Race and Ethnic Relations Test

What was the significance of the 1676 Bacon's Rebellion? a. The collective struggle immediately preceded the Emancipation Proclamation and the abolition of slavery. b. Because of strategic differences, the rebellion solidified divisions between whites and blacks. c. Women across racial lines bonded, instigating the first modern women's movement. d. Enslaved whites struggled hand in hand with enslaved blacks.

Enslaved whites struggled hand in hand with enslaved blacks

Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so? a. Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work b. Jasper works overtime compared to the traditional workweek and makes a lucrative living, pulling in a couple of thousand dollars a week. c. Jasper is "killing it" by working only a few hours a week but making money that adds up to a six-figure yearly salary. d. Jasper works for a well-structured organized gang that pays him a salary through the ranks of their leadership for the work he does, meaning he makes the same amount no matter what hours he works.

Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work

Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice? a. Join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive b. Promote colorblindness by refusing to provide one's race on the census. c. Accept guilt for the crimes committed by other whites. d. Protest affirmative action in admissions.

Join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate? a. Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life. b. Institutional racism is overt, while interpersonal racism is embedded in social practices at work in schools, politics, and law enforcement. c. Institutional racism often quietly privileges some groups (for example, by highlighting the accomplishments of the dominant group in school curricula), while interpersonal racism is more overt. d. Both institutional and interpersonal racism are consciously chosen ways of acting in social settings and in creating social order.

Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life.

Sometimes speakers invoke examples of individuals -- say, Madame C.J. Walker, Oprah Winfrey, or Barack Obama-- to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking? a. fixed fallacy b. legalistic fallacy c. ahistorical fallacy d. tokenistic fallacy

Tokenistic fallacy

While books that are often held up as classics in the U.S. educational system—such as Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn—are widely regarded as being universally applicable, writing by marginalized groups—such as Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings—is often considered: a. inferior to white writing b. superior to white writing c. a particular perspective d. unbiased and objective

a particular perspective

What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"? a. A former drug dealer who decides in prison that he or she wants to be part of the formal economy and decides to go to college to be a teacher. b. A mass murderer who is prevented from committing any more violent crimes because he or she is locked up in prison. c. a person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more legal fines that the cost of the dress if she got caught d. A person convicted of raping women who takes a class in prison on feminism and begins to repent his or her crimes.

a person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more legal fines that the cost of the dress if she got caught

Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women? a. Even though the reality of the presence of immigrants in American society may be a reduction in overall crime, our society's institutions and media promote the acceptance of violence between immigrant couples. b. a woman's rest of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoodsc. Immigrant women are less likely to be educated in American institutions, and therefore their reports of violence and abuse happen within the networks of their communities in their countries of origin. d. The media portrays solutions to the "problems of immigrants" as deportation, so society does not punish or arrest men in immigrant communities if they act violently toward women.

a woman's rest of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods

Boarding schools that attempted to strip Native Americans of their culture and tradition by requiring them to speak English can be considered an example of what type of infliction brought by colonialism? a. an infliction of their bodies b. an infliction of their spirits c. an infliction of their land d. an infliction of their laws

an infliction of their spirits

Consider the following scenario: School board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision? a. assigning police to schools based on the per pupil percentage of disciplinary infractions b. letting the principal decide based on what he thought worked at the high school he attended c. letting the students vote d. analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns

analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns

Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and as a child invented the term "Calabanasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between _______________. a. ancestry and culture b. culture and tribal membership c. ancestry and phenotype d. phenotype and culture

ancestry and phenotype

George's father is an African American, and his mother is white American. Mike's father is a white Italian, and his mother is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of fluidity and freedom when self-identifying ethnically? a. because whites are better at "performing" ethnic identity b. because Mike's father is from a different country c. because of Mike's personal values d. because George's black identity is stigmatized

because George's black identity is stigmatized

Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump." Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on: a. biological determinism b. social constructivism c. institutional racism d. interpersonal racism

biological determinism

Race is often described with reference to __________, but there is much more genetic variation within _______________ groups than between them. a. genomes; DNA b. biological markers; traditionally-defined racial groups c. biological markers (skin shade, hair texture, etc.); DNA d. cultures; traditionally-defined racial groups

biological markers; traditionally-defined racial groups

In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century? a. Blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent, making it difficult to accumulate wealth b. Blacks had lower average rent and lower wages than whites, which stigmatized them. c. Blacks were isolated out in the suburbs, making it difficult to get to work. d. Whites were in the suburbs with a higher cost of living but access to much better-paying jobs.

blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent, making it difficult to accumulate wealth

Which of the following terms is used to describe real estate agents who preyed upon whites' fears of in- tegration by hiring people of color to appear as if they had moved into a traditionally white neighbor- hood, in an attempt to get white families to sell their homes for under-market value? a. marginality agents b. blockbusting agents c. redlining agents d. covenant agents

blockbusting agents

Which of the following best describes how colleges and universities do affirmative action? a. through quota systems b. It is impossible to summarize because each college is able to determine its own affirmative action policy. c. by selecting a woman or nonwhite applicant from a pool of less-qualified applicants whose application is weaker than the rest of the pool d. by selecting a women or nonwhite applicant from a pool of equally qualified applicants whose application is slightly weaker than the rest of the pool

by selecting a women or nonwhite applicant from a pool of equally qualified applicants whose application is slightly weaker than the rest of the pool

Which of the following best describes the legal strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) campaign to end school segregation? a. challenged that segregated schools were in fact separate b. challenged that segregated schools were in fact not equal c. challenged that segregated schools caused employment discrimination for teachers d. challenged that integrated schools were discriminatory

challenged that segregated schools were in fact not equal

How did plantation owners strive to convince poor whites to overlook how they were exploited by the slave economy? a. allowing all whites to have equal ownership over black slaves b. giving poor whites opportunity for equal political participation c. convincing poor white families to take pride in their whiteness d. paying all white workers a fair and livable wage

convincing poor white families to take pride in their whiteness

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, with its imposition of national quotas and racial restrictions, contributed to the U.S. racial order by: a. blaming immigrants for the rise of urban poverty and class conflict b. distinguishing all Europeans as part of a white race, distinct from all those considered nonwhite c. creating a symbolic boundary between ancestry and phenotype in racial classification d. Producing rigid immigration controls that gave rise to illegal border-crossing

distinguishing all Europeans as part of a while race, distinct from all those considered nonwhite

From the end of the nineteenth century to the 1970s, thousands of Native Americans and African Americans, as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal, were sterilized against their will. This phenomenon was an example of what? a. eugenics b. Jim Crow laws c. assimilation d. polarization

eugenics

Which best describes the relationship between the educational policies applied to African Americans and American Indians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. exclusion /assimilation b. assimilation/ reeducation c. exclusion/ reeducation d. inclusion/ exclusion

exclusion/reeducation

Which statement best describes the racial order of the Aztec empire following Spanish colonization? a. High rates of miscegenation resulted in racial categories becoming blurry and numerous. b. The indigenous population maintained autonomy over the territory, with darker-skinned people experiencing privilege over lighter-skinned people. c. The Spanish and the indigenous populations initially conflicted but then divided territory equally, solidifying racial categories. d. Racial categories were written into law when the Spanish crown outlawed intermarriage between conquistadores and indigenous women.

high rates of miscegenation resulted in racial categories becoming blurry and numerous

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to: a. prioritizing identities and social locations by economic importance b. how multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect c. how individuals manage narratives about their lives d. understanding which type of oppression is more important than others

how multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect

President Barack Obama is often referred to as the nation's first black president, not as the nation's first biracial president. What does this tell us about racial categories in the United States? a. In the eyes of many, blackness remains a totalizing racial category. b. Racial categories have become meaningless as the United States has become more diverse. c. Racial categories have become "colorblind." d. There are fewer multiracial people of African ancestry.

in the eyes of many, blackness remains a totalizing racial category

The H-2A guest worker program brings tens of thousands of people to the United States to work in manual labor sectors. But because these workers are bound to the companies that request them, some critics have called this practice an example of modern-day _________. a. indentured servitude a. indentured servitude b. homesteading c. black codes d. immigration acts

indentured servitude

According to the textbook authors, why might urban and suburban Americans be so quick to stereotype all rural, white Americans as intolerant and racist zealots? a. They have witnessed the racist comments and actions firsthand. b. It prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes. c. It helps them feel safe by putting down people with less than themselves. d. They hope that it will motivate rural residents to change their behavior.

it prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes

Consider the following scenario: "A qualified applicant is rejected from a top university because the spot was reserved for another type of student." What is the most likely reason the seat was reserved for the second applicant? a. legacy admit b. affirmative action c. athletic recruitment d. STEM recruitment

legacy admit

How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs? a. Lynch mobs were not seen as justifiable by the general public. b. Lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists .c. Lynch mobs were justifiable because they supposedly did not kill many people. d. Black lynch mobs attacked whites in equal numbers to those blacks attacked by white lynch mobs.

lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists

Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings? a. Middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children. b. Poor children are more likely to be spoken to in high-pitched voices. c. Middle-class children are more likely to receive explicit instructions. d. Poor children hear more praise than middle-class children but are less likely to have as many words spoken in their homes.

middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children

What does Chapter 5 identify as a "new tactic of white fight?" a. passing English-only ordinances b. flying the Confederate flag c. moving into renewed urban centers d. creating new sundown towns

passing English-only ordinances

Which features of affirmative action do most Americans overestimate? a. prevalence and power b. legality c. applicability to particular organizational types d. impact on women

prevalence and power

Author Michelle Alexander recently coined the term "the new Jim Crow" to discuss the rapid rise of mass incarceration among the black population in the United States. What might Jim Crow and mass incarceration have in common? a. Jim Crow laws were used to abolish racial segregation. b. Jim Crow was the first elected leader to decry both racial segregation and the disproportionate imprisonment of blacks. c. The majority of people impacted by Jim Crow laws were eventually imprisoned. d. Prisons and Jim Crow laws are both dramatic examples of segregation.

prisons and Jim Crow laws are both dramatic examples of segregation

Textbook writers describing the penning of the Declaration of Independence without acknowledging the influence of the governance of the Iroquois Nation is one example of what? a. segregated education b. multicultural curricula c. racial domination d. historic distortion

racial domination

According to sociologist Bruce Western, what are the three ways that prisons might possibly reduce crime? a. habituation, capitation, and growth b. healing, governance, and rejuvenation c. rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence d. medication, conditioning, and control

rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence

Why are Native American reservations often the target of environmental racism, such as locations for dump sites and mining operations? a. The taxes are too high for corporation dump sites in cities. b. Those living on the reservation do not care about the environment or their land. c. Reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping. d. Native Americans do not believe that the proximity to this waste is harmful.

reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping

Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation? a. Politicians neglect nonwhite neighborhoods. b. Nonwhite areas are often far from normal institutions such as hospitals, banks, and grocery stores. c. Segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging. d. Low income areas have much smaller education budgets.

segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging

A realtor that shows an upper-class black family homes in only black neighborhoods is guilty of what practice? a. steering b. redlining c. covenant deeds d. blockbusting

steering

In one research experiment, teachers were asked to examine the definitions students attached to words and to evaluate those students' verbal skills. Researchers did not vary the definitions but did vary the race of the students. What did the research find? a. Teachers' grades did not vary by race. b. Teachers gave lower grades to black students. c. Teachers gave lower grades to white students. d. Teachers gave lower grades to Asian students.

teachers gave lower grades to black students

How did the United States acquire the land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas? a. the Monroe Doctrine b. the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo c. Manifest Destiny d. the Thirteenth Amendment

the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon? a. the rise of white women using antidepressants b. the rise in abuse of ADHD medication among high school and college students c. the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century d. steroid use among professional athletes

the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century

Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate: a. the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not impact whites as people in the stereotypes racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well b. that even when crime rates are low in predominantly minority communities, children are better protected by the "eyes on the street" in the suburbs c. that black women are impacted by their identities as blacks and women when it comes to crime; in Allison's case, her racial identity was more important in shaping her perceptions of crime d. that the media's representation of blacks is the primary, and even only, reason that people largely associated blacks with criminality

the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not impact whites as people in the stereotypes racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well

What were the aims of U.S. government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II? a. The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land because whites felt economically threatened. b. the government wanted to move native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution c. The government wanted to move Native Americans off of tribal lands and onto rural farmland to stimulate agricultural production and facilitate tribal dissolution. d. The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land to allow them to reclaim their tribal traditions and identity.

the government wanted to move native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution

The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by: a. the ability of black men in prison to get GEDs and advance their economic positions considerably after prison b. the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his life c. the trend that arrest rates for poor whites are among the lowest of any other racial and economic groups d. the inability of education to lessen the probability of incarceration for people of color in Ameri- can society

the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his life

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey? a. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 75 percent black and 25 percent white, and white respondents preferred a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black. b. The majority of white respondents said their ideal neighborhood was one with 50 percent black and 50 percent white residents, and a majority of black respondents said they would not feel comfortable entering such a neighborhood. c. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent back and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not ender such a neighborhood d. The majority of black respondents would move away from a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black, while whites would prefer to move to this type of neighborhood.

the majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent back and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not ender such a neighborhood

Which mindset came to greatly influence how the English would come to view indigenous people in the Americas? a. the perception of the Irish as savages in need of correction b. a Christian commitment to goodwill c. an entrepreneurial spirit d. a language system that long included words for race

the perception of the Irish as savages in need of correction

What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime? a. They usually have low marriage rates. b. Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control. c. They often have fewer high-end stores and homes in their neighborhoods. d. They fear deportation.

their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control

What usually happens to the very small number of qualified white and Asian applicants who are denied admission to a particular university due to affirmative action policies? a. They are denied admission to most institutions to which they apply. b. They are admitted to other institutions of equal stature. c. They are unlikely to attend college. d. They are more at risk for drug abuse and incarceration.

they are admitted to other institutions of equal stature

What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves? a. They are sought out by new and old immigrants to create a self-segregated community in the United States, celebrating the same holidays, eating the same food, and speaking their native language. b. Immigrants are forced into ethnic enclaves due to a lack of affordable housing opportunities, and these enclaves prevent new immigrants from ever getting ahead and moving out. c. Immigrants self-select into enclaves and exhibit no interest in leaving these underprivileged neighborhoods because the enclaves feel like their native country. d. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living

they are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living

When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that: a. violent street crime is more damaging to society because it causes fear and requires the expense of surveilling people through increased policing b. white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries c. street crimes are worse than white-collar crimes because of the different intentions and motivations of the criminals d. when black people commit white-collar crimes, they are condemned even more than when they commit violent street crimes or than when white people commit white-collar crimes

white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries