Real World Chapter 6

Outsider

according to Howard Becker, those labeled defiant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society

Positive Deviance

actions considered defiant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

In-group Orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that values their group identity

Rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

Retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

Deterrence

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

Incapacitation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies

Crime and Demographics: Class white collar crime

crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation

Violent Crime

crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravates assault, and robbery

Property Crime

crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

"Neutralization of Commitment"

deviance avowal can help a person avoid the pressure of having to adopt certain conventional norms

"crime index"

eight offenses considered especially reprehensible in our society

Pilfering

employees taking things from the company they work for

"the own"

in Goffman's terms. those who chafe the experience of being stigmatized and thus find comfort and safety in each other's presence

Secondary Deviance

in labeling theory, he subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

Primary Deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes on to be labeled deviant

Innovators

individuals who accept society's approved foals but not society's approved means to achieve them (drug dealing, embezzlement)

Ritualists

individuals who have riven up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (going through conventional motions while abandoning all hope of success)

Retreatists

individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (dropouts and hermits)

Rebels

individuals who reject society's approved foals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

Crime and Demographics: Age desistance

the tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course

Cyberbullying

the use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone sometimes called "electronic aggression"

"youth control complex"

the way a variety of institutions (law enforcement, the judicial system, and public schools) work together to criminalize, stigmatize, and punish working-class youth Victor Rios

Crime

violation of a norm that has been codified into law

Theories of Deviance: Function What is the function of deviance for society?

1. helps a society clarify its moral boundaries 2. promotes social cohesion

Theories of Deviance: Social Interactionism How do interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions shape definitions of deviance?

Differential Association Theory Labeling Theory

Differential Association Theory

Edward Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

Stigma

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that my exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction "spoiled identity"

Labeling Theory

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgements, or labels, that modify the individual's self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person

Theories of Deviance: Conflict Theory

Inequalities are present in our definitions of deviance rules are applied unequally and punishments for rules violators are unequally distributed social control

Structural Strain Theory

Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension of strain between socially approved foals and an individual's ability to achieve those foals through socially approved means will lead to defiance as individuals reject wither the goals or the means or both

deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

Criminal Justice System

a collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws

Passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

Deviance Avowal

process by which an individual self-indentifies as deviant and initiate her own labeling process

Tertiary Deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a defiant label as a positive phenomenon when the person labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and redefines her "deviant" attributes or behavior as normal

"naturalism"

setting aside preconceived notions in order to understand defiant phenomena David Matza

"foreground" of deviance

te deviant's own in-the-momment experience of committing a deviant act Jack Katz

Capital Punishment

the death penalty

Social Control

the formal(laws) and informal(customs, norms, expectations) mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion