Refugee Protection Issues Final

5 grounds of persecution

race, religion, social group, nationality, politics

average length for protracted refugees

26 years

percent of illegal immigrants in the US

3-3.5%

percent of world pop. that are international migrants

3.3%

Refugees are mainly from

Africa (South Sudan), the Middle East (Syria), South East Asia (Myanmar)

Most refugees are coming from these 3 areas:

Africa, South East ASia,

Where are most IDPs from

40 million people worldwide, coming from mainly the Middle East (Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar, Somalia)

number of displaced people

68.5 million

number of forcibly displaced people

68.5 million

Understand how populations of refugee can impact host countries socially, economically, and politically in the short term and in the long term.

"Demographic Shock" Mismatch of supply and demand for services and jobs Alters ethnic, religious, social balance Shock is uneven across states and localities Some win and others lose Exacerbates existing challenges Impacts social cohesion Economic Impact: Short term can be sizeable and negative Turkey $6b first 4 years If state must import goods, can result in trade deficit Can impact capacity for existing anti-poverty programs Prices go up housing, land. Sometimes down on food. Environmental Impact Education impact on schools Health care system overtaxed General infrastructure Positive Impacts International Aid Agricultural production increase Increase jobs Medium Term/Long Term Can be dramatically affected by policy on work eligibility If no eligibility affects informal sector If yes, compete with existing labor force Can create new jobs

Ravenstein's laws of migration

1. Most of the migrants go only a short distance. 2. Migrants moving long distance generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. 3. Migration proceeds in a series of steps. 4. Urban people are less migratory than rural people. 5. Females are more migratory than males in short distances, but males predominate over long distances. 6. Each migration current produces a compensating counter current, but the former predominates the latter. 7. Families hardly move over long distance. 8. The development of commerce and industry and the improvement of transport facilities lead to increase in volume of migration. 9. Direction of migration is largely from agricultural regions to industrial areas. 10. The important reason behind the decision to migrate is economic.

number of stateless people

10 million

States Parties to one or both the 1951 and/or 1967

148 have signed both (US and Venezuela only the 1967) Neither - Gulf states, India, Egypt, countries in SE Asia, Lebanon and Jordan

number of refugees in the world

25.4 million (those fleeing their homes and persecution) ( This is 2.9 million more than in 2016, also the biggest increase UNHCR has ever seen in a single year.)

refugee (according to the convention)

A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. According to the UNHCR, a Refugee must show a well founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him or herself of the protection of that country

How has the central American asylum situation challenged the US commitment to the Refugee Convention and other international instruments? Is current US policy related to asylum applicants in compliance with international treaties we have signed?

Article 31 of the Refugee convention states that signing states obligations shall not give penalty for someone entering the country illegally who is seeking asylum This is also in violation of the right to due process in the US constitution United States has put domestic politics and national security concerns above intl law Infringing on physical integrity rights. Is current US policy related to asylum applicants in compliance with int'l treaties we have signed? No. Limiting where people can apply for asylum. Sending people back to Mexico (not a favored third country) Using lethal force; military, tear gas Compliance with international law Safe third country agreements are not explicitly mentioned in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Instead, their legality is derived from Article 31 of the convention, which states that a refugee should not be punished for illegally entering a country if they are arriving directly from a country where they were under threat. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) itself has cautioned against interpreting safe third country agreements too broadly, though it acknowledges that they may be acceptable in some circumstances.[18] Such ambiguities have led some legal professionals in Canada to question the legality of the Canada-United States Safe Third Country Agreement.[19]

Article 31

Article 31- no penalty for illegal entry If come directly from persecuting country; Present themselves without delay; Show good cause for illegal entry Article 31- - states shall restrict movement of such refugees only as necessary and until status is regularized

global compact on refugees

Ease the pressures on host countries; Enhance refugee self-reliance; Expand access to third-country solutions; Support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity

what social factors and world events have contributed to international response

CNN effect (picture of dead syrian boy on the beach, girl crying at border), Accelerate Effect: causes governments to respond more quickly (image of girl and mom at boarder changed public opinion and put pressure on government) Aljazaeera Effect: new media giving differnt views than main stream media (gives voices to underrepresented pops) Impediment effect- Fear of negative media reduces policy options the media affects public opinion which affects domestic policy which affects foreign policy media showing long lines of people waiting to get into Europe

What are the causes and consequences of statelessness? What legal instruments govern?

Causes of statelessness is when a person does not have a citizenship or nationality to any states The single cause of statelessness is how you are born Being stateless at birth is the biggest contributing factor to this As parents may not be able to pass down their citizenship, children of parents who cant convey to a state is reason for half of statelessness One can also be systemically stripped of their citizenship Or have a lack of documentation International conflict, such as changing borders can result in statelessness Effects of statelessness include: ability to travel, voter, work, marriage, open a bank account, have a birth or death certificate, also to receive other public benefits like education, college tuition, or healthcare or property Legal Instruments: Article 15 of the UDHR states that everyone has the right to nationality 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons; must enjoy minimum human rights 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. aims to reduce statelessness over time

factors that contributed to the creation of refugees

Colonization created the opportunity for persecution between ethnic groups Decolonization creates borders that don't coincide with nations Gov picks the most favored group that causes tensions between people after the colonizers leave Conflict Cold war, WW2, civil war, regime change Genocide Terrorism Nation-state building Disaster/ Environment Development

How have nations complied with or ignored convention requirements?

Complied: - Norway taking in environmental refugees, - Germany, Canada, Turkey (even though not in convention and in camps; not durable) - Germany - accepted one million refugees Ignored: Austria Hungry - no resettlement from Greece Forced detention and expulsion of refugees and all irregular migrants. In response: European Court tried Hungary, watchdog accountability, restructuring perspectives on how to deal w refugees. EU - failing to resettle from Greece and Italy and is paying Turkey and sending aid rather than taking in refugees US - punishing those seeking asylum entering illegally and continuously lowering the cap of refugees to resettle by the UNHCR

Context of the Refugee Protocol

Context: Post WW1 created stateless people for the first time -- closing of borders throughout Europe. First passport laws Nansen passport by league of nations. 1933 League of Nations Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees, was not obligatory Article 14 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human rights gives the right to seek asylum 1951 Convention signed by 26 countries, mostly European; many did not sign (US, Canada) Non-signatories wanted control over who was coming into their country; US didn't sign but had own def of refugees- person fleeing communism. . WWII aftermath, first time status of refugees was seen as an international issue concerning those coming from Germany. In response to the refugee crisis after World War II, in 1950 the United Nations created the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as the UN Refugee Agency. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees acts as the guardian of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which defines the legal protections for refugees. Though the U.S. did not sign the 1951 Convention, the U.S. later signed the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, which broadened the scope of the Convention. It was initially limited to protecting European refugees from before 1 January 1951 (after World War II), though states could make a declaration that the provisions would apply to refugees from other places. The 1967 Protocol removed the time limits and applied to refugees "without any geographic limitation", but declarations previously made by parties to the Convention on geographic scope were grandfathered.

Is the Convention still relevant? Should it be expanded to include forced migrants due to climate or disaster? Why or why not? (Probably an Essay)

Crisis in Europe Influence laws at US border When environmental disasters cause displacement, it is highly likely that marginalized groups experience the worst of the situation. When this is intentionally done by a state, or a state is unwilling or unable to help these people, they should be considered refugees. Persecution can arise from environmental disasters/ origins. For feasibility shake, perhaps environmental refugees should be covered under a different entity.

Head of the IRC

David Wright Miliband

Global compact on refugees

Ease the pressures on host countries; Enhance refugee self-reliance; Expand access to third-country solutions; Support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity

Head of UNHCR

Filippo Grandi

fie large factors for migration

Five reasons for migration - disaster, climate change, forced development, conflict (war), persecution

four large facors for mirgration

Five reasons for migration - disaster, climate change, forced development, conflict (war), persecution

five reasons for immigration

Four large factors: economics, development (unlivable conditions), disasters, famine, desires for political stability, social needs

how does forced migration affect women

Gender-specific violence becoming common in war Unequal access to education sexual assault as a tool of war. Social norms with disparate impact, exploitation by aid workers work focused to women only (firewood, cooking, rations, child care), healthcare, nursing, childbirth, menstruation (need extra resources). Problems resulting from polygamy

strategies used by host countries to deal with a refugee influx and the implications of those strategies (Probably an Essay)

Greater political and ec capital to prevent refugee crises in the first place Prioritize safe and voluntary return Expansion of humanitarian visa process More support for education and job creation for refugees Place resources towards youth integration (prevents radicalization)

challenges to the convention (Probably an Essay Question)

IDPs and environmental refugees are not covered by convention Enforcement is difficult, particularly admission and detention The number of refugees keeps rising and the requirements of the convention are straining some countries especially the poor neighboring countries that have to take the refugees in even though they can not afford it. It is meant to prevent some states from being unduly burdened but this is still happening and developed nations are doing enough of "their share" of the work

Be able to identify challenges to the Refugee Convention today.

IDPs and environmental refugees are not covered by convention Enforcement is difficult, particularly admission and detention The number of refugees keeps rising and the requirements of the convention are straining some countries especially the poor neighboring countries that have to take the refugees in even though they can not afford it. It is meant to prevent some states from being unduly burdened but this is still happening and developed nations are doing enough of "their share" of the work Sovereignty humanitarian needs exceed resources host country needs politics sovereignty and international cooperation

How Ravenstein's Laws Apply Today

International Migration 3.3% in 2015 - 244 m people 52% male, 48% female 72% working age 20-64 2/3 move for economic reasons 71 % for service jobs - 8% domestic workers 17%manufacturing/construction 16% agriculture The study was done on 1800s French migration but still applies today

How does Media Shape Public Opinion and Policy (Essay)

Media (CNN effect) real time reporting, particularly with visuals, drives public opinion especially as it is related to humanitarian needs Accelerant effect- causes giv to respond more quickly to issues Enabling effect- build support for policy Impediment effect- Fear of negative media reduces policy options Ajjazaeera effect- Originally focused on competing with western media Referred to the Arab Middle East state run media losing their monopoly NGOs, int'l watchdogs, culture of accountability/ caring about human rights Security/ Necessity; Political reasons: Turkey: EU possibilities. The President emphasized that the flight of refugees into Austria had created an emergency problem which the United States should share with the other countries of this emergency, those refugees who seek asylum in the United States will be brought here with the utmost practicable speed..... the President said that providing asylum to these Hungarian refugees would give practical effect to the American people's intense desire to help the victims of Soviet oppression. 1956 Republican Platform We believe also that the Congress should consider the extension of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 in resolving this difficult refugee problem which resulted from world conflict. To all this we give our wholehearted support. Examples Demographics From Europe Components from my essay 1956 Republican Platform -- change in public opinion-- We believe also that the Congress should consider the extension of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 in resolving this difficult refugee problem which resulted from world conflict. To all this we give our wholehearted support.

Exclusion Clause

Receiving protection from other UN agency/ country "undeserving" - committed CAH, war crime, crime against peace, serious non-political crime, acts contrary to principle of UN Can no longer refuse protection of country bc circumstances that led to need for protection ceased will not apply to people already receiving help from UN organizations, people who are recognized by the competent authorities of the country as having full rights, people who have committed war crimes or crimes against humanity, he has committed a serious non-political crime outside the country of refuge prior to his admission to that country as a refugee; or he has been guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. or if they are Palestinian refugee - that is for UNRWA

Evaluation and Elaboration of Durable Solutions

Resettlement's challenges - cultural adjustments Integration challenges - entering the labor force - freedom of movement (integration must be social - to live without discrimination, economic - to have a job and contribute to the economy, and legal, as they need to receive rights from the host state)

Other Obligations

Restrict movement of such refugees only as necessary until status is regularize Not expel refugees except fr natl sec or public order and w due process Shall make every effort to nationalize

Purpose of the Resolutions

Set up system to share burden of refugees Believed humans have human rights and want to protect these rights Recognized that some countries are unduly burdened by wars (Turkey with Syria) Wanted to alleviate ways to cause tension The core principle is non-refoulement, which asserts that a refugee should not be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom.

How do refugees represent a challenge to national sovereignty?

Sovereignty: burden sharing, elimination of sovereignty because of universality, redistribution of emphasis The traditional notion of state sovereignty, based in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, gives a state exclusive governance over its own territory and the people therein. Sovereignty includes the right to create and enforce laws, collect taxes, wage war, form treaties with other nations, and decide who will be allowed to enter and receive protection from the state. Foreign interference in these affairs is considered a violation of state sovereignty. The effectiveness of international law, however, absolutely depends on the willingness of states to surrender some of their authority to the international system. Hypothetically, states are motivated to do so because it is in their own best interests.It is out of respect for state sovereignty that international law relating to refugee protection falls short of mandating any specific procedures ensuring that states follow through

UNHCR Role with IDPs ans Stateless People

Stateless People 1. Research and document stateless persons 2. do legal protection and advocacy 3. push for states to recognize the right of a child to nationality IDPs 1. They do not get assistance from UNHCR unless the state consents to this assistance 2. This creates an extra risk because state sovereignty claims often block assistance to those in need - Syria UNHCR can offer legal assistance and protection from persecution or GBV

How has the conflict in Syria impacted the global refugee regime? What are key challenges caused in neighboring states and in Europe and in the US?

Syria is the world's largest refugee crisis Total Syrian Refugees: 5.2 Million Turkey - 3.2 Lebanon- 1.0 Jordan - .654 m Iraq- .244 m Egypt - .124 Total Syrian Internally Displaced 6.5 million, 2.8 million children Government supporting less than 5% Disproportionately affecting the surrounding states, rather than those with higher and more capable GDPs - Today less than 16% resides in Europe Around 1.3 million people coming into the EU countries, EU pop is around 500 million Gulf states have not signed the convention - bringing in additional challenges Lebanon with convention has potential threats to Lebanon's political system Turkey with convention; only signed the 1951 protocol, but arrangements with Europe and a desire to be in the EU have changed its response Refugees do not have a right to remain; received 6 billion dollars; In return for any Syrian refugees the EU ships back from Greece to Turkey, the EU will take in one Syrian refugee currently in Turkey. This number, however, is to be capped at 72,000. EU 2015 Resettlement Plan 2 year plan to RELOCATE asylum-seekers 66,400 Greece and 39,600 from Italy Achieved 21,710 Greece (33%) 11,444 Italy (29%) Luxembourg 99% Hungary 0% Portugal 51% Poland 0% Netherlands 44% Czech Republic .4% Germany 37% Austria 1% France 25% Slovakia 2%

obligations of the state

The contracting states shall exempt refugees from reciprocity (Article 7): That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee's country of nationality, because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state. respect a refugee's personal status and the rights that come with it, particularly rights related to marriage (Article 12) provide free access to courts for refugees (Article 16) provide administrative assistance for refugees (Article 25) provide identity papers for refugees (Article 27) provide travel documents for refugees (Article 28) allow refugees to transfer their assets (Article 30) provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees (Article 34) cooperate with the UNHCR (Article 35) in the exercise of its functions and to help UNHCR supervise the implementation of the provisions in the Convention. provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the Convention (Article 36). settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible (Article 38) The contracting states shall not discriminate against refugees (Article 3) take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality (Article 8) expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different to those of nationals (Article 29) Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to freedom to practice their religion (Article 4) the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14) rationing (Article 20) elementary education (Article 22) public relief and assistance (Article 23) labour legislation and social security (Article 24) Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to movable and immovable property (Article 13) the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15) wage-earning employment (Article 17) self-employment (Article 18) practice of the liberal professions (Article 19) housing (Article 21) education higher than elementary (Article 22) the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26) Focus on Articles 31-34 -no penalty for illegal entry - shall not restrict movement - only expel for national security - make an effort to nationalize

obligations of the state

The contracting states shall exempt refugees from reciprocity (Article 7): That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee's country of nationality, because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state. respect a refugee's personal status and the rights that come with it, particularly rights related to marriage (Article 12) provide free access to courts for refugees (Article 16) provide administrative assistance for refugees (Article 25) provide identity papers for refugees (Article 27) provide travel documents for refugees (Article 28) allow refugees to transfer their assets (Article 30) provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees (Article 34) cooperate with the UNHCR (Article 35) in the exercise of its functions and to help UNHCR supervise the implementation of the provisions in the Convention. provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the Convention (Article 36). settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible (Article 38) The contracting states shall not discriminate against refugees (Article 3) take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality (Article 8) expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different to those of nationals (Article 29) impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present themselves without delay (Article 31), which is commonly interpreted to mean that their unlawful entry and presence ought not to be prosecuted at all[14] expel refugees (Article 32) forcibly return or "refoul" refugees to the country they've fled from (Article 33). It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law. This means that even States that are not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement.[13] Therefore, States are obligated under the Convention and under customary international law to respect the principle of non-refoulement. If and when this principle is threatened, UNHCR can respond by intervening with relevant authorities, and if it deems necessary, will inform the public.[13] Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to freedom to practice their religion (Article 4) the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14) rationing (Article 20) elementary education (Article 22) public relief and assistance (Article 23) labour legislation and social security (Article 24) Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to movable and immovable property (Article 13) the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15) wage-earning employment (Article 17) self-employment (Article 18) practice of the liberal professions (Article 19) housing (Article 21) education higher than elementary (Article 22) the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26) Focus on Articles 31-34 -no penalty for illegal entry - shall not restrict movement - only expel for national security - make an effort to nationalize

Justification of the Refugee Protocol

The convention recognized that it was necessary to do the following -- - Set up system to share burden of refugees - Believed humans have human rights and want to protect these rights - Recognized that some countries are unduly burdened by wars (Turkey with Syria) - Wanted to alleviate ways to cause tension - The core principle is non-refoulement, which asserts that a refugee should not be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom. Because these all lead to increased global security and stability, and it is also serves to find a solution to the plight of refugees ; Refugee protection can advance both human and state security

How is the international community reacting to recent challenges?

The developed world has flushed aid to developing countries close to conflicts in hopes of keeping the conflict out of sight and out of mind Ex: EU-Turkey deal Rise of the far right and xenophobia in rhetoric Phillipo grand "Many refugee-hosting countries, particularly those adjacent to conflict zones, had kept their borders open, but certain States — often those least impacted by refugee flows, and often wealthy ones — had closed their borders, restricting access to asylum and deterring entry"

What are some of the world's top host countries?

Top 3 host countries of refugees at the end of 2017 (not by % of pop.) were -Turkey -Pakistan -Uganda Highest numbers per population -Lebanon -Jordan

What is a stateless person

UNHCR: A stateless person is someone who is not a citizen of any country. Citizenship is the legal bond between a government and an individual, and allows for certain political, economic, social and other rights of the individual, as well as the responsibilities of both government and citizen. A person can become stateless due to a variety of reasons, including sovereign, legal, technical or administrative decisions or oversights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights underlines that "Everyone has the right to a nationality." Causes of statelessness is when a person does not have a citizenship or nationality to any states

Who are IDPs? How and why are they treated differently than refugees?

UNHCR: an Internally displaced persons (IDPs), according to the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, are "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border." This, however, is a descriptive definition, which does not confer a special legal status because IDPs, being inside their country, remain entitled to all the rights and guarantees as citizens and other habitual residents of their country. As such, national authorities have the primary responsibility to prevent forced displacement and to protect IDPs.

Is forced migration different for women than men? How? How can persecution be gendered?

Yes. 80% refugees women and children. Gender-specific violence becoming common in war Unequal access to education, driving limitations, Rohinga Muslims in Myanmar- sexual assault as a tool of war. Social norms with disparate impact, exploitation by aid workers, spouse/ child abuse, work focused to women only (firewood, cooking, rations, child care), healthcare, nursing, childbirth, menstruation (need extra resources). Problems resulting from polygamy

non-refoulement

a refugee should not be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom.

Number of IDPs

about 40 million, with 24.2 million being displaced from disasters, conflict is the second most contributing factor

number of asylum seekers

around 3 million

What policies increase the impact on women and girls and what strategies can be employed to address them?

blanket policies for all refugees tend to hurt women because they do not take their specific needs in mind. Access to childcare services during interviews, access to female translators, gender-specific living situations, inc job training for women, family reunification.

Cessation Clause

can no longer receive protection or refugee status because situation in country of nationality has changed - this is distinct from refoulment (1) He has voluntarily re-availed himself of the protection of the country of his nationality; or (2) Having lost his nationality, he has voluntarily re-acquired it; or (3) He has acquired a new nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new nationality; or (4) He has voluntarily re-established himself in the country which he left or outside which he remained owing to fear of persecution; or (5) He can no longer, because the circumstances in connection with which he has been recognized as a refugee have ceased to exist, continue to refuse to avail himself of the protection of the country of his nationality; Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to a refugee falling under section

5 reasons for migration

conflict, disaster, climate change, persecution, and forced development

challenges to refugees in urban areas

easier to give assistance in camps, people resent the help refugees receive lack of acceptance from local community, difficulty finding work and housing, moving and documentation, discrimination by locals (wages, ie), targeted by radicals- become scapegoat for local problems

Challenges to refugee camps

food shortages, lack of job training, educational opportunities, gender discrimination, sexual assault, conflict of local populations, lack of purpose- high suicide rates

causes of statelessness

how you are born (whether parents can pass on citizenship), administrative decisions or oversight, missing documents, changing boarders

Protracted Refugee Situation

more than 5 years in exile after initial displacement Causes of protracted refugees - conflict and non-intervention, when refugees decided to remain to save their culture or because of danger associated with repatriation - They could be political hostages or have transportation difficulties - special needs such as women, children, elderly -- limited international attention

Durable Solutions

repatriation, local integration, resettlement The preferred method is repatriation to their home country, Repatriation then developed the 4Rs - which were repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction -- to ensure that the country has a safe return Resettlement to a third country has been done about 80,000 times with UNHCR assistance but is only about 10 percent of those in need of resettlement Most of the world's refugees wait for durable solutions for their predicament. While most have been granted provisional or temporary asylum in neighboring countries, they are not able to regularize their status or integrate. Their rights to move and work are often highly restricted, and educational and recreational opportunities are often nonexistent or severely lacking. These refugees may also be subject to attack, either by local security forces or by cross-border incursions from the country of origin.

Dilemmas of host countries

risk assessment, danger vs. economic benefit could change political environment, national security, economic cost Economic Refugees rely heavily on govt programs- economic burden Court systems- spending so much time processing asylees courts are jammed Political National security threat- impacts stability on level of religious, political, ethnic changes Rise of populist radical right parties with anti-refugee rhetoric Terrorism

reasons for convention

share burden, human rights, unduly burdened, ease tension, non-refoulment

Inclusion Clause

these are the criteria a refugee must satisfy to be a refugee. They form the positive basis upon which the determination of refugee status is made These are found in the definition of a refugee