymarket massacre; accept obvious equivalents that mention Haymarket Square; prompt on answers mentioning a rally in front of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company or a strike on that company before mentioned] 214.

: 111348 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: The Black Tariff was passed after this politician's public disbursement package was dropped from the bill, and he was a counsel for Aaron Burr in Burr's treason trial. This man helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, and he secured American diplomatic recognition for most Latin American nations. This man fought the Bank War against Andrew Jackson, and he supported internal improvements as part of his American System. He elevated John Quincy Adams to the presidency in 1824 while Speaker of the House by making the Corrupt Bargain. For 10 points, name this Whig Senator from Kentucky who helped make the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

: Henry Clay 417.

: 102179 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 12 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: This person was originally funded by Alexander Malcomson, who then went broke competing with him. This person then funded the efforts of Louis Lochner and Rosika Schwimmer to end World War One, traveling with them to Oslo in the Oscar II, which became nicknamed the "Peace Ship". He started a newspaper in 1920 whose articles were collected to form a book based on what it called "The World's Foremost Problem," The International Jew. He developed the River Rouge Factory in Dearborn, Michigan, which constructed parts for his Model T. Name this industrialist who started a car company.

: Henry Ford 365.

: 149366 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 3 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: One of the only existing records of this man's voyages are the journals of Robert Juet. This man discovered the Hold-with-Hope peninsula in Greenland while commanding the Hopewell for the Muscovy Company. During one voyage, this man's crew became stranded over the winter in James Bay. A river that this man, who attempted to find the Northwest Passage, called the North River was actually discovered 80 years earlier by Giovanni da Verrazzano. After a (*) mutiny on his Dutch ship, the Half Moon, he was marooned in a body of water that now bears his name. For 10 points, name this English explorer who names a New York river and a large Canadian bay.

: Henry Hudson 143.

: 72279 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: replacement.pdf | Number: 7 TOSSUP: This entrepreneur helped start the "No Pass No Play" rule in Texas. A subject of Ken Follett's On Wings of Ea- gles, this man hired Arthur "Bull" Simmons to rescue two of his employees from Iran. The first company he started was sold to GM for over two billion dollars, and the second company he started was sold to Dell for over three billion dollars. This man's political career was hampered by his unproven allegations that his opponent planned on using nude pictures of this man's daughter and by his selection of James Stockdale. Name this opponent of the first Iraq War and NAFTA who ran for President in 1992 and 1996 as a third-party candidate.

: Henry Ross Perot 457.

: 142599 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 4 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: Assassination plots against this man involved using dynamite, as well as removing spikes from the rails in front of his train. During the 1950s, his namesake commission found numerous inefficiencies in the US waste management system. He was appointed head of food distribution in West Germany after WWII due to his successful heading of the US (*) Food Administration after WWI. His failure in handling the Bonus Army led FDR to declare, "there is nothing inside the man but jelly!" For 10 points, name this man whose presidency saw the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

: Herbert Clark Hoover 185.

: 107282 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 11 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This man advocated "Meatless Mondays" to ration food while overseeing the US Food Administration duringWorld War I. He supported the "Own Your Own Home" campaign during his tenure as Commerce Secretary topromote home ownership and created the Veterans Administration and the Federal Farm Board. This Presidentpromised "a chicken in every pot" in his campaign against Al Smith, and the Bonus Army marched on the Capitolduring his presidency. Shantytowns became known as this president's "villes" during the Great Depression. For 10points,

: Herbert Clark Hoover 201.

: 110352 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 9 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: This person's namesake commission led to the creation of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. This person claimed to be the first Stanford University student, and a library he started there is now a think tank. He oversaw the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stabilize the economy, but he did indelible damage after signing the Hawley-Smoot Tariff, later claiming that, "Prosperity is just around the corner." Name this President who was succeeded during the Great Depression by Franklin Roosevelt.

: Herbert Clark Hoover 259.

: 72197 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 14.pdf | Number: 1 TOSSUP: Some of this institution's earliest supporters were union organizers Mary Kenney and Alzina Stevens in addition to Alice Hamilton, the first female Harvard faculty member. It was cofounded by Ellen Starr and modeled after Lon- don's Toynbee Hall. After starting with a few lessons for adults, it soon offered day-care and then a kindergarten. Re- sponding to the need of its neighborhood, it added a boarding club and women's dormitory. Its other cofounder, who eventually headed the Women's International League for Peace, eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize. Name this set- tlement house located on Halsted Street in Chicago cofounded by Jane Addams.

: Hull House 447.

: 149263 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 2 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: Linda Sarsour came under fire when it was revealed she had misled donors who thought they would help victims of this event. A Tyler County official told residents to write their Social Security Numbers on their arms before this event. This event was mitigated by the (*) "Cajun Navy," whose members brought their boats down Interstate 10 after this event to perform rescues. J.J. Watt helped raise millions of dollars to help his adopted hometown after this disaster. The wettest tropical cyclone in U.S. history was, for 10 points, what storm that caused billions in damage to Houston, Texas in August 2017?

: Hurricane Harvey [accept other types of tropical cyclones such as tropical storm as long as it includes Harvey] 121.

: 112155 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 9 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Convicted criminal Jabbar Gibson performed heroics during this event, which led to the resignation of Michael E. Brown. James Brissette and Ronald Madison were murdered in the aftermath of this event at Danziger Bridge. In response to this event, I-walls were replaced by T-walls in the Plaquemines and Saint Bernard Parishes. After this event, which occurred under the watch of Mayor Ray Nagin, Kanye West claimed that the president didn't care about black people. The Army Corps of Engineers and FEMA took the blame for the overflowing of Lake Pontchartrain during, for 10 points, what 2005 event which nearly destroyed New Orleans?

: Hurricane Katrina 287.

: 144562 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 5 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: The ABCFM, under Jeremiah Evarts, fought against this law. This law overturned George Washington's acculturation policy. William Wirt and John Ross brought a case against this law to the Supreme Court. After the Supreme Court effectively overturned this law, the president asserted that the Chief Justice "has made his (*) decision, now let him enforce it!" This law, which was overturned in Worcester v. Georgia, was mostly carried out on the Five Civilized Nations like the Chickasaw and Choctaw. For 10 points, name this 1830 law passed under Andrew Jackson, which led to the Trail of Tears and other forced migrations of Native Americans.

: Indian Removal Act of 1830 180.

: 144050 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 10 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: 12. Fawn Hall helped one man involved in this event destroy evidence, and Mehdi Hashemi was probably executed for bringing it to light. William Casey became ill hours before he was to testify about it, and the commission formed to investigate this event was composed of Edmund Muskie, Brent Snowcroft, and John Tower. Though he violated the Boland Amendment, (*) Oliver North was not convicted, unlike National Security Advisor John Poindexter. During this event, the U.S. government assisted the Contras in their war against the Sandinistas. For ten points, identify this Reagan-era scandal, in which funds from Middle Eastern arms sales were diverted to Nicaraguan rebels.

: Iran-Contra Scandal <MS> 322.

: 146978 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 13 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: In response to this scandal, Bill Breeden was jailed for stealing the sign of a street named after a participant, leading Howard Zinn to deem him the "only person to be imprisoned as a result" of this scandal. Secretary Fawn Hall shredded several documents pertaining to this scandal, which caused John Poindexter's resignation. It was investigated by the (*) Tower Commission and it violated the Boland Amendment, which forbid US assistance to a certain Nicaraguan rebel group. For 10 points, name this scandal that implicated Oliver North and Ronald Reagan in the sale of arms to Ayatollah Khomeini's government in order to fund some Latin American rebels.

: Iran-Contra affair (accept Irangate or Contragate) 303.

: 152151 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 8 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: 1. Several months after this event, the President explained his denial about it by saying that "my heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not." Robert McFarlane came up with the scheme that led to this scandal, which resulted from a violation of the Boland Amendment. The Tower Commission implicated (*) John Poindexter and Oliver North in this scandal. For 10 points, name this Reagan-era scandal, in which money from weapon sales in a Middle Eastern country where diverted to fight the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.

: Iran-Contra scandal <AB> 156.

: 82186 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 MW GSAC XVII | Round: Tiebreaker Round.doc | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This group's lands in the Shenandoah Valley and south of the Ohio River were ceded with the Treaties of Lancaster and Fort Stanwix. At the Battle of Newtown during the Sullivan Campaign, Loyalists and this group, including followers of one of its war chiefs, Joseph Brant, were defeated by American revolutionaries. They also took the British side in the French and Indian War. Originally from North Carolina, the Tuscarora joined this confederacy of five other tribes such as the Mohawk and Oneida in 1720. For 10 points, name this group of six Native American tribes.

: Iroquois Confederacy/League [or Six Nations; prompt on Five Nations] 480.

: 111481 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 6 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: One religious leader among these peoples was named Handsome Lake, and this group agreed to the Covenant Chain. Another of their leaders was known as the Great Peacemaker and signed the Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix. They engaged in the Beaver Wars, and a Grand Council ruled its six member namesake polity. During the American Revolution, the only members of this group to ally with the colonists were the Tuscarora and the Oneida. For 10 points, name this league of Native American tribes that included the Mohawk and occupied territory in the Northeastern United States and Canada.

: Iroquois [accept Haudenosaunee and People of the Longhouse; prompt on both Five Nations and Six Nations until "namesake polity"] 382.

: 110877 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 1 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: This man's own rags-to-riches story from the position of canal boy was the subject of a Horatio Alger work, which was written for one of his campaigns for political office. During his Civil War service in the Army of the Cumberland at Shiloh and Chickamauga, he was elected to the House of Representatives from Ohio. After being elected to the Senate, a compromise between the Stalwarts and Half-breeds secured him the Republican presidential nomination in 1880. For 10 points, name this man who won the Presidency over Winfield Scott Hancock and was assassinated by Charles Guiteau three months later.

: James Garfield 439.

: 119183 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: 11 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This man passed a law instituting the practice of storing imported goods in warehouses, pending payment of duties. He restored Van Buren's independent subtreasuries in the Independent Treasury Act, in addition to passing the Walker Tariff. This man notably dispatched John Slidell to another country; that ultimately led to the largest U.S. (*) annexation since the Louisiana Purchase and Nicholas Trist's negotiating of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. He used the slogan "fifty-four forty or fight" while negotiating the Oregon Treaty. For 10 points, identify this man, the U.S. president during the Mexan-American War.

: James Knox Polk 400.

: 72077 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 07.pdf | Number: 13 TOSSUP: Some historians claim this man's presidency was harmed by having William Eustis and then John Armstrong, Jr. serve as Secretary of War. During his presidency, Macon's Bill Number Two replaced a bill that was passed a few days before he took office, the Non-Intercourse Act. He was a forceful advocate of the need to control factions and in the necessity of checks and balances, and after allowing the First Bank of the United States to expire in his first term, he signed into law the Second Bank of the United States five years later. Name this man who served as Thomas Jeffer- son's Secretary of State and who wrote many of the Federalist Papers.

: James Madison 462.

: 107012 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 2 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: In his first election, this man defeated William Crawford for his party's nomination and defeated Rufus King totake a higher office. This president annexed Florida and sent Andrew Jackson to quell an uprising in that regionduring the First Seminole War. During his presidency, slavery was outlawed above the thirty-sixth parallel in theMissouri Compromise. This man issued a statement asserting the "free and independent condition" of "the Americancontinents," warning Europeans against involvement in the Western Hemisphere in that namesake doctrine. For 10points, name this fifth President of the United States, who held office during the Era of Good Feelings.

: James Monroe 209.

: 144816 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 3 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: 3. While Governor of Virginia, this man suppressed Gabriel Prosser's rebellion, and later he helped Robert Livingston negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. After the Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onis and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams signed a treaty, this president acquired Florida. His nearly (*) unanimous election in 1820 was indicative of the "Era of Good Feelings" during his term. The Clark Memorandum and Roosevelt Corollary were additions to one policy promulgated by this man. James Madison was succeeded by, for ten points, what president, who issued a doctrine prohibiting European nations from interfering in Latin America?

: James Monroe <BZ> 224.

: 76465 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 BATE | Round: Finals 2.doc | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Its namesake massacre would lead to the abandonment of the outlying town of Henricus. During the Civil War, it was controlled by William Allen, who ordered the constructions of earthworks to control river traffic. Its early history saw poor netless fishing techniques which led to what President George Percy described as the "starving time". Edward Wingfield would choose a location hampered by mosquitoes and poor drinking water, but it is more notable for its proximity to Werowocomoco. Its original population arrived in the Discovery, the Godspeed and the Susan Constant, all commanded by Christopher Newport, and James Rolfe began to harvest tobacco at this site. The original meeting site of the House of Burgesses, it served as Virginia's capital until 1699. FTP, John Smith founded what first English settlement in North America?

: Jamestown 466.

: 72030 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 05.pdf | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This agreement set up a commission to identify what was meant by the Saint Croix River, deciding that a previous agreement should have named the Schoodiac River. An article added to this agreement opposed its limit on trade in the West Indies. After a leak by Senator Stevens Mason, this treaty became unpopular, and the House threatened not to fund it, but it passed by a single Senate vote. Debts were sent to arbitration, the United States agreed to limit cot- ton exports, and Britain agreed to withdraw from the Northwest Territories. Name this treaty whose namesake, who was burned in effigy throughout the United States, was the first Supreme Court Chief Justice.

: Jay's Treaty [or Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation] 441.

: 111513 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 7 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: This man wrote that "the foundation of every government is some principle or passion in the minds of the people" in a letter to George Wythe. As a lawyer, this man successfully defended Captain Preston and advocated fair trials for the other British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. This man engaged in the Quasi War with France, following the XYZ Affair. This Federalist President instituted the Alien and Sedition Acts and also attempted to appoint 42 "midnight judges" before leaving office. For 10 points, name this President, the first from Massachusetts, and the second President of the United States.

: John Adams [prompt on Adams; do not accept "John Quincy Adams"] 383.

: 142813 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 12 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Federal Judge Kenesaw Landis fined this man's business's Indiana subsidiary $22 million dollars for violating federal railroad tariff laws. This man acquired 22 of his business competitors in a deal known as the Cleveland Massacre. Henry Flagler and this man partnered with Samuel Andrews, the inventor of fractional distillation. (*) Ida Tarbell wrote a condemning history that documented this man's monopolizing of American markets. For 10 points, name this founder of the Standard Oil Trust, a captain of industry who names a university and center in New York City.

: John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. [prompt on partial] 196.

: 111125 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 1 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: This man appointed Sargent Shriver as the first director of the Peace Corps. During World War II he commanded the patrol boat PT 109, and his administration was proven to have had knowledge of the plot to assassinate Ngo Dinh Diem. The Whiz Kids were part of his Department of Defense led by Robert McNamara, and his administration executed the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. He won the 1960 Presidential Election against Richard Nixon, and as president, he faced Nikita Khrushchev in the Cuban Missile Crisis. For 10 points, name this president who was succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson after his 1963 assassination.

: John Fitzgerald Kennedy [accept JFK; prompt on Kennedy] 422.

: 107228 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 8 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This man ruled in favor of a law outlawing private parties from running lotteries in Cohens v. Virginia andresolved a conflict regarding the Yazoo lands in Fletcher v. Peck. He upheld the federal government's right toregulate interstate trade in Gibbons v. Ogden. He denied that a former Vice President was involved in "an overt Actof treason" in the trial of Aaron Burr. Andrew Jackson challenged this man to enforce his decision supporting theautonomy of the Cherokee Indians in Worcester v. Georgia. For 10 points, name this longest-serving Chief Justiceof the United States who ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison.

: John James Marshall 204.

: 112236 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 13 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: In Edward Steichen's photograph of this man, he's holding a chair handle which looks like a knife. This man backed off his support of Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower, sending Tesla into depression. This founder of the Metropolitan Club died in Rome a year after he gave up his spot on the Titanic. In 1920, 38 people died during bombings at his "corner", No. 23 Wall Street. He allied with the Rothschilds during the Panic of 1893 to supply the US Treasury with gold. He arranged the merger of Edison and Thomas-Houston into GE, and bought off Andrew Carnegie to form US Steel. For 10 points, name this financier whose bank is now linked with Chase.

: John Pierpont (JP) Morgan 282.

: 149240 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 1 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: During one election, this man's opponent accused him of providing prostitutes to the Czar while he served as Ambassador to Russia. This man is the only former president to become a member of the House of Representatives. As Secretary of State, this man drafted the Monroe Doctrine and signed a treaty with Luis (*) Onis that gave Florida to the U.S. This president made Henry Clay Secretary of State in the "corrupt bargain," which helped him win the Election of 1824 against Andrew Jackson. For 10 points, name this sixth president of the United States and son of a previous president.

: John Quincy Adams [prompt on "Adams"; do NOT prompt or accept on "John Adams"] 124.

: 102201 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 13 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: The break of this person from his grandfather Solomon Stoddard can be seen in his Yale Commencement Address "The Distinguishing Marks", and his opposition to Arminianism can be found in works such as The Life of David Brainerd. This person died from a smallpox vaccine soon after replacing his son-in-law, Aaron Burr Senior, as the president of Princeton University. Located for many years in Northampton, Massachusetts, this supporter of George Whitefield delivered his best-known talk in Enfield, Connecticut in 1741. Name this preacher who promoted the First Great Awakening with sermons like "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".

: Jonathan Edwards 364.

: 144592 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 6 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This subject of the atrocious 2014 film United Passions once interrupted a moment of silence for Nelson Mandela after eleven seconds. Lee Nelson threw fake money at this man in a 2015 press conference. A Trinidadian subordinate of this man tried to clear his name using an article from The Onion. He advocated the "Say No To (*) Racism" campaign. David Gill refused a vice presidency in protest of this man defeating Prince Ali bin Hussein to win a 2015 election. Jack Warner's arrest led this man to maybe resign after charges of corruption against CONCACAF. For 10 points, name this embattled, suspended, Swiss president of FIFA.

: Josef "Sepp" Blatter 178.

: 71974 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 02.pdf | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Born in Hungary, this man came to the United States as a draft substitute during the Civil War. He pushed a ten- point program that called for taxing the wealthy and punishing corrupt politicians and employers. After starting his career under Carl Schurz, he would later employ Nellie Bly and sponsor her trip around the world. The federal gov- ernment once claimed that he libeled Teddy Roosevelt and JP Morgan, but the suit was tossed out. Name this owner of the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World who competed with William Randolph Hearst and left money in his will to establish the Columbia School of Journalism and awards in, among other things, journalism.

: Joseph "Joe" Pulitzer 452.

: 102315 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 16 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: One consequence of this law was the creation of a town named after the President pro tempore of the senate. That man supported this law, which may have helped him hold off a challenge for his seat from Thomas Hart Benton, and during this law's implementation he organized the Border Ruffians. Though supported by David Atchison, this law was heavily criticized by Abraham Lincoln during his failed Senate campaign, and this act repealed sections of the Compromise of 1850 and Missouri Compromise. Name this 1854 law supported by Stephen Douglas that led to the creation of two new states.

: Kansas-Nebraska Act [or Nebraska-Kansas Act] 357.

: 144635 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 8 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: The first chairman of the SEC had this last name. A lawyer with this surname chaired the McClellan Commission to arrest archrival Jimmy Hoffa. A lieutenant with this surname heroically saved his crew of the PT-109. A lawyer with this surname was photographed as a baby saluting his father's casket, but died in a (*) plane crash near Martha's Vineyard. A politician with this surname killed Mary Jo Kopechne when he drove off a bridge. A president with this surname wrote Profiles in Courage and faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. For 10 points, give this surname of Attorney General Robert and his brother John Fitzgerald.

: Kennedy [or Robert F. Kennedy; or John F. Kennedy; or John F. Kennedy Jr.; or Joseph Kennedy, Sr.] 173.

: 111046 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 9 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: The visit of Archbishop Bedini to the U.S. and the appointment of James Campbell as Postmaster General helped propel this group to prominence. Major victories for this group included Robert Conrad winning the Philadelphia mayoral election and a sweep of Massachusetts state elections in 1854. Originally founded as the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, this group won only Maryland in the 1856 presidential elections with nominee Millard Fillmore. For 10 points, name this secret society and later political party known for its espousal of nativist, anti-immigrant, and anti-Catholic views.

: Know-Nothing Party [accept American Party] 432.

: 156602 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 12 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This was the issuing authority of the Nansen passports, and Rachel Crowdy oversaw its opium traffic investigators. Its Secretaries-General were Eric Drummond, Joseph Avenol, and Seán Lester. Article 22 established a framework for this group's governing of German Samoa, (*) Togoland, and South West Africa. Henry Cabot Lodge led senators who prevented U.S. participation in this organization despite the fact that Woodrow Wilson proposed its creation in the Fourteen Points. For 10 points—name this League disbanded in 1946.

: League of Nations 101.

: 102425 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 5 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: The diplomacy of Chief Black Buffalo defused an altercation between the people following these leaders and the Lakota. Those people built Fort Mandan before being led across the Bitterroot range by Old Toby. Undertaken by the Corps of Discovery, the group led by these people eventually included Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife, the Shoshone [show-SHOW-nee] Indian Sacagawea [sa-kah-jah-WAY-uh]. Name these two leaders of a trip to the Pacific Northwest ordered by President Thomas Jefferson.

: Lewis & Clark Expedition (accept equivalents, both names required) 235.

: 156356 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 Philly Cheesteak | Round: 1 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: The 1964 World's Fair was held on this landmass whose southeast includes Montauk Point. The Maryland 400 were soldiers who repeatedly charged the British during a 1776 battle on this landmass; after that battle Nathan Hale was captured as a spy here. It is the setting of (*) The Amityville Horror, and scenes of the TV series Revenge showed its eastern Hamptons region. For 10 points—give this 118-mile island south of Connecticut and New York City.

: Long Island 100.

: 111982 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 1 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: A leader of this state was forced to resign after the "Battle of Liberty Place." Governor William Pitt Kellogg was removed from office in this state by a group exonerated for the Colfax Massacre. A 19th-century cholera epidemic caused the Supreme Court to strike down incorporation named for this state's slaughterhouses. Enforcement of a "whites only" railcar rule led to Homer Plessy's arrest in this state. One of its governors began the "Share Our Wealth" movement and popularized the phrase "Every Man a King" before being assassinated in 1935. For 10 points, name this state home to Huey Long, which is also the namesake of Thomas Jefferson's famous "purchase".

: Louisiana 294.

: 107338 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: The ceremonial recognition of this agreement took place at the Cabildo Building in Jackson Square. Thisagreement almost was not approved because of a possible violation of the Treaty of San Ildefonso. One party usedthe money gained from this agreement to finance a failed invasion of England. In this agreement, François de Barbé-Marbois offered land to Robert Livingston for fifteen million dollars following the Haitian Revolution on behalf ofNapoleon, after which Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the land gained through this agreement. For 10 points,name this agreement through which Jefferson doubled the size of the United States by buying a certain territoryfrom France.

: Louisiana Purchase [or Vente de la Louisiane] 199.

: 72027 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 04.pdf | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Though a member of Congress, this politician reported for duty two days after Pearl Harbor and, though he did not serve with distinction, quickly received a Silver Star. As President, he nominated Abe Fortas and Thurgood Mar- shall to the Supreme Court and gave a speech at the University of Michigan which asked, "Will you join in the battle to give every citizen an escape from the crushing weight of poverty?" This President also signed the Economic Oppor- tunity Act, Social Security Act, Voting Rights Act, and Civil Rights Act of 1964. Name this President who began the Great Society programs and escalated the Vietnam War after being sworn in upon the assassination of President Kennedy.

: Lyndon Baines Johnson 442.

: 111006 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 7 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: During a campaign in 1948, this man traversed his home state by helicopter and defeated Coke Stevenson, and in his highest office he responded to an attack on the U.S.S. Maddox. This man created the Office of Economic Opportunity as part of a "War on Poverty", and he passed Medicare and Medicaid as part of the "Great Society" after winning a presidential election which saw him use the "Daisy Ad" against his opponent Barry Goldwater. For 10 points, name this U.S. President hailing from Texas who escalated the Vietnam War and became president after John F. Kennedy's assassination.

: Lyndon Baines Johnson [accept LBJ; prompt on Johnson] 434.

: 152249 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 12 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: 19. This man's administration asked the French government if a certain order included "the bodies of American soldiers." As Senate Majority leader, he whipped votes with a "blend of cajolery and badgering" known as his "treatment." This man gave a speech at the University of Michigan where he introduced a program including the Bilingual Education Act as well as the War on (*) Poverty, his "Great Society." A photograph shows this man being sworn in next to a woman in a blood-stained pink Chanel suit on Air Force One. .For 10 points, name this man, Kennedy's successor.

: Lyndon Baines Johnson [or LBJ] <AB> 159.

: 102382 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 3 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: This person described the President Kennedy assassination as "chickens coming home to roost," and this leader called for political maturity in his speech "The Ballot or the Bullet." When this person was a street hustler, his hair color led to his moniker "Detroit Red." This founder of the newspaper Muhammad Speaks was shot while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom after a rift developed between this person and Elijah Muhammad. Name this black nationalist leader of the Nation of Islam.

: Malcolm X (accept Malcolm Little or el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz) 247.

: 152110 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 5 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: 20. This man began one of his speeches by addressing "Brother Lomax." In that speech, he references two men "exchang[ing] some wheat" as well as the "great controversy over rifles and shotguns." This man was known as Detroit Red when he was a Harlem criminal. This man controversially referred to the assassination of John F. Kennedy as "chickens coming home to roost." This deliverer of the (*) "Ballot or the Bullet" speech was killed by men possibly associated with Elijah Muhammad in the Audobon Ballroom. For 10 points, name this man, a former member of the Nation of Islam, whose autobiography explained his last name.

: Malcolm X [or Malcolm Little; or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz] <AB> Bonuses 153.

: 149420 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 6 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: In a speech, this man proclaimed "today, it's time to stop singing and start swinging," since "singing" didn't help Cassius Clay "to become the heavyweight champion of the world." After this man described John F. Kennedy's assassination as "chickens coming home to roost," Elijah(*) Muhammad ordered him to remain silent for ninety days. This giver of the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech was assassinated in 1965 by three members of his former organization in the Audubon Ballroom. For 10 points, name this black nationalist who broke with the Nation of Islam.

: Malcolm X [or Malcolm Little; or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz] <Spencer Johnson>/<ed. JO> 138.

: 145002 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 12 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: 13. A speech given after this man's death quoted the speaker's favorite poet Aeschylus and was delivered in Indianapolis, which as a result avoided participating in the Holy Week Uprising. This man drew on the work of Martin Buber in a letter addressed to clergymen who thought he was too radical, which was written while he was imprisoned in (*) Birmingham. The unsuccessful Poor People's Campaign was carried out by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference after this man's death at the hands of James Earl Ray. For ten points, name this black civil rights activist who organized the March on Washington and delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech.

: Martin Luther King, Jr [or MLK; accept Michael King] <BZ> 217.

: 112050 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 4 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: One speech delivered by this man at Grosse Pointe High School mentions that Carlisle was "right" because of the "arc of the moral universe" that "bends towards justice." This author of "The Other America" proclaimed that he would "take his mind to Mount Olympus" in his speech, "I've Been to the Mountaintop." Another of his speeches ends with the spiritual "Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" and hopes that people will be judged "not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." For 10 points, name this African-American civil rights leader who gave the "I Have a Dream" speech.

: Martin Luther King, Jr. [or MLK Jr.] 278.

: 62332 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ Tournament 16 | Round: 08.pdf | Number: 11 TOSSUP: An early rebellion in this colony was led by William Claiborne. Its original settlers landed on St. Clement's Island aboard two ships named the Ark and the Dove. Another revolt in this colony clashed with troops led by William Stone at the Battle of the Severn; that uprising led to the restoration of a version of an earlier Toleration Act, which had been itself enacted to balance Protestants and Catholics. Originally founded with a charter by George (*) Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, for 10 points, name this state with capital Annapolis.

: Maryland 406.

: 107348 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: In 1995, this organization donated a million dollars to St. Jude's Children's Hospital and has donated fiftythousand dollars to it every year since. This company attempted to finance a space mission to the asteroid 449Hamburga, and the first store of this organization opened in Southern California and operated the "SpeedeeSystem." This company trains its franchisers at Hamburger University. After the court case Liebeck v. this company,a woman received several million dollars after coffee served by this company gave her third-degree burns. For 10points, name this fast-food organization, represented by a namesake clown and the "Golden Arches."

: McDonald's Corporation 212.

: 142774 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 10 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This group cured William Bratton's illness, thought to be rheumatism, by steaming him and then throwing him into the Clearwater River. Pierre Cruzatte accidentally shot the captain of this group. This group gifted their winter residence, a wooden fort on the Columbia, to Coboway, chief of the Clatsop natives. After constructing Fort Mandan, the captains of this journey hired (*) Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife, the Lemhi Shoshone woman Sacagawea, as interpreters. For 10 points, name this 1804 mission President Jefferson commissioned to map the Louisiana Territory.

: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark expedition [accept reasonable equivalents; accept Corps of Discovery expedition] 193.

: 102050 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 8 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Irish Catholics in a battalion named for Saint Patrick were hanged for defecting in this war, during which Philip Saint George Cooke led the only religious military unit in American history, the Mormon Battalion. One campaign in this war ended with the rendezvous of Robert Stockton and Stephen Kearny [KAR-nee] near the site of the Bear Flag Revolt. Six teenage boys died defending Chapultepec Castle in this war, which saw battles at Veracruz and Buena Vista won by Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor, respectively. Name this 1846 to 1848 war fought between the United States and its southern neighbor.

: Mexican-American War 371.

: 111617 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 12 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: In one battle of this war, Commodore John D. Sloat and the U.S. Pacific Squadron won the Battle of Monterey unopposed, as the enemies had left the city beforehand. One campaign saw a joint attack by forces under Stephen Kearny and John Frémont, leading to the Treaty of Cahuenga. Abraham Lincoln criticized President Polk's handling of the beginning of this war in his "spot resolutions," and it also saw the first use of American amphibious warfare during Winfield Scott's siege of Veracruz. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which began as a border dispute following the annexation of Texas.

: Mexican-American War 386.

: 76446 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 BATE | Round: Finals 1.doc | Number: 1 TOSSUP: As a member of Congress, he authored the "Black Tariff" and as a state comptroller he was in a power struggle with William Seward. His cabinet differed from his predecessor, with John Crittenden as Attorney General and Daniel Webster as Secretary of State. He appointed Brigham Young as Utah's first governor, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia and signed and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act. Commodore Perry was sent on his voyage to Japan during his administration, and he presided over the Senate during the debate over the Compromise of 1850. FTP, identify this American president who succeeded Zachary Taylor.

: Millard Fillmore 468.

: 62086 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ Tournament 15 | Round: 12.pdf | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This case was decided jointly with Vignera v. New York and Westover v. United States. This case revised an earlier decision from Illinois that was based on the Sixth Amendment rights of Danny Escobedo. The defendant in this case confessed to raping an eighteen-year-old woman, but the Supreme Court ruled his confession (*) inadmissible because his Fifth Amendment rights had not been upheld. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court case, which requires officers to read apprehended suspects their rights.

: Miranda v. Arizona 404.

: 142543 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 1 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: In 1964, the Freedom Summer campaign was initiated in this state to register African-American voters. Two years later, thousands entered this state's capital at the end of the "March Against Fear, " which was initiated by James Meredith. Pictures of a teenager's (*) drowned body inside an open casket made headlines after he was murdered in this state. Later, a member of the White Citizen's Council, Byron de la Beckwith, killed an NAACP activist investigating Emmett Till's murder in this state. For 10 points, name this state where Medgar Evers was murdered in its capital, Jackson.

: Mississippi 198.

: 110502 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 16 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: In 2000, this state saw John Ashcroft lose a Congressional election to a deceased candidate. This state saw the first Civil War battle west of the Mississippi at Wilson's Creek. Dred Scott was ruled to be a slave based on his owner's residence in this state. It gained statehood simultaneously with Maine under a namesake 1820 compromise. Name this state, the site of the 1904 World's Fair held in St. Louis.

: Missouri 254.

: 145069 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 15 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: 14. During the Civil War. the battles of Westport and Wilson's Creek occurred in this state. John C. Fremont married the daughter of a senator from this state, whose opposition to paper money earned him the nickname "Old Bullion" and was named Thomas Hart Benton. In the Election of 1860, this was the only state won by (*) Stephen Douglas in its entirety. In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court struck down a law that established a line at 36°30′, this state's southern border, above which slavery was illegal. For ten points, name this state which was admitted to the Union with Maine in an 1820 compromise named after it.

: Missouri <BZ> 220.

: 76560 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 BATE | Round: Round 4.doc | Number: 1 TOSSUP: Much of the actual act was proposed by Senator Jesse Thomas of Illinois while it was preceded by an earlier amendment proposed by Congressman James Tallmadge that would pass in the House but not the Senate. It would effectively extend what had been Article 6 of the Northwest Ordinance Act of 1787 and Abraham Lincoln's Peoria Speech would discuss its repeal. In a letter to John Holmes, Thomas Jefferson described the issue behind this act as "a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror". Granting statehood to Maine as a free state and declaring most portions of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degree 30 minutes to be free, this is, FTP, what 1820 US Compromise dealing with the growth of slavery?

: Missouri Compromise (accept compromise of 1820 before 1820 is mentioned) 470.

: 149287 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 3 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Thomas Jefferson likened the debate over this law to a "fire bell ringing in the night." The Tallmadge Amendment was a proposed addition to this law that would free slaves when they were twenty-five years old. This law was repealed by (*) Roger Taney's ruling in the Dred Scott case because this law had originally specified that states formed above the 36'30° [thirty-six thirty] parallel would be "free" states. For 10 points, name this 1820 compromise that allowed entry of the namesake state into the Union, along with Maine.

: Missouri Compromise [accept 1820 Compromise before mentioned] 119.

: 79601 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q2 | Round: 4q2-12.pdf | Number: 1 TOSSUP: A military expedition against these people became known as "Buchanan's Blunder" and was led by Albert Sidney Johnston. That expedition came after some of these people allied with the Paiute (pie-YOO-tay) Indians to perpetrate the Mountain Meadows Massacre. The massacre took place in a state that these people called Deseret, where they fled after being driven out of Illinois and Missouri. For 10 points, name this religious group which inspired the enmity of eastern Americans for their practice of polygamy, and fled to Utah after the death of their founder, Joseph Smith.

: Mormons [or LDS; or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints] 476.

: 111665 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 2 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: One man who intervened during this event threw away his citation for the Distinguished Flying Cross and was publicly criticized by Mendel Rivers. The location of this event was codenamed "Pinkville" by army intelligence, and investigation into this event was spurred by the actions of Ronald Ridenhour. Lawrence Colburn, Glenn Andreotta, and Hugh Thompson, Jr. were awarded the Soldier's Medal for their actions during this event. Second Lieutenant William Calley was the only person to be convicted for crimes committed during, For 10 points, what event that saw the murder of hundreds of South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. Army personnel?

: My Lai Massacre [accept Sơn Mỹ Massacre] 389.

: 102135 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 11 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Before his famous action, this person confided in Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. That action would have taken place on July 4th had this man not gotten sick. He claimed he was fighting against the Serpent when he described his actions to Thomas R. Gray. Born just before the death of Gabriel Prosser, who had a similar experience to this man, he claimed to find signs such as blood and hieroglyphics on stalks of corn. He unsuccessfully tried to lead his followers to Jerusalem, Virginia, after they had killed the Travis family and several others, but he was eventually captured and executed. Name this slave who gave his "Confessions" after leading an 1831 slave rebellion.

: Nathaniel "Nat" Turner 366.

: 119440 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 New Trier Scobol Solo | Round: Final 1 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: Clayton Vogel and James E. Jones supported the formation of this group, the idea for which came when Philip Johnston read a newspaper article. This group first served under Major General Alexander Vandegrift during the Guadalcanal campaign, and they played a major role in the Battleof Iwo Jima. This group was not publicly recognized by the U.S. government until 1992, and they were disbanded during the Vietnam War. The original 29 members were tasked with creating a phonetic alphabet. Identify this group of southwestern Native Americans who successfully used their indigenous language to transmit messages, foiling Japanese decryption attempts.

: Navajo code talkers [accept similar answers containing Navajo and the concept of speaking in code; prompt on partial answers] 271.

: 144621 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 7 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This law introduced the HOUSSE criteria. Lamar Alexander and Patty Murray sponsored a bipartisan bill in 2015 to amend this law, without allowing for "portability". This law was written by John Boehner in the House and Ted Kennedy in the Senate. This incarnation of the ESEA program introduced three criteria for people to be labelled as (*) "highly qualified." 32 states requested a waiver after failing to meet this law's standards by 2012. This law requires that any institution receiving Title I funds must meet annual yearly progress. For 10 points, name this 2001 education law, which mandates standardized testing and advancement of all students.

: No Child Left Behind Act [or NCLB {often pronounced "nicklebee"}; prompt on ESEA or Elementary and Secondary Education Act until it is read] 174.

: 102025 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 7 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Two senators from this state who led the opposition to the creation of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day were John Porter East and Jesse Helms. Another senator from this state, who chaired the Watergate Committee, was Sam Ervin. In 1960, a series of sit-ins in this state led to the integration of Woolworth's. The first English baby born in the Americas, Virginia Dare, was born in what is now this state. She was born in Roanoke Colony. The Wright Brothers flew the first airplane in this state. Name this state, the site of a lost colony settled by the namesake of its capital, Walter Raleigh.

: North Carolina 373.

: 112266 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 14 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: Three people who died during this event were taken to Boot Hill after being displayed at Ritter and Reams. Two survivors of this conflict were defended by Thomas Fitch in the subsequent trial overseen by Wells Spicer. One person made famous at this event later went on a namesake "Vendetta Ride" to find his brother Virgil's attackers. During this incident, the Clantons, two of the Outlaw Cowboys, fought the interim marshall, Doc Holliday. This skirmish, which lasted for about thirty seconds, made Wyatt Earp a folk hero. For 10 points, name this October 1881 gunfight which took place in Tombstone, Arizona near a namesake corral.

: O.K. Corral Gunfight [or the Showdown at the OK Corral] 280.

: 146665 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 1 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: A case combined into this court case involved a field trip to the John Philip Sousa Junior High School and was titled Bolling v. Melvin Sharpe. A book cited in this case was Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemna. A revisiting of this case ordered that an action be performed with "all deliberate speed." An experiment cited in this case was performed by the Clarks and tested children's preferences of different types of (*) dolls. This Warren Court case was argued by Thurgood Marshall and overruled the "separate, but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Fergusson. For 10 points, name this court case that mandated the desegregation of schools.

: Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. [accept Brown; accept names in either order] 306.

: 63147 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regionals | Round: regionals-07.pdf | Number: 1 TOSSUP: In a Memorial Day address, this man stated that "through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched with fire;" that statement referred to his Civil War service. He wrote that, "the Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics" in his dissent in the case of Lochner v. New York. This author of The Common Law also wrote the majority opinion in the case of Schenck v. United States. For 10 points, name this American Supreme Court justice who created the "clear and present danger" test for limiting free speech.

: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. 408.

: 112122 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 7 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: This region's namesake "organic laws" helped free a slave family in Holmes v. Ford. After a measles epidemic in this territory, the Cayuse killed a missionary named Marcus Whitman, the leader of the "great migration". A leader of a tribe based in this territory ended one oration with the words "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever", and led the Nez Perce. The northern boundary of its namesake state gave rise to the slogan "54 40 or fight", helping James Polk win the presidency. This territory named a long trek that started in Independence, Missouri. For 10 points, name this Northwestern territory in the Willamette Valley, the namesake of a famous "trail".

: Oregon Territory [accept Oregon Country] 290.

: 144837 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 4 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: 2. In 1969, Richard Nixon implemented a plan named after this city that mandated federal employment quotas for minorities. The Paxton Boys marched in this city to protest the government's policy towards Native Americans. Ten percent of this city's residents died in a 1793 yellow fever epidemic. During the First Barbary War, a (*) ship named after this city was burned by Stephen Decatur. This site of the First Bank of the United States also housed the Second Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, both of which met in this city's Independence Hall. For ten points, name this "City of Brotherly Love" that is now the largest city in Pennsylvania.

: Philadelphia [prompt on "Philly" and "City of Brotherly Love" before mention] <BZ> 226.

: 101936 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 3 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: The group that instigated this legal case eventually stated "In defending the cause of liberty, we met with defeat but not with ignominy." That group was the Comité des Citoyens [koh-mee-tay day see-toy-ehn]. The lone dissent to this case, which stated "There is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens," was written by John Marshall Harlan. This case started in Louisiana when the plaintiff sat in a certain train car, and was overturned in 1954 by the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Name this 1896 case that established the doctrine of "separate but equal."

: Plessy v. Ferguson [accept either half underlined name; accept answer in either order] 356.

: 62592 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ Tournament 17 | Round: tournament17-04.pdf | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Henry Gladwin made a defense of a key outpost during this conflict, which included the Devil's Hole Massacre and the Battle of Bloody Run. During this conflict, Pennsylvania Governor John Penn ordered the arrest of men involved in the Paxton Boys massacre. It was in this conflict that Jeffery Amherst distributed (*) smallpox-infected blankets to Indians at Fort Pitt. For 10 points, name this 1763 to 1764 Indian uprising in the Great Lakes region, led by the namesake Ottowa chief.

: Pontiac's Rebellion [or reasonable equivalents mentioning Pontiac such as Pontiac's uprising] 407.

: 111398 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 2 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: Ignatius Donnely wrote the preamble to the platform for this party, and its first presidential candidate, who won only four states, was James Baird Weaver. This movement adopted the Ocala Demands, and it called for government ownership of transportation and communications, abolition of national banks, and a graduated income tax in its Omaha Platform. It promoted the free coinage of silver, and in the Election of 1896, it supported a candidate known for delivering the "Cross of Gold" speech. For 10 points, name this American political movement that supported William Jennings Bryan and represented laborers and farmers.

: Populist Movement [accept Populists or Populism or People's Party] 392.

: 149642 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 11 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: One member of this organization read a letter quoting Judge Alice Batchelder's decision in the case Russell v. Lundergan-Grimes at its first meeting. Comments this organization received via email were controversially released with the commenters' names and phone numbers still intact. The acting chair of this organization had to turn down his own request, due to(*) Kansas state law. For 10 points, name this Kris Kobach-led panel, that will submit a report on practices that enhance the American people's confidence in the process they use to select officials.

: Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity [or PACEI or the Trump Voter Commission; or word forms for Commission] <David Dennis> 132.

