ren

Protein C

(activated by thrombomodulin from endothelial cells) - Binds to co-factor Protein S and cleaves factors Va and VIIIa

C

A 36 y/o African-American male presents w/ low renin essential hypertension. Renin release from juxtaglomerular apparatus is normally inhibited by which of the following? A. Stimulation of the macula densa B. Aldosterone C. Increased pressure within the afferent arterioles D. Prostaglandins E. Beta-adrenergic agonists

C

A 43 y man goes to his physician for a routine check of his health status. He is found to have BP of 150/95 mmHg. His urinalysis shows pH 6.5, specific gravity 1.015, no glucose, blood or protein and no casts. His serum Creatinine is 1.4 mg/dL. If he is not treated, which of the following conditions will most likely cause his death? A. Intracerebral hemorrhage (stroke) B. Aortic aneurysm rupture C. Congestive heart failure D. Chronic renal failure E. Intracranial aneurysm rupture

B

A 46 y/o man presents to physician with a 12 week history of frontal headaches. A CT of brain shows a mass in the posterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary "bright spot" is absent on MRI. The patient also complains of increased thrist and waking up frequently during the night. Which of the following best describes his urine? A. A normal flow of hypertonic urine B. A higher-than-normal flow of hypotonic urine C. A lower-than-normal flow of hypotonic urine D. A lower-than-normal flow of hypertonic urine E. A higher-than-normal flow of hypertonic urine

C

A 60 y/o woman is always thirsty and wakes up several times during the night to empty her bladder. Plasma osmolality is 295 mOsm/kg H2O (normal range 281-297 mOsm/kg H2O) urine osmolality is 100 mOsm/kg H2O and plasma AVP levels are higher than normal. The urine is negative for glucose. The most likely diagnosis is: A. Diabetes mellitus B. Diuretic drug abuse C. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus D. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus E. Primary polydipsia

A

Increased plasma osmolality would result in which of the following? A. Stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus B. Inhibition of the posterior pituitary C. Inhibition of ADH D. Decreased water reabsorption E. Dilute urine production

Nephritic syndrome

Inflammation of the glomerulus & PMN-related injury. Hematuria, proteinuria, decreased GFR, impaired renal function, edema & HTN Ex: Berger's disease

Xarelto

Inhbitis both factor Xa and Factor Xa bound in prothrombinase complex. Highly selective with rapid onset of action. Treat/prevent deep vein thrombosis and PE and prevents blood clots in AFib and following surgery.

A

Inhibition of ADH would cause which of the following? A. Decreased permeability of the collecting duct to water B. Production of concentrated urine C. Decreased water loss D. Decreased urine output

ascending loop of henle

Portion of the nephron not permeable to water. A filtrate flows up the ascending limp through decreasing concentration of the interstitial fluid, Na+ is actively pumped out of the filtrate, decreasing filtrate concentration.

Early DCT (Distal convoluted tubule)

Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, calcium & magnesium but mostly impermeable to water & urea. 5% of filtered load of Na/Cl is reabsorbed here

C

A girl is trapped in the rubble of a collapsed building for 24 hours and both of her legs are crushed. Her plasma potassium concentration is 8 mEq/L, and her ECG does not look normal. She is not producing any urine. Which of the following treatments would be best? A. Administer insulin w/o glucose B. Give an adrenergic blocker to block the action of epinephrine C. Infuse a sodium bicarbonate solution intravenously D. Infuse a solution of 0.1 M HCl into a central vein E. Increase her plasma osmolality be infusing a hypertonic mannitol solution

Increase

A long-term high protein diet _______________ GFR

D

Aldosterone secretion is increased when there is a DECREASE in the plasma concentration of which of the following? A. Renin B. ACTH C. Potassium D. Sodium E. Angiotensin II

Efferent

Angiotensin II preferentially constricts ________________ arterioles in most physiologic conditions.

platelet aggregation

Aspirin produces an inhibitory effect on which step of hemostasis?

D

The following factor(s) tend(s) to INCREASE the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR): A. Sympathetic stimulation (norepinephrine) of the afferent arteriole B. Obstruction of the renal tubules, ureter or urethra C. Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole D. None are correct E. All are correct

Renal clearance

ability of the kidneys to clear solutes from the plasma

Von Willebrand Disease

bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, a "sticky" protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation

B

Concerning metabolic energy (at production) for renal transport: A. The main substrate for proximal tubule is glucose B. The cortical PO2 is about 10 mmHg C. The papillary tissues normally generate ATP via oxidative metabolism D. A and C are correct E. ALl are correct

D

Concerning the THICK loop of Henle: A. The thick segment of the loop has a very powerful Na/K/2Cl pump that moves salt from the tubular lumen into the peritubular space B. Water and urea move freely across the epithelium of the thick ascending segment of the loop C. Following the administration of furosemide (lasix) large volumes of diluted urine are produced D. A and C are correct E. all are correct

Nephrotic syndrome

characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. Increased permeability allowing proteins to pass & be eliminated in urine. Usually associated w/ non-inflammatory injury to glomerular membrane system

proximal convoluted tubule

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

Fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

release wtih increase BP - kidneys excrete more Na+ and water, thus decrease BP

SGLT

sodium-glucose cotransporter

Medullary collecting duct

terminal component of the nephron in which vasopressin-sensitive passive water reabsorption occurs

Descending loop of Henle

water reabsorption

Aldosterone

Steroid hormone made & released from adrenal cortex. Increases reabsorption of sodium ions & secretion of potassium ions

C

A patient with atherosclerosis shows signs of chronic renal failure attributed to poor renal perfusion and ischemic necrosis of the nephrons. Which of the following endogenous substances causes renal blood flow to decrease? A. Dopamine B. Atrial natriuretic peptide C. Angiotensin II D. Nitric Oxide E. Acetylcholine

Abciximab

Blocks glycoprotein IIa/IIIb receptor to decrease platelet binding to fibrinogen

Fibrinolysis

Breakdown and removal of a clot

Hemophilia

Deficiency of factor VIII Secondary hemostatic mechanism faulty Clotting time increased but bleeding time, prothrombin time are normal. Platelet aggregation is normal

t-PA (tissue-type plasminogen activator)

Gold standard drug for management of heart attack or stroke due to a thrombus or an embolus.

C

In the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the filtrate will be isotonic to plasma in which of the following parts of the kidney? A. Medullary collecting tubule B. Renal pelvis C. Cortical collecting tubule D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle E. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Aspirin (NSAID)

Low dose, long term use of ____________ irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation

C

What is the most likely cause of the acid-base disturbance? A. Cardiogenic shock B. Methanol intoxication C. Severe diarrhea D. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus E. Vomiting of gastric juice

Heparin

Used in prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) & in treatment of DVT & PE Conjugated polysaccharide released mainly by mast cells, w/ little action unless combined w/ antithrombin III

Thrombocytopenia

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

Inulin

A polysaccharide completely excreted by the kidney; used to measure kidney function Freely filtered by glomeruli, not reabsorbed or secreted by the kidney tubules, not synthesized/destroyed/stored in kidneys, not toxic, concentration in plasma & urine can be determined by simple analysis

E

Administration of potassium chloride resulting in a plasma potassium concentration of 5.2 mEeq/L would likely result in: A. Hypokalemia B. Muscle weakness C. Hyperpolarized neuronal cells D. Less responsive neuronal cells E. More excitable neuronal cells

Increase

Endothelial nitric oxide __________________ GFR

GHP (glomerular hydrostatic pressure)

Systemic blood pressure. ~50 mmHg. Favors filtration of substances through filtration membrane into capsular space

D

Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? A. Sodium B. Glucose C. Chloride D. Creatinine

Urinary excretion

= glomerular filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption Urinary concentration of Na x urine flow rate

Decrease

Dilation of EFFERENT arteriole _________________ GHP & GFR.

medullary collecting duct

Terminal component of the nephron in which vasopressin-sensitive passive water reabsorption occurs

D

Concerning the function of proximal tubule: A. Most of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in an iso-osmotic fashion B. the concentration of PAH doesn't change much along the length of the proximal tubule C> Under normal conditions, most of the filtered glucose & bicarbonate are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule D. A and C are correct E. All are correct

E

Concerning the measurement of renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR): A. Inulin is a good GFR marker bc it is freely filtered in the glomeruli and it is not reabsorbed, or secreted, by the renal tubules B. Inulin concentration in the proximal tubule's lumen increases progressively as water is reabsorbed in the segment of the nephron C. PAH (para-amino-hippuric acid) is a good marker of renal plasma flow bc it is freely filtered and is rapidly secreted by the proximal tubule; as a result very little PAH reaches the renal vein D. A and C are correct E. All are correct

E

Concerning urinary concentration: A. the thick loop of Henle generates most of the osmotic gradient needed for reabsorption of water in the collecting duct B. the tubular urine that reaches the collecting duct is generally hypotonic with respect to plasma C. in the absence of ADH, urine is not concentrated along the length of the collecting duct D. A and C are correct E. all are correct

Angiotensin II

Stimulates constriction of precapillary arterioles and increases reabsorption of NaCl and water by the proximal tubules of the kidney, increasing blood pressure and volume.

A

The ascending limb of the nephron loop A. Reabsorbs sodium and chloride B. Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and water C. Reabsorbs only D. Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and other organic solutes

Decrease

Vasoconstriction of AFFERENT arteriole will ______________ GHP and GFR.

Tubuloglomerular feedback

a paracrine signaling mechanism through which changes in fluid flow through the loop of Henle influence GFR

Filtration membrane

interface between the glomerulus and the nephron Fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells + basal lamina + podocytes

countercurrent multiplier

loop of Henle, creates an osmotic gradient that facilitates reabsorption of water

Renal artery stenosis

narrowing of the renal artery caused by artherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia, can impede blood flow, hypertension and atrophy of the kidney

CHP (capsular hydrostatic pressure)

pressure exerted by fluids in glomerular capsule that opposes filtration

Colloid osmotic pressure

pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure

B

An elderly, diabetic woman arrives at the hospital in a severely dehydrated condition & is breathing rapidly. Blood plasma (glucose) is 500 mg/dL (normal is ~100 mg/dL) and the urine (glucose) is zero by dipstick test. What is the most likely explanation for the absence of glucose in her urine? A. The amount of splay in the glucose reabsorption curve is abnormally increased B. GFR is abnormally low C. The glucose Tm is abnormally high D. The glucose Tm is abnormally low E. The renal plasma glucose threshold is abnormally low

Furosemide

Blocks the 1-Na, 2-Cl, 1-K co-transporter. At risk for low potassium

GCOP (Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)

Created mostly by albumin. Only slightly higher (30 mmHg) than typical capillary bed; opposes filtration by pulling water back into glomerular capillaries

Decrease

Endothelin ____________ GFR Decrease or increase?

C

How many nephrons does the avg adult human kidney contain (a nephron is the main functional unit of the kidney)? A. Exactly 1 B. Roughly 100,000 C. Roughly 1,000,000 D. Roughly 1,000

Urea

Name the substance: Primarily passive paracellular diffusion driven by chemical gradient

Glucose

Name the substance: Secondary active transport with sodium

A

Presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient? A. Glucose B. Creatinine C. Urea D. Sodium

C

Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle? A. Distal convoluted tubule B. Connecting tubule C. Proximal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct

Late DCT and collecting duct

90-95% of H2O and solutes have been reabsorbed, additional reabsorption and secretion depends on body needs Impermeable to urea. Cells have hormone receptors that determine fxn. Majority of activity is regulated by hormones to fine tune water, electrolyte & acid base balance

E

A 69 y/o male presenting with symptoms of thirst and dizziness, and physical evidence of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, reduced axillary sweating, and reduced jugular venous pressure. He was recently placed on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for his HTN. Urinalysis reveals reduction in the fractional excretion of sodium and the presence of acellular hyaline casts. The internist suspects acute renal failure of prerenal origin, which has increased renin secretion by the kidney. A stimulus for increasing renal renin secretion is an increase in which of the following? A. Circulating Angiotensin II B. Mean BP C. Atrial natriuretic peptide secretion D. Glomerular filtration rate E. Sympathetic nerve activity

Glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

D

A clinical study is performed of laboratory findings in subjects w/ renal diseases. Loss of physiologic fxn accompanies many diseases. One renal physiologic function affects thirst. Loss of which of the following renal functions is most likely to be identified by laboratory measurement of the urine specific gravity following water deprivation? A. Filtration B. Reabsorption C. Secretion D. Concentration E. Blood flow

A

A dehydrated, hospitalized patient w/ uncontrolled DM has a plasma [K] of 4.5 mEq (normal 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L), a plasma (glucose) of 500 mg/dL, and an arterial blood pH of 7 (normal 7.35 to 7.45). These data suggest that the patient has: A. A decreased total body store of K+ B. A normal total body score of K+ C. An increased total body store of K+ D. Hypokalemia E. Hyperkalemia

C

A man has progressive CKD. Which of the following indicates the greatest absolute decrease in GFR? A. Fall in plasma creatinine from 4 to 2 mg/dL B. Fall in plasma creatinine from 2 to 1 mg/dL C. Rise in plasma creatinine from 1 to 2 mg/dL D. Rise in plasma creatinine from 2 to 4 mg/dL E. Rise in plasma creatinine from 4 to 8 mg/dL

A

A patient has been on angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Which of the following would you expect? A. Decreased BP B. Increased blood volume C. Increased secretion of aldosterone D. Increased sodium reabsorption

D

A patient undergoing surgery develops an increase in the secretion and plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol and aldosterone. Which of the following statements about aldosterone is correct? A. It causes an increased reabsorption of hydrogen ion B. It is secreted in response to an increase in BP C. It produces its effect by activating cAMP D. It produces its effect by increasing distal tubular permeability to sodium E. It has its main effect on the proximal tubule

B

A patient with uncontrolled HTN is placed on a new diuretic targeted to the Na+ reabsorption site from the basolateral surface of the renal epithelial cells. Which of the following transport processes is the new drug affecting? A. Solvent drag B. Na/K pump C. Na/glucose cotransport D. Facilitated diffusion E. Na/H exchange

C

A trauma patient with multiple rib fractures requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation causes an increase in the patient's vasopressin secretion and plasma levels. Which of the following is the effect of vasopressin on the kidney? A. Increased diameter of the renal artery B. Increased excretion of water C. Increased permeability of the distal nephron to water D. Increased glomerular filtration rate E. Increased excretion of Na+

D

An 18 y/o male presents w/ muscle weakness, cramps & tetany. BP is normal and no edema is present. Laboratory analysis reveals hypokalemic alkalosis, hyperaldosteronism, and high plasma renin activity, diagnostic of Bartter's syndrome. Which of the following statements about renin is true? A. It is secreted by cells in the proximal tubule B. Its secretion is stimulated by increased mean renal arterial pressure C. It converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II D. It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

B

As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why? A. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water & ions B. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water C. The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water & ions D. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to ions

distal convoluted tubule

Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

C

Blood descending into the medulla in the vasa recta: A. Loses both sodium chloride and water B. Gains both sodium chloride and water C. Gains sodium chloride and loses water D. Does not change

RPF (renal plasma flow)

Calculated by dividing (Urine concentration of PAH x urine flow rate) by (Arterial plasma concentration of PAH)

E

Concerning water reabsorption by the proximal tubule: A. Main driving forces for water reabsorption in the proximal tubule are solute uptake and oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries B. A significant amount of water uptake in the proximal tubule is dependent on sodium uptake by the Na/H antiports present in their luminal membrane C. Aquaporine-I (water channels) are abundantly present in the cellular membranes of proximal tubule cells D. A and C are correct E. all are correct

D

Countercurrent multiplication A. Occurs only in cortical nephrons B. Creates the cortical concentration gradient C. Requires interaction between the proximal and distal tubules D. Involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through the loop

Warfarin

Decreases blood clotting by blocking an enzyme called Vitamin K Expoxide Reductase that reactivates vit K. W/o enough active vit K, clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X have decreased clotting ability. Used to treat blood clots as in DVT, PE & prevent stroke in AFib, valvular heart diseases & artificial heart valve patients.

PAH (para-aminohippuric acid)

Effective renal plasma flow can be estimated using ____ clearance because it is both filtered and actively secreted.

Glomerular capsule

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. also known as Bowman's capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

Congenital nephrotic syndrome

Hereditary disorder characterized by protein loss, edema and intravascular volume contraction Loss of protein --> Reduce colloid pressure --> Edema Treatment: Sodium restriction, albumin infusion, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, early kidney transplant

D

In a suicide attempt, a nurse took an overdose of the sedative phenobarbital. This substance is a weak, lipid-soluble organic acid that is reabsorbed by nonionic diffusion in the kidneys. Which of the following would be the best way to promote urinary excretion of this substance? A. Abstain from all fluids B. Acidify the urine by ingesting NH4Cl tablets C. Adminster a drug that inhibits the tubular secretion of organic anions. D. Alkalinize the urine by infusing a NaHCO3 solution intravenously E. Increase the GFR

Distal tubule

In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct. Reabsorption depends on needs of the body

Antithrombin III

Inhibits factors XI, X, XI, XII, destroys thrombin. Synthesized by the liver. Activity enhanced by heparin

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

Made by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates re-absorption of water within the nephron and constriction of vessels (raising blood pressure).

Bicarbonate

Name the substance: Passive paracellular diffusion linked to H+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption

Sodium

Name the substance: Primary active transport via basolateral pumps Crosses apical membrane through channels, symporters, antiporters

Cortical nephron

Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex. These nephrons have a reduced loop of Henle.

Decrease

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine ___________ GFR Decrease or increase?

GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

Normally 125 mL/min or 180 L/day. K(f) x Net filtration pressure

Cortical collecting duct

Primary site of sodium ion reabsorption at the distal end of a nephron

Increase

Prostaglandins __________________ GFR.

Vitamin K

Required for Factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X

Myogenic mechanism

Smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles contract in response to elevated blood pressure

Macula densa

The cells of the distal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Receptors that monitor filtrate osmolarity as a means of regulating filtration rate. If a drop is osmolarity is sensed, dilate the afferent arteriole (to increase the blood pressure in the glomerulus and thus increase filtration) and stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin (to raise systemic blood pressure).

D

The countercurrent multiplier is considered to be positive feedback because: A. Filtrate concentration rises as it flows into the medulla B. Fluid volumes rise as filtrate flows through loop C. Reabsorption in the early proximal tubule maximize reabsorption in the distal tubule D. Events in each limb of the loop amplify each other

E

The following factor(s) tend(s) to INCREASE the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR): A. Decreased albumin concentration in plasma B. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole C. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole D. A and C are correct E. All are correct

transport maximum (Tm)

The maximum transport rate that occurs when all carriers are saturated

peritubular capillaries

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney

Proximal tubule

The portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate. H2O reabsorption

B

The renal system does NOT play a direct role in regulating which of the following? A. Blood solute concentration B. Blood temperature C. Blood pressure D. Blood pH

fibrin fibers

These trap 85-90% of formed thrombin to prevent excess spread of clotting

C

Urine is formed in a three-step process: Which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place int he nephron? A. Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration B. Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration C. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion D. Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

Increase

Vasoconstriction of EFFERENT arteriole ______________ GHP and GFR.

Increase

Vasodilation of AFFERENT arteriole ________________ GHP and GFR.

Creatinine

Waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine.

E

Which of the following causes increased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions? A. A decrease in arterial PCO2 B. Adrenal cortical insufficiency C. Administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor D. An increase in intracellular pH E. An increase in tubular sodium reabsorption

B

Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron? A. Proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule B. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule C. Bowman's capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule D. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

D

Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is always much lower than its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? A. Urea B. Potassium C. Sodium D. Glucose

D

Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? A. Amino acids B. Glucose C. Electrolytes D. Large molecular weight protein

A

Which of the following leads to decreased Na reabsorption by the kidneys? A. An increase in central blood volume B. An increase in colloid osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries C. An increase in GFR D. An increase in plasma aldosterone level E. An increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity

A

Your patient exhibits metabolic alkalosis with destruction in the Na/K/2Cl co-transporter. Which of the following pathologies is most likely? A. Bartter syndrome affecting the loop of Henle B. Bartter syndrome affecting the proximal tubule C. Fanconi affecting the proximal tubule D. Fanconi affecting the distal tubule E. Gitelman affecting the loop of Henle F. Gitelman affecting the distal tubule G. Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess affecting the proximal tubule H. Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess affecting the distal tubule

B

Your patient has been diagnosed with prerenal acute kidney injury. Which is the most likely culprit? A. Kidney stones B. Severe hemorrhage C. Benign hyperplasia D. Urinary tract infection E. Glomerulonephritis

von Willebrand factor

complexes with factor VIII to enhance VIII:C activity; platelet adhesion

TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor)

endothelial secretion of ____ inactivates factor Xa and tissue factor VIIa complexes

Podocyte

epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule, whose foot processes form filtration slits

Juxtamedullary nephron

nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla Unique capillary arrangement allows them to control volume & concentration of urine; conserve water

Purpura

red-purple skin lesion due to blood in tissues from breaks in blood vessels Primary hemostatic mechanism is faulty. Prolonged bleeding time but normal clotting time & prothrombin time.

Loop of Henle

section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine

Intercalated cell

specialized cell of the collecting ducts that secrete or absorb acid or bicarbonate; important in acid-base balance

Net filtration pressure

the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure

countercurrent exchange

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions