READING

K-W-L Chart

A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows WHAT STUDENTS KNOW (K), WANT TO KNOW (W), and LEARN (L).

Main Idea

The central point of a passage

Index

A catalogue list at the end of the text containing all of the topics discussed.

Retell

A comprehension strategy in which students retell or tell differently what they have read or listen to. When students retell a story, they are demonstrating their comprehension of the most important parts.

Inference (when reading)

A conclusion or opinion based on information that is given, and that is sometimes called an education guess. EX: Sam's parents inferred that he had gotten in trouble at school when they received a call from the principal.

Story Map

A graphic organizer in which elements from a story (characters, setting, problem, solution, etc) are recorded to help with literacy analysis.

A first-grade teacher tells her students to pick out a book from the library specifically to be taken home with instructions to ask parent or older siblings to read it aloud to them. After reading, the student and their parent or sibling will discuss a few questions asking them to identify the main problem and determine if and how it was resolved. Which of the following would this homework assignment promote?

A. character analysis B. metacognitive skills C. fluency development D. plot analysis ANSWER: FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT & PLOT ANALYSIS - Being read to regular does promote fluency. - Students' discussing the conflict after listening helps develop plot analysis skills.

Character's Point of View

An attitude or perspective toward the topic of what is being written or spoken by the character within the story.

Irony

An incongruity/inconsistency between the reader expects the author to mean and what they actually mean.

Chronological Order

An organization approach that follows an orderly progression of events based in time.

Problem and Solution

An organizational approach where the author presents a problem and possible solution

Compare and Contrast

An organizational approach where the author provides similarities and differences about two idea.

Compare and Contrast

An organizational approach where the author provides similarities and differences about two ideas.

A second-grade teacher is reassessing her classroom routines and practices to ensure that she is dedicating enough time to activities that will help build reading fluency in her students. What activity is NOT supporting her goal of improving student reading fluency?

Asking students to summarize the stories they read in class either verbally or writing. - Summarizing a text is an important skill and demonstration comprehension, but does NOT contribute to fluency. - However, building fluency will contribute to increased reading comprehension.

Symbolism

When an item stands for an idea or larger meaning. - Usually used throughout a piece of literature. EX: dove =peace, red rose = love and romance

Nonfiction

Writing based on factual information and that may tell a story or give information such as how to do something.

Summarizing

Writing or speaking a brief description of more extensive information by coving by the main/most important points, without details.

Cause and Effect

a writing in which the author explains reasons why something happened or the effects of something that has happened. EX: A politician's speech in which all of the bad actions of an opponent are listed to argue that the politician should be elected instead.

Draw Conclusion

To make final comments/summation over what has been read or written.

Inferential Comprehension

Understanding parts of the written text without is being stated explicitly such as determining cause and effect, drawing conclusions, and making predictions. EX: What was the cause of the children in the story being locked out of their house?

Oxymoron

Using contradictory/conflicts terms in conjunction/ combination with each other. EX: Walking dead or disgustingly delicious

Genre

Various forms of texts including short stories, folktales, fairy tales, poetry, historical fictions, biographies, and autobiographies, memoirs, comedies, and tragedies EX: Night by Ellie Wiesel is an example of memoir.

Primary purpose/Author's purpose

why the author wrote the text EX: Charlie wrote an OpEd for the paper to convince people to stop listening.

Simile

Making a comparison of two or more things including the use of the words "like" or "as." EX: My brother was as strong as an ox.

Automacity

The ability to read words effortlessly

Onomatopoeia

Using words that make the sound of what the text is describing. EX: The buzzing bee flew into the room.

Which of the following are appropriate ways for a teacher to help students develop literacy?

- Expect students to provide text evidence for their answers. - Students should interact with literature from an early age by responding to questions and supporting their answers. orally and later on in writing, what the evidence from the text. - Provide flexible classroom seating to facilitate an easy transition between independent work and opportunity to discuss their reading and writing with peers. - While there will be need to be seating options for independent work and the opportunity to discuss their reading and writing with peers.

Figurative Language

A word or phrase that does not have its normal everyday , literal meaning. EX: HYPERBOLE : I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!

Reading fluency is measured by three primary criteria:

1) ACCURACY: The reader's ability to correctly pronounce words. ( PRONUNCIATION & AUTOMACITY) - To be a truly fluent reader, students MUST accurately pronounce words with AUTOMATICITY. 2) PROSODY: Expression, Emphasis, Punctuation, Tone 3) SPEED: Pace, WPM

Alliteration

A sentence or phrase in which most of the beginning letters or sounds begin with the same consonant sound. EX: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Memoir

A story or account of someone's life or a part of that person's life. EX: Movable Feast is a memoir written by Earnest Hemingway during his time of living in Paris.

Supervised Oral Reading

A strategy in which a student reads aloud to a teacher or tutor.

Readers' Theater

A strategy in which a teacher directs students in a dramatic enactment of a play or book

Literature Circles

A strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text.

Audio/Video-Assisted Reading

A strategy in which a teacher plays an audio recoding of a book or show an animated illustration of a book while students read along.

Teacher-Modeled Reading

A strategy in which a teacher reads aloud to students emphasizing his/her own fluency and prosody.

Choral Reading/Echo Reading

A strategy in which students first listens to the teacher read a short passage aloud, and then the class and the teacher all read it all about the same time.

Partner/Small Group Reading

A strategy in which students read semi-independently in pairs or small groups.

Table of Contents

A text feature found on a page before the start of written work that lists chapter names or section titles along with their corresponding page numbers

Which of the following is least important for reading comprehension?

A. the ability to read fluently individually B. the ability to self monitor progress and challenges C. on-target language development D. accuracy when required to read aloud to class ANSWER: D- ACCURACY WHEN REQUIRED TO READ ALOUD TO CLASS - While listening to students read aloud can reveal fluency issues, when reading in front of the class, nervousness and other factors could negatively affect their comprehension.

Fluency is measured by which three criteria?

ACCURACY, PROSODY, AND SPEED

Author's Point of View

An attitude of perspective toward the topic of what is being written or spoken by the author or narrator. EX: In an argument against bullying, the author's point of view was that bullying was caused by previous social issues.

Schema (when reading)

Background knowledge a reader brings to a text. EX: Someone who plays baseball can use his experience to understand a biography of Babe Ruth.

Ms. Jennings incorporates time into her class's weekly schedule to provide opportunities for students to choose a book that they have already read and read it aloud to either her or a classmate. What is most likely Ms. Jenning's goal for this activity?

Build student fluency - Orally reading familiar texts is an important activity to build student fluency.

Sentence Stems

Common sentence starters provided to students to use when generalizing , summarizing, or transitioning between ideas. EX: "According to the author....."We see in the chapter 2 that..." or "While X does this, Y...."

Analogy

Comparisons between two things , often to drive home a point. EX: "That's as useful as rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic."

Personification

Giving human trait to inanimate/not alive, non-living objects. EX: The stars seemed to dance in the glow of the moon.

Poem

Creating writing written in verse and often including rhymes or heavy use of figurative language.

Metacognitive

The ability to think about one's own thought process

Metacognition

The ability to think one's own thought process.

Cultural Sensitivity

Dealing with difficult topics carefully and considering how different cultures would interpret the information.

Appropriateness

Determine whether the subject matter is appropriate for the students' maturity level

A language arts teacher has student use a data notebook to monitor their reading fluency and progress. Each month the student set a new reading goal and monitor their progress towards that goal during the month, utilizing their date notebooks. What is the greatest benefit of this purpose?

Encourage students to self-monitor their reading progress. - The notebook allows students to track their reading fluency progress. - The greatest benefit of this is that students are able to track their progress and recognize their improvement.

Narrative Text

Fictional stories, plays, poems. - Usually contains some element of plot or conflict. EX: Peter Pan, Romero and Juliet

A teacher is creating a reading fluency handout for parents so that parents can support the students' reading development at home. What would be the most valuable to include in the handout?

Have your child read aloud the same book multiples times while listening to them. - This is a great strategy for improving the students' reading fluency because both reading texts aloud and repeated reading of texts improve fluency.

A new science unit is being introduced and has many unfamiliar words. During introductory activities, the teacher reads a passage and paused to have students repeat vocabulary words. They practice pronunciation and discuss the meaning before moving on. This method is referred to as:

INTERACTIVE READING - Interactive reading involves students reading parts of a passage along with a teacher.

Moral

Lesson or message to be learned. - Common in fables or children's stories.

Methaphor

Making a comparison of two or more things without using the words "like" or "as." EX: Life is a bowl of cherries.

Annotate

Making notes in a text and questioning unfamiliar ideas while reading something new.

When students take turn reading appropriate-level texts with a fellow student, what strategy is being used?

PARTNER READING - Partner reading with students at the same level can help them develop better reading skills without a teacher present.

Transition Words

Phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together. EX: First, next, last, on the other hand.

Textual Evidence

Proof or support of the meaning of what is being read of what has been read. - This evidence can be a direct quote, transition words in time and space, a statement of purpose and/or making an argument. Students have to write down proof of their answers to the questions on the test over the story they just read.

Paraphrase

Putting something that was read, heard, or viewed into your own words. EX: The principal told me we might be getting raised this year.

Interest Survey

Question that ask students the types of books they enjoy reading. Given by the teacher at the beginning of the year to determine what books to assign to meet the interest of the class.

What is an accurate statement about effective reading instruction?

READING COMPREHENSION IS INCREASED WHEN READING FLUENCY IS INCREASED.

A third-grade teacher reads a fictional story to the class and bases activities on one character of the story. The teacher assigns the same story to be read that night with parents/guardians and provides questions based on another character. What would this lesson best promote?

READING FOR A PURPOSE AND FLUENCY - Students' fluency can be promoted by re-reading familiar text, and fluency might be enhanced through repeated reading even parts of the story with parents

Tone

The attitude of the author in writing, which might be comical/amusing, serious, frightening, joyful. - Sometimes called diction/style of speech.

Author's Purpose

The author's intention for writing. Could be persuasive, narrative, expository, or informative. - Organization and style choices should reflect the purpose of writing.

Independence reading

Reading done by students independent of teachers. - This reading can be either assigned students selected and typically silent.

Independent Reading

Reading done by students independent of the teacher. - This reading can be either assigned or student selected. Typically silent.

Guided Reading

Reading done by students with teacher support. - This reading will be done within the framework of a lesson and often in a small group setting with the teacher.

Diversity

Representations of people with their different cultures, which can be in languages, social status, ethnicity, or other traits within a group. Ex: Many schools today are encompassed with multicultural diversity.

LIsa is struggling to comprehend grade-level texts during independent reading and her oral reading is jerky and irregular. Mr. Harris wants to improve Lisa's reading comprehension. What instructional strategy should Mr. Harris focus on?

SIGHT-WORD AUTOMATICITY - The evidence describing Lisa's reading indicates she is struggling with decoding words and skills related to reading fluency. - Sight words are words that are quickly recognized. - Increasing Lisa's sight word vocabulary will help increase reading fluency.

Drama

Serious and thought-provoking/disturbing dramatic literature EX: Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Theme

The big idea or major message in a story which is often universal in that it goes beyond cultural boundaries. EX: Harry Potter books have several themes including good vs. evil and making good choices.

Rereading Familiar Text

Strategy in which students reread, familiar text to increase their rate, prosody, and confidence.

Literacy Analysis

The careful examination of a text or one element of a text, including theme, plot, characters, or settings, in order to determine why and how the particular text was written.

Plot

The events included in a story (may or may not be sequential).

A second-grade teacher wants to improve his students' reading fluency. What activity would be an effective way to achieve this goal?

Supervised oral reading - Teacher-supervised oral reading is one of the BEST ways to monitor multiple skills associated with fluency and allows for immediate teacher intervention and correction.

Organizational Structure

Text structure can include cause/effect, problem/solution, main idea/details, and/or sequence. - Students often find problem/solution text structure as more interesting.

Informational Text

Text that provides factual informations such as in newspapers, magazines, chapters in a textbook, how-to manuals or directions. EX: The school newspaper is considered an informational text.

Evaluative Comprehension

The ability to analyze text by questioning whether it is fact or opinion, determining if there is faulty reasoning, and explaining how the characters are developed. - Explain why you think this story is factual or an opinion.

Reading Comprehension

The ability to read a text and understand its meaning.

READING FLUENCY

The ability to read with accuracy and prosody at an appropriate rate. - FLUENCY is strongly tied to reading comprehension. -Improving students' fluency improves their ability to comprehend what they read.

Speed (when reading)

The pace at which the reader reads the text

Character

The persons, animals, or other figures who are in stories.

Prosody

The reader's ability to convey expression, including using correct emphasis, punctuation, and tone, while reading aloud.

Accuracy (when reading)

The reader's ability to correctly pronounce words.

Accuracy (when reading)

The reader's ability to to correctly pronounce words

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)

The state foundation curriculum developed by the State Board of Education, that requires all students to demonstrate the knowledge and skills necessary to read, write, compute, problem solve, think critically, apply technology, and communicate across all subject areas.

Draw conclusion

To make final comment/summation over what have been reader written.

Setting

The times and places that a story takes place in a novel.

Hybole

To exaggerate or overstate something that is being described. EX: Some of my clothes seem as old as the hills.

Fiction

Writing that describes imaginary events and/or people. EX: Alice and Wonderland is an example of fictional writing.

Glossary

a list of important words to know along with their meanings.

Heading

a title of a section

Heading

a title of section

Universal Theme

common ideas that appear in literature across all cultures - Some common universal themes include love, courage, friendship, and good succeeding over evil.

Folktale

stories that are orally passed through generations EX: "The Three Little Pigs" and "Little Red Riding Hood" are examples of folktales featuring animals.