Racial and Ethnic Relations- Exam Three

Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same, fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number?

1,400,000

The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island, in which protestors demanded the island be released for the explicit development of Indian education, lasted how long?

19 months

One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which groups was represented as "Public Enemy #1"?

Arabs

When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that police attacked him?

Because he was black, they associated him with violence and feared something more serious.

Schools in Yazoo City, Mississippi, dedicated $245 per white child for educational expenses and only $3 per black child in the late 1950s, illustrating what?

Separate schools were anything but equal.

Well into the mid-twentieth, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks). In return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. This process was called what?

Sharecropping

According to figure 9.1, the group experiencing the lowest growth in membership in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows following the Civil War was...

Southern Whites

The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation is called what?

The Civil Rights Movement

What was the famous march in which activists walked along a stretch of land in which no black people were registered to vote?

The Selma-to-Montgomery March

What was one of the differences between the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the NAACP?

The UNIA placed women in positions of leadership and was entirely led, financed, and staffed by blacks.

Robert Putnam, the author of the modern classic Bowling Alone, argues which of the following about American civil society?

The current generation is less interconnected and less engaged in community affairs than the one that came before. And that generation was less interconnected than the previous one.

What is "boundary work"?

The multiple ways people create, uphold, and traverse social boundaries that separate familiar from unfamiliar, welcome from unwelcome, "us" from "them"

By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what?

The volunteers of the Freedom Summer came face to face with the violence and hatred that had victimized Mississippi's black population for years.

The NAACP was banned in several Southern states after refusing to release the contact information of its members. What was the effect of the weakening of the NAACP? With the weakening of the NAACP, the Civil Rights Movement shifted its focus from legal action to which kind of action?

The weakening of the NAACP seemed to strengthen a new kind of political protest, one that involved not just intellectuals and lawyers but ordinary folk: sharecroppers, teachers, students, and even children; direct action

Why did Democrats begin mirroring Republicans in their approach to racial politics?

They feared that compensatory programs, such as affirmative action, would fracture the Democratic Party, allowing Republicans to gain power.

What do Emmett Till, Charlie Land, Ernest Green, and Henry Bedford all have in common?

They were killed by white people.

__________ have higher rates of civic engagement and participation; _________ are less likely to join voluntary associations or participate in community activities.

Whites; people of color

Who are Willie Horton and Lee Atwater?

Willie Horton was a convicted murderer serving a life sentence who beat and stabbed Cliff Barnes and raped his fiance while out on weekend furlough. Lee Atwater was Bush's campaign manager.

In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can best be described as...

a movement for black power- black-owned businesses, a black-run government, and a black military

The American Indian movement attempted to organize against federal "Indian Termination" policies. What was the effect of these policies?

aimed at eroding tribal sovereignty and reservations; federal aid and protection of tribe's land was removed; resulted in the loss of native landholding and the exacerbation of Native American poverty

According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men?

black men and Latino men

In the mid-1950s, civil rights organizing shifted away from a _________ organization and toward a focus on __________ groups.

bureaucratic; community-based

How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?

by arguing that it kept white women safe from the black male rapist; they were too "uppity"

What is an example of an association within a civil society?

churches, clubs, sports teams, etc.

In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring to?

civil disobedience tactics of civil rights activists

Over the past 100 years, social capital and civic engagement in the United States has...

declined

Hillary Clinton's remarks during the 2008 presidential primaries, in which she stated that "hardworking" "white Americans" were supporting her and not Senator Obama, are an example of which of the following concepts?

dog whistle politics

Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as...

excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of a racial or ethnic group

In 1960, what percentage of Mississippi's black adults was registered to vote?

fewer than 2%

What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

helped to bring about a Supreme Court ruling outlawing racial segregation on buses; trained hundreds of black activists in nonviolent resistance; inspired other blacks to join the movement for racial equality through pubic protest; organized black clergy as a political force

Some social scientists have argued that a sizeable portion of the crime drop that occurred in the 1990s can be attributed to what?

high rates of immigration

What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime?

high rates of marriage; the presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods, code of informal social control where neighbors watch out for one another and are mindful of criminal activity

What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer?

increasing voter registration; bringing quality education to Mississippi's poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites- African Americans in particular?

lynch mobs and the prison

Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants...

make American safer; immigrant cities have lower homicide rates and overall crime rates; cities with high rates of immigration have the largest decreases in violent crime

African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons)...

nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy, expressed and fostered entrepreneurial talents, paid wages to black employees, and allowed blacks to use dues payments to amass considerable institutional capital

What is one thing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed?

outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace; ended legal segregation in schools, the workplace, and public accommodations like parks and swimming pools; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate discrimination complaints against employers

Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered how many black people?

over 2,300

Immigrant organizations often aim to help with adjustment to American society. For example, organizations such as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and the Chinese-American Planning Council...

oversee English-language classes, career training, and cultural events; play a vital role in strengthening community and helping immigrants integrate into American life

President Kennedy coined the phrase "a rising tide lifts all boats" to refer to political preference of universal, rather than race-based, policies as a strategy to eradicate inequality. Which policy most closely reflects that strategy?

policies the invoke the language of racial equality but are not bold programs that have a fighting shot at achieving that goal

Which of the following best describes the way that the textbook discusses "identity politics"?

political action intended to address the unique interests and hardships of groups (such as nonwhites, women, and gays) who historically have faced oppression and who continue to be excluded from mainstream society

Ella Baker referred to the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door by door as what?

spadework

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce?

that immigrants make the country less safe

The lack of white support for the busing system during this time is an example of what sociologists call...

the "Florida Effect"

In his book Dog Whistle Politics, Ian Haney Lopez describes three important "moves" of racial dog whistling. Newt Gingrich's denial that his frequent references to President Obama as the "food stamp president" had any racial basis is an example of which of these three moves?

the "punch" that jabs race into the conversation through thinly veiled references to threatening nonwhites

Which dominant black protest organization, which preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts?

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed the tradition of which group?

the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

What was the name of the multiracial organization founded on the campuses of the University of California-Berkeley and San Francisco State College, which challenged these campuses' Eurocentric curricula?

the Third World Liberation Front

According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?

the Vietnam War and civil rights

What was the name of the policy that prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests, and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration?

the Voting Rights Act of 1965

What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement?

the black church

What part of the Southern Christian Leadership Movement (SCLC) was Ella Baker critical of?

the style of charismatic (masculine) leadership that soon emerged within the organization; they shouldn't depend so largely on a leader because the leader exhausts themselves and stops organizing people

What was the purpose of "grandfather clauses"?

to insure that poor illiterate whites could still vote, but blacks could not

Cesar Chaves, one of the most important Mexican American activists, led the 1965 Delano grape strike. What was the purpose of this action?

to win contracts for poor migrant workers who picked crops under oppressive conditions

Bartholomew Whitehouse, a panhandler and former slave, was arrested in 1898 and imprisoned for six months without trial. Which law allowed this to occur?

vagabond laws

The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of ____________ imprisoned.

women

Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior- teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers- rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow?

Democrats and Republicans refusing to confront racism head on following the Civil Rights Movement in the mid-1960s.

As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon?

Chinese- opium smokers, opium dens; black-cocaine; Mexicans-marijuana

What is the significance of the fact that the Women's Political Council had first conceived of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and had been planning it for months?

In popular historical accounts, the faces of the Civil Rights Movement typically belong to men, but women provided committed leadership as well as thankless labor throughout the struggle.

Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?

It struck a tremendous blow to the symbolic violence inflicted upon the psyches of black people.

The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was...

Marcus Garvey

Figure 3.2 shows that the largest change in the voting gap between Blacks and Whites occurred in which state?

Mississippi

According to the textbook, which of the following is the most accurate statement about "political correctness"?

Political correctness is only creating fear for those who further white identity politics/white supremacy

At Mississippi's Parchman Prison Farm, how many prisoners died under cruel working conditions?

1 out of every 6 prisoners

When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second?

"Promote white supremacy, but never do so explicitly."

The term we use to describe the cause of strong racial variation in civic participations is...

racialized economic inequality

Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safe to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate...

racialized fear of crime; criminalizing darkness