Quizzes Chapter 1-8

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research. a) A bridge between b) Another word for c) Inferior to both d) Superior to both

a) A bridge between

What graph format is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

A bar graph

How can you tell a study used a bivariate correlational design?

The presence of measured variables

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: a) Confirmatory hypothesis testing b) Cherry-picking of evidence c) Overconfidence d) Availability heuristic

a) Confirmatory hypothesis testing

A population is to ________ as a sample is to ________. a) Entire; part b) Internal; external c) Researchers; participants d) Census; people

a) Entire; part

Another word for observer effects is: a) Expectancy effects b) Interrater reliability c) Observer bias d) Unobtrusive observation

a) Expectancy effects

Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? a) Introduction b) Abstract c) Results d) References

b) Abstract

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a) A scatterplot b) Kappa c) Cronbach's alpha d) Pearson's r

c) Cronbach's alpha

A biased sample consists of too many ________ cases. a) Complicated b) Basic c) Unusual d) Ideal

c) Unusual

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? a) The association should be rejected as inconclusive. b) The study must be done again using the same participants. c) The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. d) The findings should be replicated in another population.

d) The findings should be replicated in another population.

A sample is always ________ a population. a) More interesting than b) More expensive to measure than c) More scientific than d) Smaller than

d) Smaller than

External validity is most important for which of the following claims? a) Frequency claims b) Causal claims c) Association claims d) External validity is equally important for all claims

a) Frequency claims

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? a) He must conduct an experiment. b) He must make a frequency claim first. c) He must measure his two variables. d) He must manipulate his two variables.

a) He must conduct an experiment

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a) Ensure validity b) Allow participants to skip questions c) Cancel out measurement error d) Make sure participants are not lying

c) Cancel out measurement error

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a) The rule of covariance b) The rule of temporal precedence c) The third-variable rule d) Rule of parsimony

b) The rule of temporal precedence

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? a) Providing a "no opinion" option b) Using scales with an even number of response options c) Using reverse-worded questions d) Using a Likert-type response scale

b) Using scales with an even number of response sets

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? a) When the sample is very large b) When the study has life-or-death implications c) When the finding is also statistically significant d) When external validity is high

b) When the study has life-or-death implications

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a) Both are preferred by psychologists as measures of validity. b) Both are necessary for predictive validity. c) Both involve subjective judgments. d) Both involve judgments based on participants' opinions.

c) Both involve subjective judgments

Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? a) Faking bad b) Negatively worded answers c) Fence sitting d) People self-reporting more than they can know

c) Fence sitting

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a) Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. b) Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. c) Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate. d) Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.

c) Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate.

A dependent variable is one that: a) Has one level b) Is kept constant c) Is measured d) Is manipulated

c) Is measured

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a) Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. b) Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. c) Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. d) Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

c) Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? a) Negative association b) Zero association c) Positive association d) There is not enough information to answer this question

c) Positive association

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32 and reports p<.05. The p is a/an _____. a) Population value b) Possibility assessment c) Probability estimate d) Plausible significance approximation

c) Probability estimate

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________. a) Spurious data b) An outlier effect c) Restriction of range d) Null effect

c) Restriction of range

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? a) The journalist b) The peer reviewer c) The researcher d) The participants

c) The researcher

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? a) Cherry-picking of evidence b) Overconfidence c) Confirmatory hypothesis testing d) The availability heuristic

d) The availability heuristic

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: a) The education and experience of the journalist b) The length and source of the story c) The education and experience of the scientist d) The importance and accuracy of the story

d) The importance and accuracy of the story

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? a) The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher. b) The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected. c) The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected. d) The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain.

d) The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain.

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a) The principle of respect for persons b) The principle of integrity c) The principle of beneficence d) The principle of justice

d) The principle of justice

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: a) Practical research b) Empirical research c) Compound research d) Translational research

d) Translational research

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? a) Asked her enemies if she was a nice person b) Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months c) Counted up all the times she was nice in the past d) Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies

a) Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: a) Moderate b) Large c) Multiply determined d) Categorical

a) Moderate

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a) An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. b) A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. c) A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast). d) An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements.

b) A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a) A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants b) A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c) A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study d) A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

b) A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? a) A study of college students b) A study of children whose parents are both serving time in prison c) A study of first-time fathers d) A study of people who have been in a car accident

b) A study of children whose parents are both serving time in prison

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? a) They study every member of the population of interest. b) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. c) They have good internal validity too. d) They are more complicated to do.

b) All members of the pop. are equally likely to be represented in the sample

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: a) Biased the study b) Conducted a census c) Increased internal validity d) Collected a sample

b) Conducted a census

Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article? a) Method b) Discussion c) Results d) Introduction

b) Discussion

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? a) It is a leading question. b) It is a double-barreled question. c) It is a forced-choice question. d) It has a double negative.

b) It is a double-barreled question

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: a) Statistical significance b) Margin of error estimate c) Length of the measurement d) Strength of the association

b) Margin of error estimate

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? a) Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. b) Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. c) Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. d) Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.

b) Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? a) Both b and c control for question order effects. b) Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. c) Combine the two questions into a single question. d) Give the survey questions to different groups of people.

b) Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions

James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: a) Asking biased questions b) Present/present bias c) Availability heuristic d) Cherry-picking evidence

b) Present/present bias

Which of the following studies would probably NOT require an in-person IRB meeting to obtain approval? a) A confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals b) An anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees c) An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot be changed d) A confidential study examining sleep patterns in newborns

c) An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed

Statistical significance depends on which of the following? a) Sample size and number of variables analyzed b) Direction of the association and strength of the association c) Sample size and effect size d) Number of outliers and direction of the association

c) Sample size & effect size

Which of the following is NOT true of scatterplots? a) They can be used to examine internal reliability. b) They can be used to examine interrater reliability. c) They are the preferred method for examining all types of reliability. d) They should not be used for examining reliability.

c) They are the preferred method for examining all types of reliability

An independent variable is one that: a) Is kept constant b) Is measured c) Has one level d) Is manipulated

d) Is manipulated

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question? a) It is a double-barreled question. b) It is a forced-choice question. c) It is a leading question. d) It has a double negative.

d) It has a double negative

Another term for probability sampling is: a) Cluster sampling b) Random sampling c) Convenience sampling d) Purposive sampling

b) Random sampling

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if _____.

Martin used a larger number of subjects

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, what must also be true?

The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, what is the most important issue to consider?

The way the sample was selected from the population

What is true of moderators?

They weaken statistical significance

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? a) A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure b) A sports psychologist who examines how mindset ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance c) A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD d) An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction

a) A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure

Written consent would not be required in any of the following situations with the EXCEPTION of: a) A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior b) An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries c) An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed d) An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings

a) A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

A Type I error is known as which of the following? a) A missed opportunity b) A near miss c) A false positive d) A false negative

a) A false positive

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a) An abstract concept b) Physical measurements (e.g., length) c) A concrete construct d) A behavior that is directly observable

a) An abstract concept

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. b) Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. c) Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing. d) Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

a) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a snowball sampling technique? a) He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners. b) He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. c) His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. d) He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general.

a) He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: a) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well b) He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching c) He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads d) He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes

a) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD. He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated. This is an example of what type of measurement? a) Observational measurement b) Physiological measurement c) Archival measurement d) Self-report measurement

a) Observational measurement

All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT: a) Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims. b) Observational measures tend to provide richer information than survey data. c) Observational measures tend to have good construct validity. d) Observational measures can be used in frequency claims.

a) Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims

All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: a) Reverse-worded questions b) Fence-sitting c) Acquiescence d) Nay-saying response sets

a) Reverse-worded questions

Which of the following is NOT a reason to be skeptical of an authority? a) They have conducted scientific research on the topic. b) They cherry-picked the evidence they presented. c) They based their opinions on their intuition. d) They based their opinions on their own experience.

a) They have conducted scientific research on the topic.

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: a) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. b) They can affect the direction of an association. c) They can affect the strength of an association. d) They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables.

a) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes

All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT: a) To get money from the journals where their work appears b) To provide evidence for a theory c) To share interesting findings d) To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

a) To get money from the journals where their work appears

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a) Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study b) The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c) The frequency of buying coffee drinks d) The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day

a) Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? a) His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. b) His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation. c) His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. d) His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk.

b) His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: a) Acquiescence b) Fence sitting c) Yea-saying d) A response set

b) Fence sitting

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? a) Google Scholar does not allow you to sort for peer-reviewed articles. b) Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. c) Google Scholar does not allow you to search particular fields. d) Google Scholar is not free to use.

b) Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a) Archival measurement b) Self-report measurement c) Observational measurement d) Physiological measurement

b) Self-report measurement

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a) Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. b) Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. c) Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. d) Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?"

b) Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. This number gives you information about which of the following? a) Statistical significance and effect size b) Strength and direction of the relationship c) Statistical validity and external validity d) Type of relationship and importance

b) Strength and direction of the relationship

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? a) Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. b) Students can find deception to be stressful. c) Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing. d) Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

b) Students can find deception to be stressful

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? a) The number of pages b) The number of references c) Its cost d) The number of authors

b) The number of references

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a) The principle of respect for persons b) The principle of beneficence c) The principle of justice d) The principle of integrity

b) The principle of beneficence

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a) A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week b) A measure of obesity c) A measure of religiosity d) A measure of blood pressure

c) A measure of religiosity

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used? a) A t test b) A correlation c) A scatterplot d) A bar graph

c) A scatterplot

Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research? a) Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia b) Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated c) Attending a psychological conference d) Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms

c) Attending a psychological conference

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a) "My data is inconsistent with my theory." b) "I may need to collect more data." c) "My theory needs amending." d) "My data disproves my theory."

d) "My data disproves my theory."

Articles that could be considered journalism: a) Are hard to access b) Are typically written by scientists c) Are typically written for scientists d) Do not require specialized education to read

d) Do not require specialized education to read

Which of the following validities is NOT examined in all research claims? a) Construct validity b) Statistical validity c) External validity d) Internal validity

d) Internal validity

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? a) Self-report operationalization b) A masked study design c) Observer bias d) Observer effects

d) Observer effects

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim? a) You should ask whether more participants are necessary. b) You should automatically accept the claim. c) You should automatically disregard the claim. d) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.

d) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring