RADR 2313, Ch. 14, Unit 4

What is a nuclide?

Any nuclear arrangement (Radioactive nuclide = gives off radiation)

What are 3 blocking agents used to decrease absorption in GI tract?

1) Emetics 2) Liquid charcoal 3) Laxatives

What is Annihilation reaction?

1) Occurs after about 10-9 sec., at a site few mm from B+ emission. 2) B+ combines with an ordinary electron, and their masses are converted into two photons. 3) The two annihilation photons (each 511 KeV or 0.511 MeV of energy) are emitted in opposite directions, 180o from each other.

What is a Dirty Bomb?

-Also known as a radioactive dispersal device -This combines a *radioactive source mixed with an explosive device* -Can be of limited or extensive exposure to the general population

How likely is it for a Dirty Bomb to cause long-term health effects?

-Not likely to cause long-term health effects -The effects will be determined by the size of the device and the area which it affects

What is the process of decontamination?

1) Remove contaminated clothing and place in sealed bag for later evaluation of radiation levels 2) Immersion in a shower 3) Wounds should be rinsed of any radioactive material -Patients will be read with a Geiger-Muller detector to determine level of contamination -Typically there is minimal exposure from a "hot patient" to the healthcare provider

The EPA suggests during an *emergency situation*, those engaging in *lifesaving* activities work under a dose limit of what?

250 mSv (25 rem) per event

The EPA suggests during an *emergency situation*, those engaging in *non-lifesaving* activities work under a dose limit of what?

50 mSv (5 rem) per event

The two annihilation photons are what energy level?

511 KeV or 0.511 MeV of energy

In what energy range does Electron capture occur?

< 1022 KeV

Positron emission reaction occurs in what energy range?

>1022 KeV

What is Beta positive (Positron) decay?

A proton changes into a neutron and beta positive (positron) with the emission of energy. Proton ----> neutron + B+ + v + energy

What is Electron Capture?

An orbital electron is captured and combined with a proton to form a neutron with the emission of energy. Proton + electron ---> neutron + v + energy

Beta negative decay is also called what?

Neutron decay

What kind of dosimeter would a healthcare provider where when caring for a 'hot patient'?

PIC Pocket Ionization Chamber

What is the RadDetect ™ PRD 1250?

Personal Radiation Detector Detects Gamma, X-ray and Beta radiation Beeps and flashes in response to radiation levels

What are the methods for handling individuals with internal contaminations of a radioactive substance?

Use laxatives, radiation monitor, wear gloves & gowns & mask, wear dosimeter

What is Alpha decay?

When a radioactive atom decays by alpha emission, it looses a particle that has an atomic number of 2 and an atomic mass number of 4. This results in a daughter nuclide with atomic mass number decreased by 4 and atomic number decreased by 2

In Beta negative decay, what are the remaining quantities in the daughter cell of Protons, Neutrons, Atomic mass, and does it remain the same element?

Z= +1 N= same A= same New element

In Electron capture, what are the remaining quantities in the daughter cell of Protons, Neutrons, Atomic mass, and does it remain the same element?

Z= -1 N= +1 A= same New element

In Positron decay, what are the remaining quantities in the daughter cell of Protons, Neutrons, Atomic mass, and does it remain the same element?

Z= -1 N= +1 A= same New element

In Gamma decay, what are the remaining quantities in the daughter cell of Protons, Neutrons, & Atomic mass?

Z= same N= same A= same Energy emitted (different energy state) *Isomeric transformation*

What is Beta negative decay?

In this type of decay, a neutron changes into a proton and an electron (called beta negative), with the emission of energy. The atomic mass number of the daughter nuclide remains the same, but the atomic number (number of protons) is increased by one

What kind of contamination will be the main issue with Alpha radiation?

Internal Contamination

Atoms that have the same number of protons within the nucleus but have different numbers of neutrons are called what?

Isotopes (Used for therapy and diagnosis)

What are the characteristics of the daughter nuclide in Positron decay?

The atomic mass number of the daughter nuclide remains the same, but the atomic number (number of protons) is decreased by one, due to the proton decay.

In Beta negative decay, what is the atomic mass and atomic number of the daughter nuclide?

The atomic mass number of the daughter nuclide remains the same, but the atomic number (number of protons) is increased by one

What are the characteristics of the daughter nuclide in Electron capture?

The atomic mass number of the daughter nuclide remains the same; the number of neutrons increases by 1, and the atomic number is decreased by 1 due to the loss of a proton.

What is typically used to treat the thyroid gland to decrease radiation uptake of thyroid?

Potassium iodide (Patient will force fluids to dilute radiation in GI tract)

What is Emergency RadDecon Kit™ ?

Radiation Decontamination Solutions Significantly *removes radioactive material from human skin* and other surfaces (Decontaminates skin from exposure)