: 149486 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 9 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: Description Acceptable: One of these items contains a plea to Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq concerning TWA Flight 847. The initial equipment to produce these items was provided by David Sarnoff in 1940 and involved a lamp. On one of these items, Admiral George Burkley is asked about blue pills. A subpoena for these items from(*) Archibald Cox was the impetus for the "Saturday Night Massacre." For 10 points, Trump tweeted that "James Comey better hope" there weren't any of what items, whereby a President surreptitiously could have a record of a conversation?

: Presidential secret tapes [or Presidential secret recordings; or basically any answers that reasonably contain the underlined words in whichever form] <David Dennis> 134.

: 149686 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 13 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: In a 1998 vote over this action, a majority of votes went to "none of the above." In a 2012 vote concerning this action, over a half-million ballots were returned blank. Opponents of this procedure often identify themselves by waving a white flag with a red figure of a man wearing a straw workers hat. The most recent referendum concerning this process came after the triggering of the largest municipal bond market(*) bankruptcy in U.S. history, and was a campaign promise of Governor Ricardo Rosselló. In June 2017, only 23% of the population voted overwhelmingly in favor of, for 10 points, this process that would end with a 51-starred flag flying over San Juan.

: Puerto Rican Statehood [or anything reasonably involving Puerto Rico and the idea of joining the US as a state] <David Dennis> 125.

: 111094 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: In the aftermath of this event, Lyman Trumbull and Clarence Darrow defended its leaders against the charges of Attorney-General Richard Olney. Rioting during this event on July 5 set ablaze World's Fair buildings in Jackson Park, and this event began due to a dispute over the lowering of rent on company housing despite cutting wages. The disruption of mail service led to federal troops being deployed to Chicago to break up this event which saw the arrest of Eugene Debs and other leaders of the American Railway Union. For 10 points, name this 1894 strike against a company that manufactured sleeper railroad cars.

: Pullman Strike 431.

: 146875 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 10 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: During one conflict in this nation, Angelina Eberly fired upon Thomas Smith with a howitzer as he attempted to remove papers from one building. That conflict is known as this nation's Archive War, and began in response to one of Mirebeau Lamar's policies. Troops under James Fannin were massacred while fighting in this nation's independence war, which also saw fighting by William (*) Travis' troops. The Goliad massacre occurred during this nation's war of independence, which was ended at the Battle of San Jancinto. This nation was established by Sam Houston after he beat Santa Anna. For 10 points, name this precursor to the state that is led by Rick Perry.

: Republic of Texas BONUSES 311.

: 111281 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 8 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This man was defeated at the Battle of Cheat Mountain, and he later fought against Winfield Hancock at the Second Battle of Deep Bottom. This man found a trail which would lead the Americans to victory at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, and he was given field command when Joseph Johnston was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. One of his officers lost a copy of his battle plan before the Battle of Antietam, and he suppressed an attempted revolt led by John Brown at Harper's Ferry. For 10 points, name this Confederate general who surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

: Robert Edward Lee 424.

: 111022 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 8 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: After losing a Congressional election, this man was offered a bribe to fix a court case by Senator Philetus Sawyer. That bribe led this man to lead a campaign against his home state's political machine. His first bid for President came in 1912, when he won the North Dakota primary but failed to secure the Republican nomination. In the Senate, he helped pass the Seamen's Act of 1915 and opposed the Espionage Act. For 10 points, name this man, the Republican Governor of Wisconsin from 1901 to 1906 and the Progressive presidential candidate in 1924.

: Robert La Follette, Sr. 433.

: 149703 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 14 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: A man with this surname prevented the Rothschilds from taking over the world copper industry by buying out Anaconda Copper. Another member of this family, whose brother was William, donated land and funded expansion projects in Acadia National Park and the Great Smoky Mountains. A member of this family sent the National Guard to end a prison riot in (*) Attica, New York. The patriarch of this family founded a company, which was the subject of an Ida Tarbell expose. For 10 points, name this family whose patriarch established Standard Oil, and whose members included Nelson and John.

: Rockefellers [or the Rockefeller family; or William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.; or John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.; or Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller] <Cole Phinney>/<ed. JO> 144.

: 111233 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 6 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: The Hyde Amendment made shortly after this case was upheld in Harris v. McRae, and one party that this case was decided in favor of was Dr. James Hallford. The Georgia case Doe v. Bolton was a companion to this Supreme Court case. The major precedent for it was Griswold v. Connecticut, and the majority opinion for it was written by Harry Blackmun. The court ruled that citizens have the right to privacy under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and it supported the cause of Norma McCorvey. For 10 points, name this 1973 Supreme Court case legalizing abortion.

: Roe v. Wade [accept either or both names in either order] 418.

: 119432 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 New Trier Scobol Solo | Round: Final 1 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This Supreme Court justice wrote a unanimous decision that a state court could not issue a writ of habeas corpus to annul a conviction by a federal court, Ableman v. Booth. When this person was Chief Justice, Joseph Story wrote a unanimous opinion later overturned by Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins that differentiated between statutory law and common law, Swift v. Tyson. This justice also wrote the majority decision in Luther v. Borden, a case that arose from the Dorr Rebellion. One of his first major decisions as Chief Justice, which decided in favor of narrow contract interpretation, was Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge. Name this Chief Justice who wrote the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision.

: Roger B(rooke) Taney 268.

: 111993 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 1 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: The United Colonies opposed this man, who influenced Parliament to annul William Coddington's patent on Aquidneck. This man popularized words like "squash" in the first study of the Algonquian language. A text by this author of A Key Into the Language of America was "washed, and made white in the blood of the lamb" by John Cotton. He pleaded for a "wall of separation" in The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. This founder of America's First Baptist Church accepted the antinomianist Anne Hutchinson into his new colony at Providence after she was also banished by the Puritans. For 10 points, name this founder of Rhode Island.

: Roger Williams 275.

: 149511 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 5 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: During this man's presidency, two Libyan jets were shot down by F-14 Tomcats in the Gulf of Sidra incident. At the Reykjavik Summit, this president failed to persuade his opponent to implement the "double-zero" proposal. The Tower Commission investigated this president's cabinet, who had previously violated the (*) Boland Amendment. This president told his wife "Honey, I forgot to duck!" after John Hinckley Jr. shot him. For 10 points, name this Republican president whose term saw the Iran-Contra Affair take place, a former California governor who famously stated, "Tear down this wall."

: Ronald Reagan 117.

: 112044 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 3 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: In a tribute, "Lady Bird" Johnson said one person with this surname will be able to "teach us all how to turn the arts of compassion into the victories of democracy." Another figure with this surname promised no "bottlenecks" in a speech comparing his nation to the "arsenal of democracy". An activist with this surname gave the speech, "The Struggle for Human Rights", to the UN Commission on Human Rights. A politician with this last name gave a speech declaring "we have nothing to fear but fear itself," and delivered weekly series of thirty "fireside chats". For 10 points, give this shared surname of Eleanor and Franklin Delano.

: Roosevelt [accept Eleanor Roosevelt; accept Franklin Delano Roosevelt] 277.

: 101958 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 4 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: Once this woman became famous, she joined the staff of congressman John Conyers after moving to Detroit. Because her legal case would have likely dragged on, attorneys supporting her pursued the case of Aurelia Browder instead. Her autobiography My Story details her decision not to listen to James Edwards, which led to her arrest on December 1, 1955. Until then, she had worked as a seamstress and as a secretary for the local branch of the NAACP. Name this African-American woman whose refusal to give up her seat led to the Montgomery bus boycott.

: Rosa (Louis McCauley) Parks [accept either underlined name] 377.

: 102003 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 6 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: William Douglas headed this organization before joining the Supreme Court. A decade before heading the CIA, William Casey headed this organization, during which time it investigated Nixon donor Robert Vesco for fraud. Created in part to give a national basis for blue-sky laws, its first leader was Joseph Kennedy. An attempt to strengthen this agency was made in 2002 with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was passed soon after the Enron bankruptcy scandal, and this was strengthened more recently by the DoddÂ-Frank Act. Name this organization created during the Great Depression to regulate assets such as stocks.

: SEC [or United States Securities and Exchange Commission] 374.

: 102438 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 6 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: In 2006, the Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District unsuccessfully challenged this law's constitutionality. Its protections were expanded in 1975 to include language minorities. This law controversially listed several jurisdictions that were required to get preclearance from the Attorney General or a federal court before changing related laws. This law banned the use of literacy tests and ordered the Attorney General to challenge the legality of poll taxes. Name this act meant to protect the suffrage of all Americans.

: Voting Rights Act of 1965 241.

: 102265 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 15 | Number: 26 TOSSUP: This person was John Nance Garner's spokesman during Garner's first presidential campaign and negotiated the selection of Garner as vice president. He chaired the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee when it passed the Emergency Railroad Transportation and Federal Communications Acts, and he brought money home to his district by supporting the Red River project. When Joseph Byrns died, this person became House Majority Leader, and when William Bankhead died in 1940, this person became Speaker of the House. Identify this Texan who is the namesake of a congressional office building and who was the longest serving House speaker in United States history.

: Sam(uel Taliaferro) Rayburn 360.

: 110430 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 13 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: A 19th century mayor of this city, Henry Perrin Coon, was supported by a militia called the Committee of Vigilance. The international meeting that formally established the UN was held in this city. This city's "White Night Riot" occurred following a trial which saw the use of the "Twinkie defense." Dianne Feinstein became mayor of this city following Dan White's shooting of George Moscone [mos-KOE-nee] and Supervisor Harvey Milk. Name this California city, site of the Golden Gate Bridge.

: San Francisco, California 257.

: 76657 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 BATE | Round: Round 9.doc | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This person discussed the influences of foreign legal systems in American courts, using the term "transjudicialism". Earlier, this person served as a civilian lawyer for the Quartermaster Corps while in Frankfurt, Germany, and she would become majority leader in her state's senate in 1973. Her nomination to her highest position was met with limited criticism from senators Jesse Helms and Don Nickles. She has earned increased attention for her opinions on Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, but joined other conservative justices in the majority opinion of Bush v. Gore. Harriet Miers was initially chosen to fill her seat, but then replaced by Samuel Alito. FTP, name this first female justice of the United States Supreme Court.

: Sandra Day O'Connor 469.

: 143930 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 5 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: 2. During this event, Dudley Malone claimed that there could be "no duel with the truth," and he, like Arthur Garfield, was part of this case's defense team. Maynard Metcalf was one of the few allowed to testify in this case, whose beginning was planned by George Rappleyea. During this case, which was fictionalized in Inherit the Wind and based on a violation of the (*) Butler Act, the prosecution defended the veracity of the Book of Genesis while being questioned as a witness. For ten points, identify this 1925 Tennessee case in which William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow debated the teaching of evolution in schools.

: Scopes Monkey Trial (or Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes) <MS> 335.

: 146851 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 9 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Laughter during this event was prompted by the response "Well, sometimes" to the question "Do you think about things you do think about?" This event was organized by George Rappleya and covered by H. L. Mencken for the Baltimore Sun. Later overturned on a technicality, this court case fined the defendant $100 for violating the (*) Butler Act, which had been challenged by the ACLU. Held in Dayton, Tennessee, this case was argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan. For 10 points, name this 1925 Tennessee court case nicknamed the Monkey Trial concerning the teaching of evolution in public schools.

: Scopes Trial (or The State of Tennessee vs. John Thomas Scopes; or the Monkey Trial before mentioned) 305.

: 142578 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 3 | Number: 5 TOSSUP: A group from this movement believed that Jesus had returned to Earth in 70 AD, and that their leader had been chosen by God to found His Kingdom on Earth. That group was the Oneida Community. Mother Ann Lee headed the Shakers during this movement. Charles Finney dubbed New York the (*) "Burned-Over" district during this movement due to the amount of religious revival in the rural parts of the state. For 10 points, name this 1800s evangelical Protestant movement that saw the creation of the Church of Latter Day Saints by Joseph Smith.

: Second Great Awakening [prompt on partial] 184.

: 64208 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL States | Round: 06.pdf | Number: 15 TOSSUP: The African-American Moses Sash participated in this event and received double the number of indictments as its other participants. It was put down on the orders of Governor James Bowdoin, who did so using forces under the command of William Shephard. The decisive battle at which this rebellion was put down occurred at the Springfield Armory. Many of its participants were captured at Petersham. A refusal to abide by a law allowing for the confiscation of farmers' properties led to, for 10 points, what rebellion that occurred in 1787 in Massachusetts?

: Shays' Rebellion 414.

: 74734 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 TJ NAREN | Round: Round 6.doc | Number: 18 TOSSUP: Jeremy Belkmap wrote of this event as "a declaration of war" to Ebenezer Hazard. The towns of Colrain and Granby petitioned one side of this conflict not to use force, and John Paterson commanded a militia unit during this event. It saw William Shepard defend one building key to this event, the Springfield Armory, and this event ended when Governor James Bowdoin called in a militia led by Gen. Benjamin Lincoln to quell it, highlighting the Articles of Confederation's weaknesses. For 10 points, what was this conflict that contributed to the drafting of the Constitution, an uprising of Massachusetts debtors?

: Shays' Rebellion [accept equivalents for "rebellion"] 464.

: 63249 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regular Season | Round: 09.pdf | Number: 5 TOSSUP: Sprigs of hemlock distinguished participants of this event, four of whom died while attempting to attack an arsenal guarded by William Shepard's forces. Earlier, its participants, who were known as Regulators, had stopped several court hearings, including one in Springfield. Its aftermath saw John Hancock become Governor. This event demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, leading to the drafting of the Constitution. For 10 points, name this 1786 rebellion of poor Massachusetts debtors led by its namesake farmer.

: Shays' Rebellion [or Daniel Shays's Rebellion] 412.

: 78904 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q1 | Round: 4q1-05.pdf | Number: 3 TOSSUP: Members of one group in this conflict stormed the Northampton courthouse while it was in session. James Bowdoin was governor of the state in which this event took place. The climactic battle of this conflict occurred during a snowstorm and saw Benjamin Lincoln's militia prevail at Petersham. This rebellion was co-led by Job Shattuck. This revolt culminated in a storming of the Springfield armory. This rebellion resulted in calls for a government stronger than the Articles of Confederation provided. For 10 points, name this 1786-87 uprising in Massachusetts.

: Shays's Rebellion [do not accept "Shay"] 474.

: 80412 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ Tournament 11 | Round: tourn11-04.pdf | Number: 17 TOSSUP: Job Shattuck and Luke Day were both prominent leaders of this event, which was one of the main causes of James Bowdoin's loss to John Hancock as governor. This event, which was largely carried out by debtors, was defeated by Benjamin Lincoln at the (*) Springfield Armory. It was one of the main causes of the Philadelphia Convention, since it proved the dangerous weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. For 10 points, name this 1786 uprising in Western Massachusetts led by the namesake farmer.

: Shays's Rebellion [do not accept or prompt on "Shay;" the person's name is Daniel Shays] 478.

: 144026 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 9 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: 10. One man with this surname exacerbated the Depression of 1873 while Secretary of the Treasury under Hayes, and later authored an 1890 law replacing the Bland-Allison Act. Regarding a possible 1888 presidential bid, one man with this last name claimed "if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve," and he had earlier produced namesake (*) "neckties" of railroad tracks bent around trees as part of his strategy of total war. For ten points, identify this last name shared by the author of the first antitrust law, John, and the general who led the "March to the Sea" during the Civil War, William Tecumseh.

: Sherman (accept John Sherman or William Tecumseh Sherman) <MS> HALFTIME 328.

: 144924 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 9 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: 1. One man with this last name accompanied Oliver Ellsworth to the Constitutional Convention, while another refused the presidency by stating "I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected". An Ohio politician with this last name sponsored legislation that replaced the Bland-Allison Act and increased the amount of (*) silver the federal government was required to purchase. Another law named after that man was strengthened by a 1914 act that forbade interlocking directorates and price discrimination and was the first American antitrust act. For ten points, give this last name of a Civil War general who pursued a "scorched earth" policy during his March to the Sea.

: Sherman [accept William Tecumseh Sherman or John Sherman] <BZ> 230.

: 149467 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 8 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: A man with this surname promoted the bill known as the "Crime of '73" and was nicknamed the "Ohio Icicle." A different person with this surname refused the presidency by saying, "I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected." That man with this surname was a Union general, whose(*) scorched earth tactics included rails that were heated and tied around trees, his "neckties."The first American antitrust act was named for a senator with this surname. For 10 points, give this surname of the brothers John and William, who marched the Union Army through Georgia.

: Sherman [or John Sherman; or William Sherman; or William Tecumseh Sherman] <David Dennis>/<ed. JO> 136.

: 85324 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2008 HSAPQ 4Q 1 | Round: Round_11_HSAPQ4Q.pdf | Number: 9 TOSSUP: Robert Philson and Herman Husband were arrested after this event, which led to the assembling of a twelve thousand man militia known as the Watermelon Army to put it down. That army was led by Lighthorse Harry Lee and George Washington, who wanted to prove federal power by opposing the insurrection of farmers unhappy with the excise tax on a certain good. For 10 points name this 1794 Pennsylvania rebellion led by farmers with small time distilleries.

: Whiskey Rebellion 484.

: 111701 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 2 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Grierson's Raid prior to this battle served to distract the losing side's cavalry, while civilians caught up in this battle constructed a system of dugouts nicknamed "Prairie Dog Village." The losing side of this battle endured bombardment by gunboats commanded by David Porter, and this battle's losing commander refused to abandon his position when ordered to by Joseph Johnston. This battle was immediately followed by the fall of Port Hudson, and was ended by the surrender of John C. Pemberton. For 10 points, name this Civil War battle which saw Ulysses S. Grant capture one of the last Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River.

: Siege of Vicksburg 355.

: 144610 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 7 | Number: 9 TOSSUP: A senator from this state coined the term "mudsill of society" and first brought the gag rule to the floor of the House. The Grimke sisters were born in this state. James Henry Hammond and diarist Mary Chesnut hailed from this state. A man from this state won the lottery and planned a revolt for Bastille Day in 1822. A Congressman from this state (*) beat up a rival with a cane in 1856. The Denmark Vesey and Stono rebellions took place here. An essay titled for this state, "Exposition and Protest" protested the Tariff of Abominations and put forth the nullification doctrine. For 10 points, name this first state to secede, the home of Fort Sumter.

: South Carolina 176.

: 149361 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 3 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: In this state, an unfinished railroad channel called the Stumphouse Tunnel was used by a local university to age blue cheese. This state has the highest per capita membership of the Bahá'í faith in the United States, and in the year 2000, a ban on interracial dating by its students was dropped at Bob Jones University. The Queen Anne's Revenge blocked a port in this modern-day state at the request of(*) Blackbeard. The largest city in this state was where Major Robert Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War. For 10 points, name this state with cities Greenville and Charleston, with capital at Columbia.

: South Carolina <David Dennis>/<ed. JO> 127.

: 143961 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 6 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: 11. Roger Boisjoly's warnings went unheeded the day before this event, which prompted the President to postpone the State of the Union address and give the "Touched the face of God" speech. The last recorded words by a person involved in this event were Pilot Michael Smith's "Uh oh". The Rogers Commission investigating this event included Richard Feynman, who famously dropped an (*) O-ring in cold water. This event resulted in the death of Christa McAuliffe, who was the first to participate in the Teacher in Space program. For ten points, identify this 1986 event in which a space shuttle broke up less than two minutes after takeoff.

: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (accept equivalents) <MS> 319.

: 107139 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 4 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: These objects were not to be used if there were cumulonimbus clouds within ten nautical miles, or if windsexceeded thirty knots. The concept for these objects was originally researched for military use as the X-20 DynaSoar.One of these objects was destroyed after a piece of insulation foam fell off and hit other heat shielding panels.The Rogers Commission investigated that destruction of another of these vehicles during liftoff and found it to havebeen caused by faulty O-rings. For 10 points, name these five spacecraft retired in 2011 that included Discovery,Atlantis, Endeavour, Columbia and Challenger.

: Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle [accept either underlined part] 207.

: 146760 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 5 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: A territory invaded during this war asked to borrow gunpowder to salute a ship that had come to conquer it. One island invaded in this war had been overseen by the "Butcher" Weyler. An admiral in this war stated "You may (*) fire when you are ready," prior to beginning the Battle of Manila Bay. One battle in this "splendid little war" saw San Juan Hill charged upon by the Rough Riders and Teddy Roosevelt. Hearst's and Pulitzer's yellow journalism as well as the explosion of the USS Maine helped instigate this war. For 10 points, name this war which led to the capture of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba by the United States.

: Spanish-American War 314.

: 111575 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 10 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: In this conflict Captain Henry Glass swiftly captured territory using the USS Charleston, and the Battle of Yauco occurred during it. The victors of this conflict had to put down the Moro Rebellion and this war saw the use of "reconcentration" camps. "Fighting Joe" Wheeler led a failed charge on Las Guasimas during this conflict which was caused in part by the de Lome letter. Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders charged up San Juan Hill in, for 10 points, what "splendid little war" which saw the use of "yellow journalism" and was sparked by the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine?

: Spanish-American War 388.

: 144918 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 8 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: 17. An officer on one side in this war referred to his soldiers' putrid meat rations as "embalmed beef". One factor leading to this war was the policy of "reconcentration" that was enacted after the Ten Years' War by a man nicknamed "Butcher". After this war, the Insular Cases decided that the (*) "Constitution follows the flag" in the island territories that one side acquired. Several American victories in this war, such as those at El Caney, Kettle Hill, and San Juan Hill, were led by Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. For ten points, name this 1898 war in which the United States gained the Philippines and Cuba from an Iberian nation.

: Spanish-American War <BZ> 229.

: 110404 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 12 | Number: 2 TOSSUP: John Nance Garner took this post a year before being elected as Vice President. While holding this post, Thomas Reed introduced rules that established the principle of party responsibility. President Ronald Reagan said he was friends after 6 PM with the holder of this office, Tip O'Neill. The first holder of this office was Frederick Muhlenberg. After the Vice President, the holder of this post is next in the line of presidential succession. Name this post currently held by John Boehner [BAY-ner].

: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 261.

: 146794 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 7 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: The first holder of this position supposedly prevented German from becoming an official langauge of the United States. A holder of this position eliminated the "disappearing quorum" and was nicknamed the "Czar." Holders of this position have included Frederick Muhlenberg and Thomas Reed. Tom Foley lost this position after a future holder of it created the (*) "Contract with America" for the 1994 election. The first female holder of this position helped pass the Affordable Care Act before being deposed in 2010. For 10 points, name this position that has been held by Newt Gingrich and Nancy Pelosi, and which leads America's largest legislative body.

: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives 299.

: 143851 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 1 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: 11. Robert Hunter gained this post thanks to Democrat success in the Broad Seal War. The first holder of this position was Frederick Muhlenberg, while the only president to have previously served in this capacity is James K. Polk. One man who held this post ended the disappearing quorum by barricading Democrats in and was nicknamed "Czar Reed". Joe (*) Cannon greatly expanded the power of this position, which is second in the line of presidential succession. The "Contract with America" was promoted by one holder of this position, Newt Gingrich. For ten points, name this position currently held by John Boehner.

: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives <KT> 318.

: 66082 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 St. Anselms and Torrey Pines | Round: Round 1.doc | Number: 21 TOSSUP: This state seized William Claiborne's trading post of Kent Island from its southern neighbor. This state's ratification activated the Articles of Confederation, and the Assembly of Freemen governed it during the Revolution. The first colonists came to this state with Leonard [*] Calvert from the Isle of Wight. It's not Rhode Island, but its original capital of Providence was later renamed after the last queen of the House of Stuart. This colony's 1649 Toleration Act granted religious freedom to all Trinitarians. Bordered to the north by the Mason-Dixon Line, for 10 points, name this state, founded by Lord Baltimore, with capital at Annapolis.

: State of Maryland 427.

: 72158 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 11.pdf | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This activist organized the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, which inspired Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to call themselves the Black Panthers. During college, this man took an active role in the Nonviolent Action Group, and in 1966 he replaced John Lewis as Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. That briefly held position was followed by a brief association with the Black Panthers, which this man left because he did not want to work with white liberals. Late in life, this activist changed his first name to match the President of Ghana's and his last name to match the President of Guinea's. In 1998, he died from prostate cancer after pushing for Pan-Africanism in Guinea. Name this activist who along with Willie Ricks popularized the political slogan Black Power.

: Stokely Carmichael [or Kwame Ture] 448.

: 152076 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 4 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: 6. A current holder of this position claimed that he was the target of a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks." A man who carried out the Saturday Night Massacre on Nixon's orders failed to get this position due to his anti-abortion stance. After Robert Bork was rejected from this position, his last name was used as a verb during a controversy in which a current holder of this position was accused of sexual harassment by (*) Anita Hill. FDR attempted to double the number of people who hold this position in a failed "packing scheme." For 10 points, name this position, held by people such as William Rehnquist and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

: Supreme Court justice [prompt on "justice"] <AB> 152.

: 111890 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 10 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This person was expelled from the National Labor Union after interfering in a strike among printing workers. This person was later forced to sell the newspaper The Revolution after going massively into debt, primarily due to this person's refusal to run advertisements on patent medicines. Frederick Douglass disagreed with this person regarding the language of the Fifteenth Amendment, and this person refused to pay a fine incurred for voting in the 1872 Presidential Election. For 10 points, name this American suffragette who worked closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

: Susan Brownell Anthony 341.

: 102285 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 15 | Number: 46 TOSSUP: Section 301 in this law was invoked when Benjamin Owens was not given arbitration in an attempt to save his job in what became the Supreme Court case Vaca v. Sipes. The president objected to its controls on some newspapers and its use of anti-Communist oaths. This law furthered the Sherman Antitrust Act's ban on secondary boycotts, and that ban was strengthened twelve years after this law was passed by its successor, the Landrum-Griffin Act. Passed over the veto of Harry Truman and named for a New Jersey congressman and Ohio senator, this bill revised the Wagner Act. Name this act that outlawed closed shops, passed in 1947 in reaction to a series of strikes.

: Taft-Hartley act [or Hartley-Taft act; or Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 or LMRA] 358.

: 110976 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 6 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This organization was rocked by a scandal when the price of ice was raised in 1900 under the leadership of Richard Croker. Under early leader Matthew Davis, it aided Aaron Burr in the 1800 elections. Samuel Tilden became a Sachem of this organization after bringing down one of its leaders. While it helped Al Smith secure the Democratic presidential nomination in 1928, Franklin D. Roosevelt attacked it. For 10 points, name this Democratic political machine led by men such as William "Boss" Tweed located in New York City.

: Tammany Hall 440.

: 111303 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 9 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: The planning of this event occurred at the Little Green House on K Street, and this event resulted in the resignation of Edwin Denby. This event led to the McGrain v. Daughtery decision by the Supreme Court, and John Kendrick was the first to call for an investigation of it. Robert La Follette led that investigation, which revealed that the properties at Elk Hills were leased to Edward Doheny. Harry Sinclair bribed the Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall in, For 10 points, what scandal during the Harding administration, concerning a Wyoming oil reserve?

: Teapot Dome Scandal 415.

: 80781 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ Tournament 8 | Round: tourn8-07.pdf | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This document predated the Fourteenth Amendment in its call for all non-vagabonds to enjoy the "privileges and immunities" of free citizens. It provided that colonels and all ranks below be appointed by legislatures, and this document ends with an invocation of the "Great Governor of the World." It preapproves allowing its provisions to extend to (*) Canada, but its stance on militias was ambiguous and it did not allow Congress to directly assess taxes. For 10 points, name this document that established a "league of friendship" between the newly independent colonies of America.

: The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 479.

: 110494 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 16 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: The Annapolis Convention was convened to revise this document. One provision allowed for Canada's immediate entry, but any other areas had to have the approval of nine members. Its major weakness was from Section Two, which allotted to Congress only the powers expressly delegated therein. Name this precursor to the Constitution, an agreement between the former colonies regarding government.

: The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Between the States 237.

: 102332 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 1 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: Invoking "the considerable judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God," this document included a clause allowing those affected and "of suitable condition" to join the armed forces. This document included exceptions for the city of New Orleans and all of West Virginia. News reaching Galveston, Texas that this document was going to be enforced became the inspiration for the Juneteenth holiday. Name this decree issued on January 1st, 1863, which freed all slaves held in Confederate states.

: The Emancipation Proclamation 239.

: 143934 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 5 | Number: 6 TOSSUP: 6. One employee of this organization was expelled from China after the newfound riches of Wen Jiabao's family were revealed, though the Chinese government claims that he lacked required paperwork. Nicholas Kristof and David Brooks both work for this company and The (*) Conscience of a Liberal is Paul Krugman's blog for it. This organization is currently headed by Arthur Sulzberger, and it recently switched to a paywall-blocked website which only allows the viewing of ten articles a month. For ten points, name this newspaper which relays "all the news that's fit to print."

: The New York Times <DA> 334.

: 111679 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 1 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: In one scene of this novel, the protagonist encounters a man with a shoeful of blood, and hears another man singing about "five an' twenty dead men/Baked in a pie." Shortly thereafter, he meets a "tattered soldier," who inquires after his health, and witnesses the death of a "tall soldier" who had previously claimed that he would run from a battle if everyone else did. That man was Jim Conklin. The protagonist rejoins the 304th New York Regiment and is cared for by his friend Wilson after suffering a minor head wound. For 10 points, name this work of historical fiction about Henry Fleming's service during the Civil War, written by Stephen Crane.

: The Red Badge of Courage 346.

: 111218 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 5 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This man prevented Germany from gaining a foothold in Morocco at the Algeciras Conference, and he was in office during the British bombarding of Venezuelan forts. This man passed the Elkins Act, and he helped make a secret treaty giving Japan permission to invade Korea. He signed the Pure Food and Drug Act, and started the revolution that split Panama from Colombia. He added his namesake corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and founded the Bull Moose Party. For 10 points, name this man who commanded the Rough Riders and succeeded William McKinley.

: Theodore Roosevelt [accept Teddy Roosevelt or TR; prompt on Roosevelt] 419.

: 111833 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 7 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This man appointed Albert Gallatin as his Secretary of the Treasury, and while in office, this man signed into law a bill that officially banned the importation of slaves. During his administration, Zebulon Pike was dispatched to explore the source of the Red River, and this man authorized the creation of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedoms, and he publicly opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions with James Madison, who succeeded this man as President. For 10 points, name this author of the Declaration of Independence.

: Thomas Jefferson 351.

: 145044 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 14 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: 11. This man wrote a dialogue between his "head" and his "heart" in a letter to Maria Cosway. One of his policies was ridiculed by a cartoon depicting a green turtle biting the pants of a man who complains about the "cursed Ograbme". That policy was replaced by one of non-intercourse due to the unpopularity of the (*) Embargo Act. This president had earlier resigned as Washington's Secretary of State due to disagreements with Alexander Hamilton, who was killed by this man's first vice president Aaron Burr. For ten points, name this Democratic-Republican president who signed the Louisiana Purchase and succeeded John Adams.

: Thomas Jefferson <BZ> 219.

: 144140 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 14 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: 14. This man supported William Trousdale's troops at the Battle of Chapultepec, where he earned a promotion to major. He suffered a defeat at the First Battle of Kernstown, but later defeated Fremont and joined up with Ewell during his Shenandoah Valley Campaign. This man then took Harper's Ferry before advancing to Sharpsburg, and his Second Corps held their lines at Fredericksburg. This leader would later die after (*) Chancellorsville because his own troops mistook him for a Union soldier, and he received his nickname after holding his lines at the First Battle of Bull Run. For ten points, name this Confederate general nicknamed "Stonewall".

: Thomas Jonathon "Stonewall" Jackson <CC> 331.

: 111959 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: One work by this man depicts a number of schoolchildren being thrown into a crocodile-infested river by Catholic priests while a flag flies upside-down; that work is titled "The American River Ganges." Another of his works shows Columbia lying on the ground while being menaced by a tiger, and is subtitled "What are you going to do about it?", while one of his best-known works depicts a number of politicians standing in a circle and being asked the question "Who stole the people's money?" For 10 points, name this American political cartoonist who famously criticized the corruption of Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed.

: Thomas Nast 340.

: 111596 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 11 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This man wrote that the presidency "will be as big and as influential as the man who occupies it" in his work Constitutional Government in the United States. Legislation passed during this man's presidency included the Keating-Owen Act to limit child labor and the Underwood-Simmons Act to lower tariff rates, both of which were part of this man's idea of a "New Freedom." He was strongly opposed by Henry Cabot Lodge on a provision which would have bound the U.S. to defend its allies if attacked, Article X. For 10 points, name this Progressive President who proposed the Fourteen Points and led the U.S. through World War I.

: Thomas Woodrow Wilson 385.

: 102430 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 5 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: One side to the negotiations over this treaty sent admiralty lawyer Williams Adams to negotiate it. Article Ten of this agreement dealt with the abolition of the slave trade. During negotiations, Lord Castlereagh was advised by the Duke of Wellington to "take the status quo ante bellum." Name this treaty that brought an end to the War of 1812.

: Treaty of Ghent 240.

: 102063 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 NTSS | Round: 8 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: Just before the Civil War, the head of this department, John Adams Dix, sent a message saying, "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." Soon after that, Dix was replaced by future Supreme Court Justice Salmon P. Chase. This department used to control the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, but that is now handled by Justice and Homeland Security. This department's role was strengthened by the 16th amendment. Name this cabinet-level department, first headed by Alexander Hamilton, that oversees the U.S. Mint and Internal Revenue Service.

: U.S. Department of the Treasury [accept Treasury Department, do not accept "Secretary of the Treasury"] 370.

: 107244 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 9 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: While in battle off the Madeira Islands, this ship, captained by Charles Stewart, nearly destroyed the HMS Levantwith broadside fire before sailing backward to gun the HMS Cyane. Under William Bainbridge's command, this shipforced the British to abandon their strategy of waging one-on-one combat with American vessels after it defeated theHMS Java. Paul Revere designed this vessel's protective copper bolts. While under the command of Captain IsaacHull, this ship gained its nickname during the War of 1812 when a cannonball from the HMS Guerriere "bouncedharmlessly" off its hull. For 10 points, name this vessel named for a founding document of the United States.

: USS Constitution [accept "Old Ironsides"] 213.

: 107173 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 5 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: George Hammond was the first envoy this nation sent to the United States, and with the United States, thisnation signed a treaty that proposed the construction of a canal in Nicaragua, the ClaytonÂ-Bulwer Treaty. Thisnation fought the United States in the Aroostook War, which was ended in a treaty that established a boundary at theforty-ninth parallel, the WebsterÂ-Ashburton Treaty. Previously, this nation approved a treaty that required it toevacuate the Great Lakes area, but this nation continued to impress American sailors into naval service after thattreaty. For 10 points, name this nation that signed Jay's Treaty and fought the United States in the War of 1812.

: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [accept either underlined part; or United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; or Kingdom of Great Britain; do not accept "England"] 215.

: 149531 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 5 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: The United States fought against this country over control of the San Juan Islands during the Pig War. Diplomats John Slidell and James Mason were taken hostage from one of this country's ships in the Trent Affair. Daniel Webster signed a treaty that resolved a border dispute with one of this country's (*) colonies and also ended the Aroostook War. Protesters burned effigies of John Jay because he signed a treaty with this country that forced the withdrawal of its troops from the Northwest Territory. For 10 points, name this nation from which the United States gained independence.

: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [accept either underlined portion; accept England] Packet 5 - Bonuses 116.

: 111729 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 3 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: The Revolution of 1910 overthrew Joseph Cannon and his "Old Guard," who had assumed near absolute power over this organization. "Czar" Reed won the Battle of the Reed Rules to remove this body's ability to use the disappearing quorum, and Preston Brooks, who was a member of this group from South Carolina, nearly caned to death Charles Sumner, who was not. A silver mace represents the power of this body, which has the power to select a new president if no candidate achieves an electoral majority. For 10 points, name this United States legislative body with sole power of impeachment, composed of 435 members who are notably not Senators.

: United States House of Representatives [prompt on "the House"] 345.

: 102487 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 8 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: During this presidential campaign, the eventual victor allowed for the networks to cut him off during the middle of a speech as a ploy to raise funds. In this election, the incumbent overcame the Progressive Henry Wallace and the Dixiecrats, who were led by Strom Thurmond. The day after this election's conclusion, the Chicago Tribune ran a headline that described the wrong outcome. Name this election in which Thomas Dewey lost to Harry Truman.

: United States Presidential Election of 1948 251.

: 142807 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 12 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: This entity launched Operation Cybersnare in 1995, the first ever online undercover sting operation. The Daily Beast published an article about how 18 members of this group attempted to blackmail Jason Chaffetz while he investigated this group for misconduct. In April 2012, eleven members of this group were accused of hiring (*) prostitutes during the 6th Summit of the Americas. Two senior members of this group crashed a car into the White House complex in 2015. For 10 points, name this US government agency responsible for the protection of select government officials, including the President of the United States.

: United States Secret Service [accept USSS] 195.

: 149647 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 11 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: A vice-presidential candidate in this election was an advocate of a movement in Milwaukee, whose nickname was coined by Morris Hillquit. That candidate in this election was Emil Seidel. John Schrank attempted to kill a candidate during this election, but his bullet was slowed by an eyeglass case. With six percent of the vote, this election was the fourth and most successful for(*) socialist Eugene Debs. Incumbent William Howard Taft finished third in this election, behind "Teddy" Roosevelt and the Bull Moose Party. For 10 points, identify this election won by Woodrow Wilson.

: United States presidential election of 1912 [accept equivalents] <John John Groger>/<ed. JO> (The movement was called "sewer socialism") 131.

: 142700 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 GSAC XXIII | Round: 9 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: The legalization of the abortion pill RU-486 was an issue of contention during debates in this election. A candidate in this election referred to Karl Rove as his "Architect." The Supreme Court of the US overturned the Florida Supreme Court's ruling of a statewide (*) recount of ballots in this election. One candidate in this election ran alongside Joe Lieberman. Ralph Nader ran his most successful campaign, his fourth, in this election. For 10 points, name this election, during which George W. Bush defeated Al Gore to become the 43rd president.

: United States presidential election of 2000 [accept obvious equivalents] 190.

: 144861 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 6 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: 4. A National Historical Park at this site features the National Memorial Arch and Washington Memorial Chapel. Dutch "pepper pot" tripe soup was allegedly invented at this location, where one general gave a speech responding to accusations made in the Conway Cabal that referenced the earlier success of Horatio Gates at Saratoga. The Revolutionary War Drill Manual was written while (*) Baron von Steuben trained troops at this location, to which the Continental Army had retreated after losing the battles of Germantown and Brandywine. For ten points, name this Pennsylvania valley where George Washington's troops suffered through the winter of 1777.

: Valley Forge <BZ> 227.

: 146996 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: Trash 1 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: In 30 Rock, Jack Donaghy frustrates a priest by confessing to getting sodomized by a holder of this position. A knock-off of "Where's Waldo" sees one look for a holder of this position in places like a golf tournament, and a holder of this position tries to kill Travis and his baby in the South Park episode "Lice Capades". Leslie Knope has a crush (*) on the holder of this position, and Julia Dreyfus holds this position on an HBO show. The current holder of this position had an "autobiography" of him written by The Onion, and famous holders of this position have done things like misspell potato and shoot their hunting buddies. For 10 points, name this office currently held by Joe Biden.

: Vice President of the United States (accept Veep) 302.

: 146892 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 11 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: During this war, James FitzGibbon was warned by Laura Secord of the enemy's plans, thus allowing him to win at Beaver Dams. Tension leading to this war was created by the Orders in Council. Forces led by William Winder were defeated by those of Robert Ross in the Battle of Bladensburg during this war. During this war, the USS Niagara flew a flag reading "Don't give up the ship," at the Battle of Lake (*) Erie, which was won by Oliver Hazard Perry. At one point in this war, Fort McHenry was bombarded, an incident that inspired Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner." For 10 points, name this war in which Washington DC was burned and which is named for a year.

: War of 1812 312.

: 110902 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 2 | Number: 13 TOSSUP: In one battle in this war, regulars under John Ross routed a force of several thousand militia under William Winder, and pirates aided one side in winning a battle at Chalmette. The future victor at Veracruz was wounded in this war's bloodiest battle. During this war, Creek Indians were defeated at Horseshoe Bend, and an invasion of the Niagara peninsula was stopped although Tecumseh was killed at the Thames. Lundy's Lane, Bladensburg, and the Battle of Lake Erie occurred in, For 10 points, this war which saw Andrew Jackson save New Orleans from the British after this war was ended with the Treaty of Ghent.

: War of 1812 438.

: 111807 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 6 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: One perpetrator of this event, Bernard Barker, had earlier joined the secret police of Fulgencio Batista. John Dean testified against individuals implicated in this event before pleading guilty to obstruction of justice. The perpetrators of this event were connected to the Committee to Re-elect the President, and this event saw the dismissal of prosecutor Archibald Cox during its "Saturday Night Massacre." Mark Felt provided Woodward and Bernstein with information on this event. For 10 points, name this event involving a burglary of the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, which occurred during the administration of Richard Nixon.

: Watergate Scandal [accept clear equivalents involving Watergate] 343.

: 149574 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 8 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: The catalyst for this event was Frank Wills discovering tape keeping some doors from latching. The men evolved in that portion of this event were found to be closely affiliated with CRP ["creep"]. The bulk of this event hinged on a refusal to release evidence despite a subpoena being issued for those (*) tapes. This event saw the President attempt to exercise executive privilege in order to avoid releasing those unedited tapes to a committee. For 10 points, name this scandal, named for the complex housing the DNC headquarters, the main cause of the resignation of Richard Nixon.

: Watergate Scandal [prompt on "Nixon scandal" or similar until "shared its name" and accept Nixon v U.S. until "this scandal"] 111.

: 146776 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 6 | Number: 11 TOSSUP: This party was supported by the Log Cabin newspaper. In Massachusetts, Abbot Lawrence led this group's "Cotton" faction, which opposed the Charles Francis Adams led "Conscience" faction. Horace Greeley originally belonged to this party, whose founder proposed subsidies for roads and tariffs to protect industries as part of his (*) American System. Its only two elected presidents both died in office; those were William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor. For 10 points, name this antebellum political party that was led by Henry Clay, who formed in opposition of Andrew Jackson's Democrats.

: Whig 316.

: 63679 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regular Season | Round: 23.pdf | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This conflict saw a march led on John Neville's home before it was put down by the Watermelon Army. During this event, David Bradford escaped from from his would-be captors. After Governor Robert Mifflin refused to get involved, this event, which occurred in the Monongahela Valley, was put down by "Lighthorse" Harry Lee and Alexander Hamilton. For 10 points, name this 1794 rebellion in Pennsylvania in response to an excise tax on the namesake alcoholic beverage.

: Whiskey Rebellion 410.

: 77354 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 DAFT | Round: DAFT 2009 Round 06 - Edited - Proofread.doc | Number: 18 TOSSUP: One leader in this event was an attorney in Washington County named David Bradford. This event saw one group muster at Braddock's Field, while governor Thomas Mifflin personally led the troops. Leaders of this event used stolen letters to help incite the rebels before it ended after a meeting at Parkinson's Ferry. This rebellion began when a mob burned down the house of John Neville, and it was put down by an army, led by Light Horse Harry Lee, that had been called out by George Washington. Arising from a tax proposed by Alexander Hamilton, for 10 points, name this American rebellion named for a certain alcoholic beverage.

: Whiskey Rebellion 471.

: 79375 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2009 HSAPQ 4Q2 | Round: 4q2-04.pdf | Number: 30 TOSSUP: One figure targeted during this rebellion was the general John Neville, who was sent to oversee the collection of taxes. One man involved in putting down this rebellion was "Light Horse Harry" Lee, who had earlier served in the American Revolution. The militia forces gathered to put down this rebellion were led by the president at the time, George Washington, although no resistance was met. For 10 points, name this rebellion in western Pennsylvania that started after the United States government passed an excise (ECK-size) tax on a certain form of alcohol.

: Whiskey Rebellion 477.

: 72269 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: finals phase 3.pdf | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This event involved a red flag with six stripes that said, "No Asylum for Traitors and Cowards". It began when David Lennox and John Neville heard shots coming from a group supporting William Miller, and within a few days both Miller and John McFarlane had been shot dead. It involved a man who would become Treasury Secretary, Al- bert Gallatin, and one of its events became known as the Battle of Bower Hill. This incident is the only time in American history that a sitting President led troops in the field; he handed them off to Henry Lee and Alexander Hamilton after bringing them across Pennsylvania. Name this 1794 event, an armed protest against a particular excise tax.

: Whiskey Rebellion [accept logical equivalents for "Rebellion"] 445.

: 149623 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 10 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: The red, blue, and green rooms in this building were originally set in the French Empire style and served as its three state parlors. Designed by James Hoban, this building underwent major renovations commissioned by (*) Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. Its West Wing contains major executive offices including one called the Oval Office. For 10 points, name this official residence of the President of the United States that was set ablaze in 1814.

: White House 108.

: 111686 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 1 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: This man held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect Chinese-American Martha Lum's right to attend school in Mississippi, and he overturned the Futures Trading Act in Hill v. Wallace. This man was opposed by the National Progressive Republican League led by Robert LaFollette, and his administration passed the PayneÂ-Aldrich Tariff. He promoted American interests in Latin America with Dollar Diplomacy, and his quarrels with Theodore Roosevelt cost both of them the 1912 presidential election. For 10 points, name this man, the only person ever to serve as both Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and President of the United States.

: William Howard Taft 339.

: 119170 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: 1 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: This man was the primary proponent for the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, a forerunner of the War on Drugs. He advocated citizenship for Puerto Ricans during an election in which his running mate was John Kern. He resigned one of his posts after the sinking of the (*) Lusitania and opposed the Bourbon Democrats. This man served as Wilson's secretary of state and was known as "The Great Commoner." This man's opposition to bimetallism was summed up in a speech that stated "you shall not crucify mankind" on the titular structure. For 10 points, name this Democratic candidate for president in 1896 who gave the "Cross of Gold" speech.

: William Jennings Bryan 398.

: 111260 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 7 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This politician emphasized religion as the basis of morality in his lecture "The Prince of Peace." He founded the Progressive newspaper The Commoner, and he resigned as Secretary of State following Woodrow Wilson's handling of the Lusitania affair. This politician was famously cross-examined in court by Clarence Darrow, and although he ended up losing to William McKinley, he received the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896 after giving a speech espousing bimetallism. For 10 points, name this populist from Nebraska who participated in the Scopes trial and delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech.

: William Jennings Bryan 420.

: 117613 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 New Trier Scobol Solo | Round: 1 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: To protest the treatment of Anthony Burns, this person stated that the U.S. had made "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell", and burned a copy of the Constitution. This person is pictured holding a bag between David Wilmot and Horace Greeley in the political cartoon "TheHurly-Burly Pot". This person and Benjamin Lundy were sued by Francis Todd for publishing a story describing the conditions on Todd's slave ships. His view of the Constitution caused a rift between him and Frederick Douglass. Name this abolitionist who created the American Anti-SlaverySociety and edited The Liberator.

: William Lloyd Garrison 270.

: 72085 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 08.pdf | Number: 2 TOSSUP: Six years before becoming President, this politician passed a high tariff while serving as the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This President signed the Gold Standard Act, ending bimetallism. His campaign fea- tured the slogan "the full dinner pail" and was known as the front-porch campaign. Its direction by Mark Hanna al- lowed him to stay with his wife Ida who suffered from epilepsy. He appointed Secretary of State John Hay, who pur- sued an Open Door Policy with China. This President allowed Congress to decide how to react to the sinking of the USS Maine. Name this President who was succeeded after his assassination by Theodore Roosevelt.

: William McKinley 450.

: 152208 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 10 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: 18. A political cartoon depicts this man as a "straddle-bug", literally straddling the currency question. During this man's presidency, Congress passed the Teller Amendment in response to his declaration of war, which occurred after a certain vessel exploded in (*) Havana Harbor. This president won an election in which the "Cross of Gold" speech was given by William Jennings Bryan. During the Pan-American Exposition, this man was assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgolz. For 10 points, name this president who started the Spanish-American War and was succeeded by Teddy Roosevelt.

: William McKinley <AB> 158.

: 143907 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 4 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: 1. In one political cartoon, this man was depicted as a waiter offering a variety of imperialist dishes to Uncle Sam. As a Congressman, he proposed a 50% duty on imported goods which was soon replaced by the Wilson-Gorman Tariff. His first vice-president, Garret Hobart, died in office, leaving a vacancy unfilled until the next election. Thanks to the campaign management of (*) Mark Hanna, this politician defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. For ten points, identify this president during the Spanish-American War who was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz [CHOL-gosh"] and succeeded by Teddy Roosevelt.

: William McKinley <MS> 336.

: 149382 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 WHAQ II | Round: 4 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: This man lost an election for Speaker of the House to the man who combated the "disappearing quorum," Thomas Reed. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff replaced a fifty percent duty on imports that he framed as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He twice defeated the founder of The Commoner, and fellow Ohio native Mark(*) Hanna aided his "front porch" campaign. At the Buffalo World's Fair, a handkerchief hid a gun that Leon Czolgosz used to kill this man. For 10 points, name this president who defeated William Jennings Bryan, the predecessor of Theodore Roosevelt.

: William McKinley Jr. <John John Groger>/<ed. JO> 140.

: 111432 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 3 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This man's Special Field Orders No. 15 provided for the resettlement of slaves freed after one of his campaigns. During that campaign, he had a tactical defeat at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, and his assaults on Patrick Cleburne's division were repulsed at the Battle of Chattanooga. After Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, this general met at Bennett Place to accept the surrender of Joseph Johnston. His "neckties," which were broken railroad tracks wrapped around trees, exemplify his use of scorched earth tactics. For 10 points, name this Union officer who captured Atlanta and Savannah during his "March to the Sea."

: William Tecumseh Sherman 393.

: 111638 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: Finals 1 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: This man ordered the execution of members of Saint Patrick's Battalion, after which his forces assaulted Chapultepec. He was wounded at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, and the duke of Wellington proclaimed him "the greatest living general." This man rounded up the Cherokee nations in the South, and he acted as an observer of the Trail of Tears. He followed Cortez's invasion route through Mexico, culminating in the capture of Mexico City. He designed the Anaconda Plan for the Union, and For 10 points, name this American general nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers."

: Winfield Scott 387.

: 72119 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 09.pdf | Number: 18 TOSSUP: This general led Abraham Eustis and William Lindsay on a failed campaign during the Second Seminole War. A few years later, this leader was supposed to replace Henry Atkinson, but, due to an outbreak of cholera (KHA-luh- ruh), half of his troops died on the way to the Black Hawk War, which was won before this man arrived. Shortly be- fore retiring, this leader proposed blockading the South and sending troops up the Mississippi River in what became known as the Anaconda Plan. His biggest successes, achieved while future generals P.G.T. Beauregard and Robert E. Lee served under him, came at the Battles of Cerro (SEH-row) Gordo and Chapultepec (chuh-PULL-tuh-peck). Af- ter his successes in the Mexican-American War, this man unsuccessfully ran for President in 1852. Name this general nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers".

: Winfield Scott 461.

: 149251 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2017 RMBCT | Round: 2 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: This concept is mentioned in the Islamic Surah "Al-Falaq," which is meant as a protection from it. This concept is strongly condemned in the Malleus Maleficarum. The belief that illness results from this concept has led to a number of deaths, primarily in (*) Sub-Saharan Africa. This practice has become less violently discouraged in the modern era, leading to the rise of neo-pagan groups like Wiccan covens. Belief in this practice, as well as Christian doctrine of the time, led to twenty-five deaths in a Massachusetts city in the seventeenth century. For 10 points, name this practice, which utilizes magical skills.

: Witchcraft [accept Black Magic before "magical"] 122.

: 63909 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 HSAPQ VHSL Regular Season | Round: 30.pdf | Number: 18 TOSSUP: Figures associated with this organization include Annie Wittenmyer and Matilda Carse. Currently, it oversees the publication of the semi-annual The Union Signal and advocates a "White Ribbon" program involving a pledge between mothers and their young children. Under perhaps its best known leader, Francis Willard, it expanded its initiatives from education and sanitation to focus more on advocating the prohibition of alcohol and tobacco. For 10 points, name this group founded in Cleveland in 1874 whose name suggests the gender of its members.

: Woman's Christian Temperance Union 413.

: 144001 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 8 | Number: 7 TOSSUP: 7. One man who attempted to damage this structure later assisted his uncle in planning a failed assassination of John Paul II in the Bojinka plot. That man and Eyad Ismoil drove a yellow van into a parking garage of this structure, though Ramzi Yousef ultimately failed to do much damage. Another event taking place at this building led to the passage of the (*) PATRIOT Act, and was masterminded by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. For ten points, identify this New York City landmark which al-Qaeda destroyed as part of the September 11th attacks.

: World Trade Center (accept North Tower or Twin Towers; prompt on "South Tower") <MS> 326.

: 112104 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 6 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: In 1986, Curtis Kills Ree and Birgil Kills Straight established a 120 mile long horseback tour to memorialize this event. At a a 1973 incident at the same place this event occurred, Richard Wilson's dissidents were killed by the GOONs. This event began at Pine Ridge after one side engaged the Miniconjou and Chief Big Foot surrendered. After shirts were unable to protect the victims of this event, followers of the self-proclaimed messiah, Wovoka, ended their adherence to the Paiute [PIE-OOT] Ghost Dance. For 10 points, name this December 1890 event in South Dakota at which the US Army massacred over 150 Lakota Sioux near a namesake creek.

: Wounded Knee Massacre 274.

: 111161 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2011 Maggie Walker GSAC | Round: 2 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: Prior to this event, James McLaughlin overturned an idea to use Buffalo Bill to prevent violence. A contributing factor to this event was the prophet Wovoka and his visions of the end of white expansionism, and violence during this event was partially caused by difficulties encountered when attempting to disarm Black Coyote. The Ghost Dance was interpreted as preparation for an attack, and the location of this event was occupied in 1973 by AIM members. For 10 points, name this 1890 event in which many Lakota Sioux were killed, one of the last conflicts of the Indian Wars.

: Wounded Knee Massacre [accept Battle of Wounded Knee] 421.

: 110380 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 10 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: The murders in this state of Nick Ray and Nate Champion set off the Johnson County War. A city in this state was the source of the moniker of Harry Longbaugh, the Sundance Kid. This is the home state of former senator Alan Simpson, who was replaced by current senator Mike Enzi. Before becoming Secretary of Defense, Dick Cheney represented this state in the House. Name this western US state with capital Cheyenne.

: Wyoming 252.

: 144016 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 8 | Number: 22 TOSSUP: 22. He's not Theodore Roosevelt, but this man's negotiations with Britain over a canal in Nicaragua led to the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. This man employed the "Flying Artillery" tactic to lead his troops to victory at the Battle of Palo Alto, although he may be better known for defeating an army more than three times his size at the Battle of (*) Buena Vista during the Mexican-American War. This man ran as a Whig and defeated Lewis Cass and Martin van Buren in the 1848 presidential election. For ten points, name this President nicknamed "Old Rough-and-Ready" who was succeeded by Millard Fillmore.

: Zachary Taylor <HG> BONUSES 327.

: 112039 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 3 | Number: 16 TOSSUP: This policy was the subject of a 2005 study conducted by Espenshade and Chung. A recent court case about it coined the phrase "narrowly tailored" and was remanded for failing to meet strict scrutiny. The "compelling interest" test is required for this policy, the subject of 2009's Ricci v. DeStefano. Critics of it say it leads to "mismatch." Two cases named for Lee Bollinger, president of the University of Michigan, covered this policy, which the Supreme Court avoided ruling on in 2013 with Abigail Fisher's lawsuit against the University of Texas. For 10 points, name this policy in which an underrepresented group has better odds of gaining employment or admission.

: affirmative action [prompt on "reverse discrimination" or "discrimination"] 289.

: 106995 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 1 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: This event was timed to coincide with Harry Hawk's words, "you sockdologizing old mantrap." After this event,Lewis Powell was caught hiding in the house of Mary Surratt. The perpetrator of this event hid in Zekiah Swampbefore he went to the house of Richard Garrett, where he was later shot by Boston Corbett. This event interrupted aproduction of Our American Cousin, and its perpetrator may have said either "sic semper tyrannis" or "The South isavenged." For 10 points, name this event five days after the end of the American Civil War, during which JohnWilkes Booth shot the sixteenth president of the United States in Ford's Theater.

: assassination of Abraham Lincoln [accept obvious equivalents] 210.

: 110447 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 14 | Number: 3 TOSSUP: Iconic photos of this event were taken by Bill Eppridge, including that of busboy Juan Romero holding the victim. Its perpetrator claimed he was driven by his target's desire to send jets to Israel. It occurred shortly after its victim had claimed victory in a California presidential primary. Perpetrated by a Jordanian immigrant, name this action at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan against a candidate for President in 1968.

: assassination of Robert Kennedy (accept synonyms for assassination, the player must give at least part of the first name, prompt if not given, accept Bobby in place of Robert) 263.

: 107171 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 5 | Number: 18 TOSSUP: Franklin Roosevelt's Agricultural Adjustment Act paid Arkansas farmers to reduce their yield of this crop, and itwas the primary trade item at the Royal Exchange in Manchester. The Department of Agriculture launched anEradication Program to destroy boll weevils that hindered production of this crop. John Kay's flying shuttle helpedspeed up the processing of this plant, and Samuel Slater developed the Rhode Island System of factories processingthis crop. The value of this crop skyrocketed because of a 1793 invention that could quickly remove the seeds of thisplant. For 10 points, name this plant processed by Eli Whitney's "gin," often made into textiles.

: cotton 206.

: 144611 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BISB (Brookwood Invitational Scholars' Bowl) | Round: 7 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: John Frederick Maurice wrote an 1883 text pointing out how infrequently this action actually occurs. The October Resolution controversially obviated the need for this action. The clause which grants this power permits the issuance of letters of marque and reprisal. If this action is not done, a report must be filed to Congress and a 60 or 90-day timetable begins, according to a 1973 law vetoed by (*) Nixon. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution permitted conventional activity even when this enumerated power is not used. Congress has used this power 11 times, none since 1942. For 10 points, name this power which formally establishes a military action.

: declaring war [or a formal declaration of war; prompt on war; do not accept or prompt on things like "sending in troops"] 175.

: 110454 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 Masonic | Round: 14 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: In the Magna Carta, the use of this power required immediate cash appropriation. A state supreme court weakened a federal supreme court decision on this matter in Norwood, Ohio v. Horney. That Supreme Court decision, which found that this power can be used in the name of economic development as long as it is in the "public interest," is Kelo [KEE-loe] v. New London. Some countries refer to this power as compulsory purchase. Authorized by the Fifth Amendment takings clause, name this ability of the government to appropriate private property while compensating the owner.

: eminent domain (accept compulsory purchase before it is mentioned, do not accept "confiscation") 264.

: 152058 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 3 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: 8. One of these events occurred in the Empire State Building due to the actions of a blinded B-25 bomber. Rose Schneiderman claimed that she could not "talk good fellowship" in a speech after one of these events. A committee headed by Frances Perkins put forth the 54-hour bill after one of these events. That 1911 event of this type occurred in New York's (*) Asch building. One of these events happened concurrently with another one in Peshtigo that jumped across Lake Michigan, and was apocryphally caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. For 10 points, name these events, a "Great" one of which destroyed much of Chicago in 1871.

: fires <AB> 151.

: 72169 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2010 NTSS | Round: 12.pdf | Number: 11 TOSSUP: From 1930 to 1962, this issue was overseen at the federal level by Harry Anslinger. In 1954, President Eisen- hower organized a five member Cabinet committee to address it. The Supreme Court faced this issue with Linder v. U.S., ruling that parts of the Harrison Act overstepped federal power. In 1973, the BNDD, ODALE, and other agen- cies were combined into a single agency within the Department of Justice to address it, and this issue became the focus of Nancy Reagan when she was First Lady. During the first Bush Administration, this issue was overseen by former Education Secretary William Bennett and former Florida Governor Bob Martinez, who were popularly called czars. Name this issue now overseen by the ONDCP and the DEA.

: illegal drugs [accept logical equivalents, such as narcotics; accept more specific answers; prompt on Pro- 460.

: 145089 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 5 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: 12. One of these events in 1952 resulted from the decision of the Supreme Court case Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. Anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman conspired to assassinate Henry Clay Frick during one of these events that saw fights between AA members and (*) Pinkertons. People hired to "break" these events were derisively known as "scabs," and ones targeting the Pullman railroad company and Homestead plant failed due to government intervention. For ten points, name these events that occur when members of a labor union temporarily refuse to work.

: labor strikes <BZ> 221.

: 144163 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 15 | Number: 15 TOSSUP: 15. One holder of this position ran under the "Fireproof" party, while another was shot by Giuseppe Zangara with a bullet intended for FDR. The first black holder of this position, Harold Washington, defeated Jane Byrne and the son of a prior man to have this job, who later would join with Rod Blagojevich to ban semi-automatic assault weapons and appoint (*) Arne Duncan as head of its public school district. The current holder of this position was elected to it after resigning as Obama's chief of staff. For ten points, identify this post formerly held by multiple Richard Daleys and currently held by Rahm Emanuel, the chief executive of a large Illinois city.

: mayor of Chicago (prompt on "mayor") <MS> 330.

: 112245 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 13 | Number: 12 TOSSUP: The Celebrate Recovery program was founded in 1990 by two people with this profession. Gardner C. Taylor is referred to as the "dean" of Americans in this job, and a person with this profession was the subject of President Obama's "A More Perfect Union" speech. One man who founded an organization in Lake Forest, California recently returned to this job after his son's suicide. A person with this job notoriously shouted, "******** America", incriminating his friend Barack Obama in 2008. The leader of Saddleback, Rick Warren, is one, as was Billy Graham prior to going on television. For 10 points, name this job held by Jeremiah Wright and other church leaders.

: pastors [or ministers; or priests; or Fathers; or Christian leaders; or same-knowledge equivalents, as I'm not being picky here; prompt on "televangelists", I guess] 281.

: 112142 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 8 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: After Paul Robeson testified to Congress that African-Americans would support the USSR during the Cold War, a man with this job testified the opposite. A person with this job gave a speech ending, "I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for." Larry Doby, who had this job, was a subject of the "Noble Experiment" conducted by Branch Rickey. A month before he died, a man with this job said, "Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth." Chick Gandil, one of these people, caused a 1919 scandal that forced "Shoeless" Joe Jackson out of this job. For 10 points, name this job held by Lou Gehrig and Jackie Robinson.

: professional baseball players [or major league baseball players; or MLBers; or logical equivalents; prompt on "athletes" or "sportsmen" or similar; accept Jackie Robinson before "this job" is read] 296.

: 112016 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 2 | Number: 14 TOSSUP: Description acceptable. These people are the beneficiaries of Brothers to the Rescue missions. Brigade 2506 consisted of these people. The Clinton administration pursued the "wet feet, dry feet" policy for these people. The Mariel Boatlift transported 120,000 of them in 1980. In 2000, federal agents arrested a six-year-old named Elian Gonzalez, one of these people, and returned him to his father's custody, after his mother drowned. Marco Rubio's parents were these people, as was Jesus Rafael Saavedra, who was found on a raft after eight days by the Coast Guard. For 10 points, name these people who often come to Miami to escape persecution in Havana.

: refugees from Cuba [or exiles from Cuba; or Cuban-Americans; or same-knowledge equivalents that demonstrates knowledge of people who come to the United States from Cuba; prompt on "Cubans"] 292.

: 144900 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 7 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: 21. During this event, its subject echoed Theodore Roosevelt's comments about being a man "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood" and hoped to start a "desperately needed" process of healing. This event occurred four days after an incriminating conversation with H.R. Haldeman was revealed in the "smoking gun" recording. A month after this event, its subject received a "full, free, and absolute" (*) pardon for covering up a breakin at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, which lead to allegations of a deal with Gerald R. Ford. For ten points, name this August 1974 event during which a certain president relinquished his position due to the Watergate scandal.

: resignation of Richard Milhous Nixon [accept equivalent answers like Nixon resigning the presidency; prompt on less specific answers like "Nixon leaving the presidency" or "end of Nixon's second term"; prompt on "Watergate scandal" until mentioned"; DO NOT accept or prompt on "impeachment of Nixon" since it didn't happen] <BZ> 228.

: 106997 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 BELLOCO | Round: 1 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: Lysander Spooner argued that this right was the only security against the injustices of slavery. George Tuckercriticized the English Bill of Rights for restricting this right to wealthy Protestants to prevent "the destruction ofgame." The Supreme Court incorporated this right against the states in McDonald v. Chicago, and this right waspreviously incorporated against federal enclaves in the 2008 case DC v. Heller. The amendment protecting this rightin the United States asserts the necessity of "a well regulated militia." For 10 points, name this right protected by theSecond Amendment of the United States Constitution, often exercised in self-defense.

: right to keep and bear arms [accept Second Amendment rights or obvious equivalents before "Second Amendment"; accept other obvious equivalents; prompt on "right to self-defense" until mentioned] 216.

: 119150 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2012 RAVE | Round: 10 | Number: 19 TOSSUP: One of these notes that the "contemplation of universal law" is "perpetual." Another of them includes the phrase "fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray," in regard to the passage of a "mighty scourge." Another of them states, "It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this," and the man responsible for these also stated in that one that "we cannot (*) consecrate-- we cannot hallow-- this ground." Another of these famously proclaims, "A house divided against itself cannot stand," and begins, "Four score and seven years ago." For 10 points, identify these orations by a certain president, which include the Gettysburg Address.

: speeches by Abraham Lincoln [accept synonyms for speeches like orations; prompt on inagurual addresses before "It is altogetherÂ..." but accept it if it specifies inaugural address of Abraham Lincoln; prompt on something like speeches by American presidents because it's not specific enough] 401.

: 145019 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 13 | Number: 8 TOSSUP: 8. It's not an amendment, but one of these pieces of legislation was enforced by a Force Bill passed in 1833. The first income tax during peacetime was implemented by one of these acts sponsored by William Wilson and Arthur Gorman. Woodrow Wilson first attacked the "triple wall of privilege" by passing one named after Oscar (*) Underwood, which reduced the rates of the Payne-Aldrich one. The Nullification Crisis was caused by the passage of one of these pieces of legislation in 1828 that was labeled as an "abomination" by South Carolinians. For ten points, give this term for taxes on imported goods.

: tariffs [accept duties; prompt on "taxes" before mentioned] <BZ> 218.

: 144988 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2014 LIST IV | Round: 11 | Number: 21 TOSSUP: 21. A statute passed in the wake of this movement was held to not violate the Fourteenth Amendment in the Supreme Court case Mugler v. Kansas. The goals of this movement were enforced by statewide "Maine Laws" and by the particularly ineffective Volstead Act. A violent campaigner for this goal who utilized a hatchet was (*) Carrie Nation. Frances Willard established one organization that promoted this movement, the WCTU, though it was supplanted by the Anti-Saloon League. For ten points, name this movement whose goals were achieved when alcohol was banned by the Eighteenth Amendment.

: temperance or Prohibition [accept any answer that references being against alcohol] <BZ> 232.

: 112150 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 9 | Number: 1 TOSSUP: This work claims that "mankind are more disposed to suffers, while evils are sufferable." William Small influenced this philosophical work, which at one point introduces "Facts to be submitted to a candid world" before its lengthy section on the "catalogue of wrongs." A section of this work notes that "light and transient causes" are not prudent to effect change. The author of this work altered a quote from Two Treatises of Government climaxing with the word "estate." This work notes that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. For 10 points, name this work of political philosophy stating that "all men are created equal" written by Thomas Jefferson.

: the Declaration of Independence 279.

: 112117 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 7 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: (Note to moderator: Read to yourself the entire answerline [TO YOURSELF] before reading the tossup)The Apalachin Meeting occurred between members of this organization. This organization used a code called Omerta. The Kefauver hearings focused on this group, which was the probable target of the 1970 RICO Act. The Havana Conference was attended by this American organization's leader Meyer Lansky. The Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas was founded by an early leader of this organization. The capo was a local leader in this organization, and members of this group call it "Cosa Nostra." For 10 points, name this organization led by Lucky Luciano, the American version of the Sicilian Mafia.

: the Mob [or the American Mafia before mention; accept Sicilian Mafia until "Kefauver hearings", but do not accept or prompt after; accept Cosa Nostra before mention; prompt on "The Commission"; prompt on "National Crime Syndicate"; ask for less specificity for answers such as "the Gambino family" or other "families"] 283.

: 146705 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 JAMES | Round: 3 | Number: 4 TOSSUP: Following this event, David Herold surrendered to federal troops while hiding in Richard Garnett's barn. The perpetrator of this event, who was not stopped by Major Henry Rathbone, was shot by Thomas Corbett. Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell and Mary Surratt were hanged as co-conspirators in this event. The phrase "his name is (*) Mudd" refers to the doctor who treated the perpetrator of this event. Before committing this action, that man interrupted the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre before yelling "Sic semper tyrannis!". For 10 points, what event occurred when John Wilkes Booth shot the 16th president of America?

: the assassination of Abraham Lincoln [accept obvious equivalents] 308.

: 143989 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 LIST III | Round: 7 | Number: 17 TOSSUP: 17. During one of these events, the Full House, Jabit III, and Straight Flush were used for weather reconnaissance. These events prevented the execution of Operations Olympic and Coronet, which were part of the larger Operation Downfall. The first of these events was meant to occur at Aioi Bridge, and utilized planes such as The Great Artiste. Survivors of these events are known as (*) hibakusha, and they began in August, 1945 when the Enola Gay dropped the Little Boy. For ten points, identify this pair of destructive events in which weapons produced by the Manhattan Project were dropped on two Japanese cities.

: the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (or nuking Japan; accept destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; a correct answer must either have both city names or mention atomic weapons, prompt otherwise) <MS> 320.

: 152230 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2015 BASK | Round: 11 | Number: 20 TOSSUP: 20. Alse Youngs was involved in the first of these events to occur in New England. Another one of these events that took place in Wethersfield was prompted by Goodwife Ayres. One of these events included a test based on the "doctrine of effluvia" in which a cake was baked using urine and fed to a dog. Betty Parris and (*) Abigail Williams instigated one of these events by blaming fits on the slave Tituba. The discovery of poppets and tests involving throwing in water were often used in events of this type. For 10 points, name these pseudo-legal events, one of which occurred at Salem.

: witch trials <AB> Bonuses 145.

: 112012 | Difficulty: Regular High School | Category: History | Subcategory: History American Tournament: 2013 Brookwood Invitational Scholars Bowl | Round: 2 | Number: 10 TOSSUP: This adjective describes a historical phrase inspired by the Richard Outcault comic "Hogan's Alley." This adjective describes the subject of Walter Reed's research at Camp Lazear. Agreements described by this adjective were outlawed by the Norris-LaGuardia Act; those contracts specifying that employees wouldn't join unions were named for dogs described by this adjective. Aedes aegypti spread a condition described by this adjective. Before the Spanish-American War, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst spearheaded this type of journalism. For 10 points, name this color which describes a "fever" epidemic through 1793 Philadelphia.

: yellow [do not accept similar colors like "gold", "chartreuse", "saffron", though yellow jackets is perfectly fine] 293.