quizzes from all psy

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

Foot-in-the-door

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

Fundamental attribution error

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

Groupthink

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Hippocampus

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Implicit

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

John Watson

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Male bias exists in science

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

Self-serving bias

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

Semantic

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconscious

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

action potential

______ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of _______

antidepressants

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants _______

are possible to test with animal studies

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

children

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

clinical

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

___ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

empirical studies

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

fast; long lasting

William James was the ________.

first American psychologist

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

negative

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The empirical method of study is based on _______

observation

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

_____ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. As a result of this fear he avoids open staircases. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes _______

placebo effect

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

A complete map of all the synaptic connections within an individual's nervous system is a

-cognitive processing diagram -connectome -identifying behavioral substrate

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

Cumulative process

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Accomodation

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Authoritative

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

Confederate

Specific normative events are also called ________.

Developmental milestones

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

Diffusion of responsibility

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

Milgram

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

Naturalistic observation

____ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

____ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Psychosocial

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

Teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Zygote

__ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

atypical antipsychotics

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

behavior therapy

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________

central; peripheral nervous systems

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of _____

confirmation bias

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

_____ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

higher order

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive

id

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test _______

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Dr. Bronson treats Parkinson's disorders with a relatively new surgical procedure, known as the ______

microchip implant

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called __

relapse

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________

spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

stimulants

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ____________.

study the function of behavior

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval