Religion Quarter 3 Test

Otto 1

He was the king of Germany but conquered the remnant of the Carolingian Empire and named himself Holy Roman Emperor. He tries to assert power over the papacy and renews the problem of lay investiture.

Scholasticism

An approach to learning based on questioning made famous by Thomas Aquinas and inspired by Aristotle. It was helpful for the Church in that, through reason, belief is strengthened

Saracens were early holders of Jerusalem who were tolerant of Christians; Seljukians took the Holy Land from the Saracens and were more militant - targeted the Byzantine Empire

Contrast Saracen and Seljukian Turks.

Cardinal Virtues

Discussed by Aquinas - include prudence (choosing right), justice (giving what is owed), temperance (disciplining desires), and fortitude (courage in struggle)

Inquisition

Dominican and Franciscan friars appointed by the Pope to help save innocent people from dying as heretics. The world believes the Inquisition sought to torture people into admitting heresies and that many died; in actuality, only the courts used torture and only courts could execute.

Holy Roman Empire

Established by Otto I, it represents the loose association of many Christian kingdoms of multiple cultures and individual kings. It endures for 800 years to some degree.

Though the French had more soldiers (fighting on French soil), the French were no match for the English longbow. Not only were they losing men, but they had no leader to rally around. French dukes were arguing among themselves and refusing to join together against the common enemy. The French King Charles the Mad promised the throne to the English King Henry V and his heirs. When Joan rises, she will help the French unite and call for the crowning of their own prince (the dauphin) as king. She renews the pride of the French people.

In terms of the direction of the war and the recent actions of their king, the French were completely disheartened just before the rise of Joan of Arc. Why?

Charles Martel

Leader of the Franks (Germanic tribe that settled in France) who stopped Muslims from taking France in 732. "Carolingian" is adjective of Charles.

1) God is the unmoved mover - all things have to be set in motion (from where did first source come?) 2) God is the first cause - world is about effect (where came first cause?) 3) God is not contingent -Everything came to be at some point- (who made God be? No time before God) 4) God is the greatest degree of perfection - we love good and beauty because God is the ultimate of both 5) God is the designer - the world is too orderly and complicated not to have been planned

List Aquinas' five proofs for the existence of God and briefly explain.

Charles Martel. His son Pepin the Short will ally with the Pope to provide lands and protection, thus politically helping the Church survive.

The "Carolingan" Empire is named after the descendent of?

William I

The Duke of Normandy (in France) who had a claim in theEnglish throne and invaded England in 1066, claiming all of England as his own. He is called William "the Conqueror." He kept his land in Normandy and passed it to sons

Pope Urban II

The Pope who called for the Crusades to defend the Eastern Empire and reclaim the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

Clement V

The Pope who first moved the papacy to France. Seven Popes and 70 years follow before the Popes return to Italy.

Magna Charta

The document signed by the English King John I. It represents the first time kings were pressured to give up some power (leads to democracy)

Battle of Hastings

The landmark battle in 1066 in which William the Conqueror claimed England and became its first sole king

Dauphin

The name French people use for the prince (Joan called Charles VII)

Mendicant

The word means "begging" and refers to the new orders of friars who renounce property and choose to live simply, begging what they need from the people whom they minister to

Pope Urban II was trying to defend the Eastern Empire

What Pope called for Crusades

The world thinks the Inquisition sought to condemn heretics when in reality they were to save innocent people from wrongful punishment. The world also thought the Inquisition tortured people, but the courts actually did that.

What is ironic about the world's opinion of the Inquisition?

St. Francis and St. Dominic both establish mendicant orders. St. Francis was moved by the voice of God ("build my house") and a line from Matthew's Gospel. Dominic was seeking to reach the Albigensians through poverty. Legend says Francis endured the Stigmata. He called animals his brothers and spoke to them. He is also known for his great love for the lowest of men - lepers, the poor. It is said that he leapt off his horse to kiss the feet of a leper (which was really an angel in disguise) and that he would tear off the sleeve of his own robe to give to those who were even poorer. Dominic spoke to the Blessed Virgin who revealed to him the practice of praying the Rosary (he is the first to learn it and spread its use)

Who are Sts. Francis and Dominic?

Icon

a picture created according to specific rules and depicting Christ, Mary, or a Saint (word means "image")

Secular

meaning "of the regular world" and pointedly NOT connected to religion (ex: "secular leaders" are kings and dukes; "secular subjects" are medicine and law)

Interdiction

A tool used by Popes to threaten world leaders into behaving justly. It bans either just the king or the king and all his people from receiving the Eucharist.

Maid of Orleans

A term for Joan because her main focus was to take the city of Orleans, which she achieved

Dictates Papae

A decree by Pope St. Gregory VII which asserts that Popes are above world leaders and can rule on the behavior of world leaders.

Thomas Aquinas

A great theologian and Doctor of the Church Aquinas used the Scholastic method to explain much that we believe. He wrote many books and is seen as the greatest authority following St. Augustine of Hippo. He is often quoted in the Catechism of The Catholic Church.

Iconophile

A lover of icons; one who wants to defend icons

Yeoman

A middle class small landowner in England who wields the longbow and topple knighthood as an institution

Hundred Years War

A series of small battles between France and England that spanned 116 years. It was largely over England claiming land and, eventually, the throne of France.

Crusades

A series of wars that span 300 years in which Christians from across Europe unite to try to regain Jerusalem. There were eight different crusades. For a brief time, Christians held the city after the 1st Crusade.

Summa Theologica

Aquinas' great work which presents questions, both arguments for and against, and explanations.

The Great Schism was the splitting of the Roman Church into 2 parts: the Roman Catholic of the West and the Eastern Orthodox (Russia/Greece). Political conflicts over many hundred years had led to a power struggle between the Pope (Rome) and the Patriarch (Constantinople). Moving the emperor's seat , iconoclasm, and the naming of Charlemagne as Emperor were all contributors. Other issues were about doctrine like whether the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son (Filioque Clause). The conflict was really about whether the Pope is the ultimate authority. Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, refused to obey the Pope, excommunicated the Pope, and declared himself the "Ecumenical Patriarch," or head of the whole Church (this is the Pope's title)

Condense the definition of the Great Schism and the role of Michael Cerularius.

Icons had always been used in worship, but by the 700s, some people began to believe the image itself was holy (idol worship). The Eastern emperor ordered the destruction of icons, but he was just trying to draw more support politically and please those who were offended by icons themselves. The Pope and the Church of the East valued the use of icons in worship. The conflict is between the emperor and the Pope. Many nuns, monks, and priests in the East died defending their icons from iconoclasts (smashers of icons).

Condense the issues of Iconoclasm (icon smashing). Define it, explain why and which people support the use of icons. Then, explain why and which people are against the use of icons.

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. Though he becomes King William I of England, he maintains his dukedom in Normandy, France, and all of his descendants continue to hold that role. Over time, the royal houses of England and France intermarry, putting more French property into the hands of the English when daughters with property marry (ex: Eleanor of Aquitaine married English King Henry II; thus, Aquitaine goes to the English)

Explain how French properties come to be in the hands of the English.

The Feudal system was based on property tying king to duke or duke to serf. Everyone had a job tied to a piece of feudal property. When surplus creates a need to pay people in something other than food, money is minted. A person with a skill collects money for his service. Money allows him to support himself without belonging to a Duke's land or a knight's manor. Eventually, towns develop and are not governed by feudal lords.

Explain how money redefines the feudal system.

As the Roman Empire falls to Germanic tribes (& Atilla), the East (Byzantine Empire) gathers up lands to include the entire Mediterranean world and N. Africa. It becomes the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force and will stand for 1000 years (fall 1453).

Explain the dynamic that leads the Byzantine Empire to grow. How long will this Empire endure?

The feudal pyramid shows the king owns all property but allows favored Dukes to rule large portions, which are divided and managed by knights. At the bottom of the pyramid are the serfs. This system is effective because it provides food and protection for all, but it does reserve power for a select few and perpetuate a class system where most of the population is powerless.

Explain the feudal structure. What makes it effective? What is a negative result?

Feudalism/terms

Feudalism is a social & political structure that creates a pyramid of responsibility and social classes. Vassals are those who owe fealty to their liege. Dukes are granted property by the king. Serfs are the lowest caste

Had conversations with Christ // Enjoyed a "mystical marriage" with Christ// was granted the Stigmata

Give three inspiring details about the life of St. Catherine of Siena.

Battle of Agincourt

Great English victory in France which turns the tide for England and paves the way for Henry V to be named king of France

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who used questioning to argue and explore ideas. This will lead Aquinas to develop his style.

University

Guilds of learning united to form universities which greatly benefited the cities where they were established

The Crusaders come back with new knowledge about math, science, architecture, government, and medicine. They bring back a new interest in learning. The Muslim world had preserved ancient Greek and Roman works.

How did the West benefit from exposure to the Muslim world?

Knights return from Crusades having seen different cultures and with books about the Greek and Roman Republic. These inspire new ideas and a new interest in taking part in government.

How do the Crusades influence the evolution away from Feudalism?

With pointed arches and ribbed vaults, the walls can be taller and have windows in them. This creates a huge perspective of openness and light. The windows contain stained glass, creating a shower of colored light and also showing pictures that teach and inspire. The whole experience of the Medieval Church is meant to remind the viewer of God's awesomeness and his own smallness. Polyphonic music also helped inspire and amaze people who were used to single lines of melody (plainchant).

How does architecture and atmosphere help inspire faith in Medieval Churches?

Vikings targeted monasteries, destroying and killing as they went. Not only did the Church lose vast stores of goods, but they also lost the books preserved in monasteries and, worse, the knowledge of the holy monks who were hard to replace. Many monasteries were destroyed and closed, weakening the Church's presence among the people. Just the act of replacing abbots (heads of monasteries) weakened the church because these appointments were made by Dukes who appointed according to their agenda and not how holy a man was. (LAY INVESTITURE)

How are Vikings directly responsible for weakening the Church?

The loss of 1/3 of the population created vacancies in skilled workers so that serfs rose to replace them. The Hundred Years War called many men away to war; thus, feudal lands ran without their lords. Money allows a middle class to grow wealthy outside the Feudal system. The yeoman is a middle class man who is more important in battle than the knight. The whole idea of knights becomes obsolete

How are social castes weakened in the late Middle Ages?

People formed guilds (unions by trade) of learning, leading to universities; thus, cities with universities exploded in size and became hubs. The return of the Scholastic style of learning (begun by Aristotle and rediscovered thanks to Crusaders rediscovering books in the Muslim world) leads to more logic, more seeking, and even more faith (because reason leads us to God). St. Anselm (founder) applied Scholastic method to religion, but Aquinas made it famous.

How did learning evolve after monasteries?

Because feudal lords hold property and protect those on their land, the Church needs the favor of kings and dukes. The leaders (kings and dukes) start demanding the privilege of appointing Church leaders because they don't want to be nagged by them. They choose greedy bishops and abbots that they can control. Thus, bishops and abbots (who are men of the Church) are appointed by kings and dukes. Sometimes these men of the Church are relatives of important people (nepotism), and sometimes kings and dukes accept bribes to appoint certain power-hungry churchmen (simony).

How does lay investiture lead to corruption?

Internal division finally led the Carolingian lands to fall to invaders (Vikings, Slavs, Muslims) until only a small portion remained in Italy. King of Germany Otto I rose to defeat what was left of the Carolingians and declare himself Holy Roman Emperor.

How does the Carolingian Empire fall ?

Some people see the costly clothes and pampered life of the high-ranking church officials as not in keeping with the message of the Bible. Ever since the early Church, holy men sought seclusion, prayer, and denial. Some heretics like Albigensians are more virtuous in their actions of self-denial than supposedly holy men.

How does the Church's wealth become an obstacle to converting new faithful?

The English have a weapon the French don't - the longbow, which can propel an arrow through the armor of French knights. Before this time, knights were the elite weapon in both countries. Knights are men of the noble class who undergo a lifetime of training and require wealth, armor, horses, servants, and years of practice using weapons. The yeoman, a small English landowner, needs only strength to wield the longbow. From a safe distance, he can destroy a whole cavalry of knights (which are a commodity it takes 18 years to replace). Thus, the small middle class man rises in power.

How does the style of fighting in the Hundred Years War undermine feudal nobility?

The Council of Constance was called. The valid Pope (Gregory XII) stepped down after dissolving the action of Pisa (which had elected ANOTHER pope!). The French Pope was forced out. A new Pope was universally elected - Martin V. Pope rules that only he can call councils, approve council decisions, and preside over councils.

How was the Schism finally resolved? How does the Pope establish rules to prevent such fiascos?

The Knights Templar -protect pilgrims // Knights Hospitallers - cared for the sick and wounded pilgrims// Teutonic Knights - fought in Crusades and eventually with Germany against Slavs

Name and define three orders of monks who were also knights.

Ottoman Turks

Nomads from Asia who seek to convert the world to Islam and conquer Constantinople in 1453

Joan was a French peasant girl who heard voices telling her that she would drive the English out of France and make it possible for Charles VII to be crowned. The saints who advised Joan include St. Margaret, St. Catherine of Alexandria, and St. Michael the Archangel. Despite meeting much resistance from many who would not believe her, Joan convinces men to help her, sometimes by proving that she had divine advisors by predicting things. When Joan meets the prince, even he tries to test her by disguising himself as a servant. Joan convinces the prince to let her fight. She leads men into battle, devises strategy, and takes city by city. The English are intimidated and fear the spirit of patriotism she inspires in the French. Eventually, she does succeed in crowning Charles VII. The English capture and arrest her. They try her before a court of Church experts trying to prove that she is a witch or a heretic. Joan is tortured, isolated, and overwhelmed by their ceaseless questioning. She is trapped into a confession that she later recants, found guilty of witchcraft, and burned at the stake.

Summarize the story of Joan of Arc.

Pope St. Gregory VII makes it his mission to define the role of Pope as being above the rule of kings and emperors. He issues the Dictatus Papae which asserts that Popes don't answer to world rulers; in fact, rulers answer to the Pope. He says only a Pope can appoint Church leaders.

Struggle ensues between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope. What pope takes back the power of primacy? How? What is significant about the religious order to which the Pope belongs?

Plague originated in Asia and was carried by rats whose fleas bit people. The rats got aboard ships which carried plague to port cities. The first city to be infected was purposely exposed by Turkish attackers who catapulted plague corpses into a walled city. Eventually, plague spread from Italy to all of Europe, killing 1/3 of the population. The whole economy suffers. Not much commerce can take place. People are afraid to travel. So many die that there are not enough people to farm and perform skilled work. Serfs rise up to fill vacancies, changing feudal classes forever.

Summarize the origins, spread, and effects of plague.

Lay investiture

The appointing of bishops and abbots by kings, dukes, or emperors. Though the appointees were men of the Church, they were often greedy, weak, power-hungry, or controlled by the worldly leaders.

Chivalry

The code of knighthood, including all aspects of their beliefs in God and honor and service and loyalty

Constantine chooses Byzantium as the emperor's seat and renames it after himself. Economic power- world hub of trade// waterways promote skills in seafearing Cultural hub- central to the Greeks, it had always drawn scholars who shared knowledge from around the world. Much art and architecture (Haifa Sophia) Religious center- one of the earliest places converted by the apostles/language of the apostles was Greek/New Testament was originally written in Greek/Christianity is the only religion as decreed by emperors

What is significant about Constantinople? What was its original name and the origin of its new name?

For 7 Popes and 70 years, Popes are seated in Avignon, France instead of Italy (Pope Clement V was responsible. He was pressured by King Philip who also killed the Knights Templar to confiscate wealth of the Church). These Popes allow kings to sway them and are greedy for money and power. Many begin to doubt the wisdom of Popes because they answer to kings.

What is the Avignon Papacy and why is it a stain on the Church?

Gregory XI returned the Papacy to Italy. The Pope appointed after Gregory XI died (Pope Urban VI) later earned the dislike of the Cardinals. The French Cardinals returned to Avignon and claimed they were forced to vote for Urban. The French broke with Rome and appointed their own French Pope in Avignon. These questionable popes are called "anti-popes." This creates havoc in Europe. For forty years there are two Popes. It splits Europe. Countries who have always allied with France obey French Pope. Even some holy saints are unsure which Pope is the one favored by God. Overall, people learn to doubt the Church because this issue proves fallibility on the part of some leaders.

What led to the Western Schism? How does the Schism affect the faithful?

Jerusalem was the first center of the Jewish world and then the central Christian City. Rome becomes the center when Constantine makes it the official religion of Rome

What site was the first center of Christianity? How did Rome, a persecutor of Christianity, become the next center?

Charlemagne, who united the Germanic people of central Europe, was crowned Emperor of Rome by the Pope and held power like early Caesars. The East resented the appointment because there had not been a Western Emperor for many years and the Emperor of the East saw himself as sole ruler. Another reason is the East resents calling Germanic people part of the Roman Empire.

What title was bestowed upon the grandson of Charles Martel? Why was this appointment a great shock to the Eastern Roman Empire?

The goal of the Crusades is to reclaim Jerusalem because the Turks have banned pilgims from visiting, and they threaten all Europe.

What was the goal of the Crusades? Was it achieved? Which Crusade achieved some success?

Roving, unsupervised knights looted allies and killed Jews.

What were some of the worst fiascos resulting from the Crusaders?

Charles the Mad promised the throne to Henry V (his son-in-law) and Henry's heirs. Henry reigns for less than two years and dies. He leaves an infant English heir. Charles the Mad had an infant son before he died. The French want Charles' son on the French throne while the English want Henry's.

When Henry V died, the English and French wanted the throne to fall to particular heirs. Explain.

Popes like Innocent III threaten to refuse to approve kings for the throne. They also threaten excommunication and interdiction - denying the king or even all the people of a country the right to receive the Eucharist.

When Popes want to shape the behavior of kings and princes, what tools do they have to persuade them with?

The Vikings were a fierce, merciless, sea-faring people from Scandinavia (Denmark) who raided England, Ireland, and Scotland as well as Europe. They particularly targeted monasteries because they were storehouses of wealth. Viking ships were agile and easy to maneuver into European rivers.

Who are the Vikings and how did they succeed in invading Europe?

Not "Holy" in that it does not partner with the Church as Rome was did Not "Roman" in that it is a collection of people of many nationalities Not an "Empire" in that it is a loose association of shifting kingdoms, each run by its own king

Why is "Holy Roman Empire" a misnomer?

"Buboes" =hugely swollen lymph glands found in the neck, arm pits, or groin. These were proof of plague. The people call it the "black death" because blood seeped under skin in black patches - another sure sign. Another form is "pneumonic" plague, which affects the lungs and kills 100% of victims.

Why is the plague called "Bubonic" and why is it also called the "Black Death"?

It is an act of penance, can earn indulgence, can earn him worldly wealth and glory.

Why would knights choose to take part in the Crusades?