Renal

p. 1556 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 30. A client was just admitted to the emergency department for new-onset confusion. As the nurse starts the IV line, the client says he just finished a hemodialysis session. The IV site is bleeding briskly. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Assess for a bruit and thrill over the vascular access site. b. Draw blood for coagulation studies and white blood cell count. c. Prepare to administer protamine sulfate. d. Hold constant firm pressure with a gauze pad for 5 minutes.

C To prevent blood clots from forming within the dialyzer or blood tubing, anticoagulation is needed during hemodialysis treatment. The drug used is heparin, which makes the client at risk for hemorrhage for the next 4 to 6 hours. Protamine sulfate is the antidote to heparin, and the nurse should prepare to administer it. Pressure may help, and someone else can apply it while the nurse is getting the medication. Laboratory studies are not needed because the client is at known risk for bleeding from heparin. Assessing the vascular access device does nothing to help the situation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationMedical Emergencies) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 34. A client with chronic kidney disease states that he will be going to the dentist for a planned tooth extraction. Which is the nurses best response? a. Rinse your mouth with an antiseptic solution after the procedure. b. Kidney disease is probably what caused your dental decay. c. You should receive prophylactic antibiotics before any dental procedure. d. You may take any medication for pain that the dentist prescribes.

C To prevent sepsis from oral cavity bacteria, the client should be given prophylactic antibiotics before any dental procedure. Rinsing the mouth with antiseptic solution would not be sufficient to prevent infection. Kidney disease may have contributed to the dental decay through loss of calcium from the teeth, but this cannot be confirmed. Clients with kidney disease should not take antibiotics known to be nephrotoxic. Dosage adjustments based on the clients kidney function may be needed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1113 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 21. A patient with diabetes who has bacterial pneumonia is being treated with IV gentamicin (Garamycin) 60 mg IV BID. The nurse will monitor for adverse effects of the medication by evaluating the patients a. blood glucose. b. urine osmolality. c. serum creatinine. d. serum potassium.

C When a patient at risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) receives a potentially nephrotoxic medication, it is important to monitor renal function with BUN and creatinine levels. The other laboratory values would not be useful in assessing for the adverse effects of the gentamicin. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1388 KEY: Urothelial cancer| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 15. A nurse assesses a client with bladder cancer who is recovering from a complete cystectomy with ileal conduit. Which assessment finding should alert the nurse to urgently contact the health care provider? a. The ileostomy is draining blood-tinged urine. b. There is serous sanguineous drainage present on the surgical dressing. c. The ileostomy stoma is pale and cyanotic in appearance. d. Oxygen saturations are 92% on room air.

C A pale or cyanotic stoma indicates impaired circulation to the stoma and must be treated to prevent necrosis. Blood-tinged urine and serous sanguineous drainage are expected after this type of surgery. Oxygen saturation of 92% on room air is at the low limit of normal. DIF: Applying/Application

1361 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. A nurse cares for a client who is recovering from a closed percutaneous kidney biopsy. The client states, My pain has suddenly increased from a 3 to a 10 on a scale of 0 to 10. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Reposition the client on the operative side. b. Administer the prescribed opioid analgesic. c. Assess the pulse rate and blood pressure. d. Examine the color of the clients urine.

C An increase in the intensity of pain after a percutaneous kidney biopsy is a symptom of internal hemorrhage. A change in vital signs can indicate that hemorrhage is occurring. Before other actions, the nurse must assess the clients hemodynamic status. DIF: Applying/Application

1381 KEY: Urinary incontinence MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 9. A confused client with pneumonia is admitted with an indwelling catheter in place. During interdisciplinary rounds the following day, which question should the nurse ask the primary health care provider? a. Do you want daily weights on this client? b. Will the client be able to return home? c. Can we discontinue the indwelling catheter? d. Should we get another chest x-ray today?

C An indwelling catheter dramatically increases the risks of urinary tract infection and urosepsis. Nursing staff should ensure that catheters are left in place only as long as they are medically needed. The nurse should inquire about removing the catheter. All other questions might be appropriate, but because of client safety, this question takes priority. DIF: Applying/Application

1407 KEY: Medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 14. A nurse cares for a client who has pyelonephritis. The client states, I am embarrassed to talk about my symptoms. How should the nurse respond? a. I am a professional. Your symptoms will be kept in confidence. b. I understand. Elimination is a private topic and shouldnt be discussed. c. Take your time. It is okay to use words that are familiar to you. d. You seem anxious. Would you like a nurse of the same gender to care for you?

C Clients may be uncomfortable discussing issues related to elimination and the genitourinary area. The nurse should encourage the client to use language that is familiar to the client. The nurse should not make promises that cannot be kept, like keeping the clients symptoms confidential. The nurse must assess the client and cannot take the time to stop the discussion or find another nurse to complete the assessment. DIF: Applying/Application

1397 KEY: Polycystic kidney disease| nutritional requirements MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Evaluation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 4. A nurse cares for a middle-aged female client with diabetes mellitus who is being treated for the third episode of acute pyelonephritis in the past year. The client asks, What can I do to help prevent these infections? How should the nurse respond? a. Test your urine daily for the presence of ketone bodies and proteins. b. Use tampons rather than sanitary napkins during your menstrual period. c. Drink more water and empty your bladder more frequently during the day. d. Keep your hemoglobin A1c under 9% by keeping your blood sugar controlled.

C Clients with long-standing diabetes mellitus are at risk for pyelonephritis for many reasons. Chronically elevated blood glucose levels spill glucose into the urine, changing the pH and providing a favorable climate for bacterial growth. The neuropathy associated with diabetes reduces bladder tone and reduces the clients sensation of bladder fullness. Thus, even with large amounts of urine, the client voids less frequently, allowing stasis and overgrowth of microorganisms. Increasing fluid intake (specifically water) and voiding frequently prevent stasis and bacterial overgrowth. Testing urine and using tampons will not help prevent pyelonephritis. A hemoglobin A1c of 9% is too high. DIF: Applying/Application

1428 KEY: Renal system| medications| digoxin MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 19. The nurse is taking the vital signs of a client after hemodialysis. Blood pressure is 110/58 mm Hg, pulse 66 beats/min, and temperature is 99.8 F (37.6 C). What is the most appropriate action by the nurse? a. Administer fluid to increase blood pressure. b. Check the white blood cell count. c. Monitor the clients temperature. d. Connect the client to an electrocardiographic (ECG) monitor.

C During hemodialysis, the dialysate is warmed to increase diffusion and prevent hypothermia. The clients temperature could reflect the temperature of the dialysate. There is no indication to check the white blood cell count or connect the client to an ECG monitor. The other vital signs are within normal limits. DIF: Applying/Application

1361 KEY: Urinary/renal system| diabetes mellitus| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 14. A nurse teaches a client who is recovering from a urography. Which instruction should the nurse include in this clients discharge teaching? a. Avoid direct contact with your urine for 24 hours until the radioisotope clears. b. You may have some dribbling of urine for several weeks after this procedure. c. Be sure to drink at least 3 liters of fluids today to help eliminate the dye faster. d. Your skin may become slightly yellow from the dye used in this procedure.

C Dyes used in urography are potentially nephrotoxic. A large fluid intake will help the client eliminate the dye rapidly. Dyes used in urography are not radioactive, the client should not experience any dribbling of urine, and the dye should not change the color of the clients skin. DIF: Applying/Application

1359 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 4. A nurse assesses a client with renal insufficiency and a low red blood cell count. The client asks, Is my anemia related to the renal insufficiency? How should the nurse respond? a. Red blood cells produce erythropoietin, which increases blood flow to the kidneys. b. Your anemia and renal insufficiency are related to inadequate vitamin D and a loss of bone density. c. Erythropoietin is usually released from the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. d. Kidney insufficiency inhibits active transportation of red blood cells throughout the blood.

C Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and is released in response to decreased oxygen tension in the renal blood supply. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Anemia and renal insufficiency are not manifestations of vitamin D deficiency. The kidneys do not play a role in the transportation of red blood cells or any other cells in the blood. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1351 KEY: Urinary/renal system| older adult| safety| unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 1. A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client is at greatest risk for the development of bacterial cystitis? a. A 36-year-old female who has never been pregnant b. A 42-year-old male who is prescribed cyclophosphamide c. A 58-year-old female who is not taking estrogen replacement d. A 77-year-old male with mild congestive heart failure

C Females at any age are more susceptible to cystitis than men because of the shorter urethra in women. Postmenopausal women who are not on hormone replacement therapy are at increased risk for bacterial cystitis because of changes in the cells of the urethra and vagina. The middle-aged woman who has never been pregnant would not have a risk potential as high as the older woman who is not using hormone replacement therapy. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1440 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| infection MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 25. The nurse is teaching a client how to increase the flow of dialysate into the peritoneal cavity during dialysis. Which statement by the client demonstrates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I should leave the drainage bag above the level of my abdomen. b. I could flush the tubing with normal saline if the flow stops. c. I should take a stool softener every morning to avoid constipation. d. My diet should have low fiber in it to prevent any irritation.

C Inflow and outflow problems of the dialysate are best controlled by preventing constipation. A daily stool softener is the best option for the client. The drainage bag should be below the level of the abdomen. Flushing the tubing will not help with the flow. A diet high in fiber will also help with a constipation problem. DIF: Applying/Application

1363 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| hemorrhage MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 16. A nurse obtains a sterile urine specimen from a clients Foley catheter. After applying a clamp to the drainage tubing distal to the injection port, which action should the nurse take next? a. Clamp another section of the tube to create a fixed sample section for retrieval. b. Insert a syringe into the injection port and aspirate the quantity of urine required. c. Clean the injection port cap of the drainage tubing with povidone-iodine solution. d. Withdraw 10 mL of urine and discard it; then withdraw a fresh sample of urine.

C It is important to clean the injection port cap of the catheter drainage tubing with an appropriate antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine solution or alcohol. This will help prevent surface contamination before injection of the syringe. The urine sample should be collected directly from the catheter; therefore, a second clamp to create a sample section would not be appropriate. Every sample from the catheter is usable; there is the need to discard the first sample. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1367 KEY: Cystitis| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. After teaching a client with bacterial cystitis who is prescribed phenazopyridine (Pyridium), the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I will not take this drug with food or milk. b. If I think I am pregnant, I will stop the drug. c. An orange color in my urine should not alarm me. d. I will drink two glasses of cranberry juice daily.

C Phenazopyridine discolors urine, most commonly to a deep reddish orange. Many clients think they have blood in their urine when they see this. In addition, the urine can permanently stain clothing. Phenazopyridine is safe to take if the client is pregnant. There are no dietary restrictions or needs while taking this medication. DIF: Applying/Application

1376 KEY: Urinary incontinence| psychosocial response| coping MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity 26. A nurse provides phone triage to a pregnant client. The client states, I am experiencing a burning pain when I urinate. How should the nurse respond? a. This means labor will start soon. Prepare to go to the hospital. b. You probably have a urinary tract infection. Drink more cranberry juice. c. Make an appointment with your provider to have your infection treated. d. Your pelvic wall is weakening. Pelvic muscle exercises should help.

C Pregnant clients with a urinary tract infection require prompt and aggressive treatment because cystitis can lead to acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. The nurse should encourage the client to make an appointment and have the infection treated. Burning pain when urinating does not indicate the start of labor or weakening of pelvic muscles. DIF: Applying/Application

1428 KEY: Renal system| nutrition| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 17. A client is placed on fluid restrictions because of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which assessment finding would alert the nurse that the clients fluid balance is stable at this time? a. Decreased calcium levels b. Increased phosphorus levels c. No adventitious sounds in the lungs d. Increased edema in the legs

C The absence of adventitious sounds upon auscultation of the lungs indicates a lack of fluid overload and fluid balance in the clients body. Decreased calcium levels and increased phosphorus levels are common findings with CKD. Edema would indicate a fluid imbalance. DIF: Applying/Application

1420 KEY: Renal system| nursing assessment| respiratory system MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 10. The charge nurse of the medical-surgical unit is making staff assignments. Which staff member should be assigned to a client with chronic kidney disease who is exhibiting a low-grade fever and a pericardial friction rub? a. Registered nurse who just floated from the surgical unit b. Registered nurse who just floated from the dialysis unit c. Registered nurse who was assigned the same client yesterday d. Licensed practical nurse with 5 years experience on this floor

C The client is exhibiting symptoms of pericarditis, which can occur with chronic kidney disease. Continuity of care is important to assess subtle differences in clients. Therefore, the registered nurse (RN) who was assigned to this client previously should again give care to this client. The float nurses would not be as knowledgeable about the unit and its clients. The licensed practical nurse may not have the education level of the RN to assess for pericarditis. DIF: Applying/Application

1443 KEY: Renal system| postoperative nursing| transplantation MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 28. A nurse reviews these laboratory values of a client who returned from kidney transplantation 12 hours ago: Sodium 136 mEq/L Potassium 5 mEq/L Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 44 mg/dL Serum creatinine 2.5 mg/dL What initial intervention would the nurse anticipate? a. Start hemodialysis immediately. b. Discuss the need for peritoneal dialysis. c. Increase the dose of immunosuppression. d. Return the client to surgery for exploration.

C The client may need a higher dose of immunosuppressive medication as evidenced by the elevated BUN and serum creatinine levels. This increased dose may reverse the possible acute rejection of the transplanted kidney. The client does not need hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or further surgery at this point. DIF: Applying/Application

1373 KEY: Urethral strictures| urinary incontinence| postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 25. A nurse cares for a client with urinary incontinence. The client states, I am so embarrassed. My bladder leaks like a young childs bladder. How should the nurse respond? a. I understand how you feel. I would be mortified. b. Incontinence pads will minimize leaks in public. c. I can teach you strategies to help control your incontinence. d. More women experience incontinence than you might think.

C The nurse should accept and acknowledge the clients concerns, and assist the client to learn techniques that will allow control of urinary incontinence. The nurse should not diminish the clients concerns with the use of pads or stating statistics about the occurrence of incontinence. DIF: Applying/Application

1432 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 21. The charge nurse is orienting a float nurse to an assigned client with an arteriovenous (AV) fistula for hemodialysis in her left arm. Which action by the float nurse would be considered unsafe? a. Palpating the access site for a bruit or thrill b. Using the right arm for a blood pressure reading c. Administering intravenous fluids through the AV fistula d. Checking distal pulses in the left arm

C The nurse should not use the arm with the AV fistula for intravenous infusion, blood pressure readings, or venipuncture. Compression and infection can result in the loss of the AV fistula. The AV fistula should be monitored by auscultating or palpating the access site. Checking the distal pulse would be an appropriate assessment. DIF: Applying/Application

1426 KEY: Renal system| diuretics| nursing interventions MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 13. A client is diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). What is an ideal goal of treatment set by the nurse in the care plan to reduce the risk of pulmonary edema? a. Maintaining oxygen saturation of 89% b. Minimal crackles and wheezes in lung sounds c. Maintaining a balanced intake and output d. Limited shortness of breath upon exertion

C With an optimal fluid balance, the client will be more able to eject blood from the left ventricle without increased pressure in the left ventricle and pulmonary vessels. Other ideal goals are oxygen saturations greater than 92%, no auscultated crackles or wheezes, and no demonstrated shortness of breath. DIF: Applying/Application

1404 KEY: Nephrotic syndrome| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 3. A nurse reviews laboratory results for a client with glomerulonephritis. The clients glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 40 mL/min as measured by a 24-hour creatinine clearance. How should the nurse interpret this finding? (Select all that apply.) a. Excessive GFR b. Normal GFR c. Reduced GFR d. Potential for fluid overload e. Potential for dehydration

C, D The GFR refers to the initial amount of urine that the kidneys filter from the blood. In the healthy adult, the normal GFR ranges between 100 and 120 mL/min, most of which is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules. A GFR of 40 mL/min is drastically reduced, with the client experiencing fluid retention and risks for hypertension and pulmonary edema as a result of excess vascular fluid. DIF: Applying/Application

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationMedical Emergencies) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 36. The nurse is caring for a client with chronic kidney disease who has developed uremia. Which assessment finding does the nurse correlate with this problem? a. Decreased breath sounds b. Foul-smelling urine c. Heart rate of 50 beats/min d. Respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min

D A client with uremia will also have metabolic acidosis. With severe metabolic acidosis, the client will develop hyperventilation, or Kussmaul respirations, as the body attempts to compensate for the falling pH. The other manifestations would not be associated with acidosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1556 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 9. Which statement by a client who has undergone kidney transplantation indicates a need for more teaching? a. I will need to continue to take insulin for my diabetes. b. I will have to take my cyclosporine for the rest of my life. c. I will take the antibiotics three times daily until the medication is finished. d. My new kidney is working fine. I do not need to take medications any longer.

D A crucial role of the nurse in long-term follow-up of the kidney transplantation client involves maintenance of prescribed drug therapy. Such clients will need to take immune suppressants for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection of the kidney. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1078 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse teaches a 64-year-old woman to prevent the recurrence of renal calculi by a. using a filter to strain all urine. b. avoiding dietary sources of calcium. c. choosing diuretic fluids such as coffee. d. drinking 2000 to 3000 mL of fluid a day.

D A fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 mL daily is recommended to help flush out minerals before stones can form. Avoidance of calcium is not usually recommended for patients with renal calculi. Coffee tends to increase stone recurrence. There is no need for a patient to strain all urine routinely after a stone has passed, and this will not prevent stones. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1048 | 1058 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 17. Which nursing action is essential for a patient immediately after a renal biopsy? a. Check blood glucose to assess for hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. b. Insert a urinary catheter and test urine for gross or microscopic hematuria. c. Monitor the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine to assess renal function. d. Apply a pressure dressing and keep the patient on the affected side for 30 minutes.

D A pressure dressing is applied and the patient is kept on the affected side for 30 to 60 minutes to put pressure on the biopsy side and decrease the risk for bleeding. The blood glucose and BUN/creatinine will not be affected by the biopsy. Although monitoring for hematuria is needed, there is no need for catheterization. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

Chart 70-1, p. 1520 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. A client with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) asks whether his children could develop this disease. Which is the nurses best response? a. No genetic link is known, so your children are not at increased risk. b. The disease is sex linked, so only your sons could be affected. c. Both you and your wife must have the disease for your children to develop it. d. Each of your children has a 50% risk of having ADPKD.

D ADPKD is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and therefore is not gender specific. Children whose parents have the autosomal dominant form of PKD have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

p. 1539 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 4. A client who has chronic kidney disease is being discharged from the hospital after receiving treatment for a hip fracture. Which information is most important for the nurse to provide to the client before discharge? a. Increase your intake of foods with protein. b. Monitor your daily intake and output. c. Maintain bedrest until the fracture is healed. d. Take your aluminum hydroxide (Nephrox) with meals.

D Aluminum hydroxide lowers serum phosphate levels by binding phosphorus present in food. High blood phosphate levels cause hypocalcemia and osteodystrophy; this makes a client prone to fracture. Increasing protein may not be feasible for a client with chronic kidney disease and would not help prevent fracture. Intake and output will not be helpful for orthopedic problems. Bedrest will promote complications. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1074 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 7. Which finding for a patient admitted with glomerulonephritis indicates to the nurse that treatment has been effective? a. The patient denies pain with voiding. b. The urine dipstick is negative for nitrites. c. The antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titer is decreased. d. The periorbital and peripheral edema is resolved.

D Because edema is a common clinical manifestation of glomerulonephritis, resolution of the edema indicates that the prescribed therapies have been effective. Nitrites will be negative and the patient will not experience dysuria because the patient does not have a urinary tract infection. Antibodies to streptococcus will persist after a streptococcal infection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1091 OBJ: Special Questions: Delegation TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment 33. Which assessment finding is most important to report to the health care provider regarding a patient who has had left-sided extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy? a. Blood in urine b. Left flank bruising c. Left flank discomfort d. Decreased urine output

D Because lithotripsy breaks the stone into small sand, which could cause obstruction, it is important to report a drop in urine output. Left flank pain, bruising, and hematuria are common after lithotripsy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesExpected Actions/Outcomes) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 5. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement in a client after kidney transplant surgery? a. Promote acceptance of new body image. b. Monitor magnesium levels daily. c. Place the client on protective isolation. d. Remove the indwelling (Foley) catheter as soon as possible.

D Because of increased risk for infection related to immune suppressive drugs given to prevent rejection, the catheter is removed as soon as possible to avoid infection, usually 3 to 7 days after surgery. The client may need assistance with changes in body image, but this is not the priority. The client does not require protective precautions. Laboratory values will be monitored frequently in a post-transplant client, but this is not as important as preventing a complication by removing the catheter. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1067 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 4. Which finding by the nurse will be most helpful in determining whether a 67-year-old patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia has an upper urinary tract infection (UTI)? a. Bladder distention b. Foul-smelling urine c. Suprapubic discomfort d. Costovertebral tenderness

D Costovertebral tenderness is characteristic of pyelonephritis. Bladder distention, foul-smelling urine, and suprapubic discomfort are characteristic of lower UTI and are likely to be present if the patient also has an upper UTI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

Table 71-9, p. 1558 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 1. To assess whether there is any improvement in a patients dysuria, which question will the nurse ask? a. Do you have to urinate at night? b. Do you have blood in your urine? c. Do you have to urinate frequently? d. Do you have pain when you urinate?

D Dysuria is painful urination. The alternate responses are used to assess other urinary tract symptoms: hematuria, nocturia, and frequency. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1056 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 4. A 32-year-old patient who is employed as a hairdresser and has a 15 pack-year history of cigarette smoking is scheduled for an annual physical examination. The nurse will plan to teach the patient about the increased risk for a. renal failure. b. kidney stones. c. pyelonephritis. d. bladder cancer.

D Exposure to the chemicals involved with working as a hairdresser and in smoking both increase the risk of bladder cancer, and the nurse should assess whether the patient understands this risk. The patient is not at increased risk for renal failure, pyelonephritis, or kidney stones. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

Table 69-3, p. 1498 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 31. A client has functional urinary incontinence. Which instruction by the nurse to the client and family helps meet an expected outcome for this condition? a. You must clean around your catheter daily with soap and water. b. Wash the vaginal weights with a 10% bleach solution after each use. c. Operations to repair your bladder are available, and you can consider these. d. Buy slacks with elastic waistbands that are easy to pull down.

D Functional urinary incontinence occurs as the result of problems not related to the clients bladder, such as trouble ambulating or difficulty accessing the toilet. One goal is that the client will be able to manage his or her clothing independently. Elastic waistband slacks that are easy to pull down can help the client get on the toilet in time to void. The other instructions do not relate to functional urinary incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 3. The nurse is reviewing a clients urinalysis and notes a positive glucose. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Document the finding and call the health care provider. b. Collect and send another urinalysis sample to the laboratory. c. Review the clients recent dietary selections. d. Perform a finger stick blood glucose on the client.

D Glucose normally is not found in the urine. The normal renal threshold for glucose is about 220 mg/dL, which means that a person whose blood glucose is less than 220 mg/dL will not have glucose in the urine. A positive finding for glucose on urinalysis indicates high blood sugar. The most appropriate action would be to perform a finger stick blood glucose. If facility policy does not allow that action, calling the provider would be best. The client needs further evaluation for this abnormal result. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 26. During hemodialysis, a client with chronic kidney disease develops headache, nausea, vomiting, and restlessness. After notifying the health care provider, which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Administer a bolus of dextrose solution. b. Draw blood for sodium and potassium. c. Order a blood urea nitrogen level stat. d. Prepare to administer phenytoin (Dilantin),

D Headache, nausea, vomiting, and restlessness may be signs of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Rapid decreases in fluid and in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level can cause cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Early recognition and treatment of this syndrome are essential for preventing a life-threatening situation. Treatment includes administration of anticonvulsants (Dilantin) or barbiturates. Dextrose is not used to treat disequilibrium syndrome, and sodium and potassium levels are not helpful because the symptoms are related to changes in urea levels and increased intracranial pressure. Obtaining the BUN would provide useful information; however, it is more important to treat the problem. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 5. A client has a large renal calculus. Which assessment finding may indicate the development of a complication? a. Blood pressure of 178/94 mmHg b. Urine output of 5600 mL/24 hr c. Client reports of pain on urination d. Asymmetric, tender flank area

D Hydronephrosis, indicated by an asymmetric flank with tenderness, is commonly caused by obstruction such as a renal calculus. As the kidney continues to make urine, the volume of urine backs up into the kidney, increasing pressure, and the kidney is enlarged as a result. An asymmetric tender flank would be one manifestation of this condition. Polyuria, dysuria, and hypertension are not complications associated with renal calculi. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Basic Care and ComfortElimination) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 11. A client has overflow incontinence. Which intervention does the nurse add to this clients care plan to assist with elimination? a. Stroking the medial aspect of the thigh b. Using intermittent catheterization c. Providing digital anal stimulation d. Using the Valsalva maneuver

D In clients with overflow incontinence, the voiding reflex arc is not intact. Mechanical pressure, such as that achieved through the Valsalva maneuver (holding the breath and bearing down as if to defecate), can initiate voiding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1085-1086 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. A 68-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital with dehydration is confused and incontinent of urine. Which nursing action will be best to include in the plan of care? a. Restrict fluids between meals and after the evening meal. b. Apply absorbent incontinent pads liberally over the bed linens. c. Insert an indwelling catheter until the symptoms have resolved. d. Assist the patient to the bathroom every 2 hours during the day.

D In older or confused patients, incontinence may be avoided by using scheduled toileting times. Indwelling catheters increase the risk for urinary tract infection (UTI). Incontinent pads increase the risk for skin breakdown. Restricting fluids is not appropriate in a patient with dehydration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Basic Care and ComfortElimination) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 12. The caretaker of a confused client with functional incontinence asks about having an in-dwelling catheter placed. Which is the nurses best response? a. You must be very aggravated about this situation. I will call the provider with this request. b. I will teach you how to insert the catheter, which should be used just at night. c. We can teach you how to perform intermittent catheterization to drain the bladder. d. Because the client is confused, we need to place priority on keeping the skin clean and dry.

D In-dwelling catheters are used only as a last resort because of the risk for ascending urinary tract infection and sepsis. The use of containment pads should be attempted as a means of controlling wetness first. If the client has skin breakdown, an in-dwelling catheter can be placed temporarily until the area has healed. But for a client with cognitive impairment, continence probably cannot be achieved, so the focus turns to maintaining skin integrity. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1089 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 17. A 55-year-old woman admitted for shoulder surgery asks the nurse for a perineal pad, stating that laughing or coughing causes leakage of urine. Which intervention is most appropriate to include in the care plan? a. Assist the patient to the bathroom q3hr. b. Place a commode at the patients bedside. c. Demonstrate how to perform the Cred maneuver. d. Teach the patient how to perform Kegel exercises.

D Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles will help reduce stress incontinence. The Cred maneuver is used to help empty the bladder for patients with overflow incontinence. Placing the commode close to the bedside and assisting the patient to the bathroom are helpful for functional incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1058 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 23. When working in the urology/nephrology clinic, which patient could the nurse delegate to an experienced licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN)? a. Patient who is scheduled for a renal biopsy after a recent kidney transplant b. Patient who will need monitoring for several hours after a renal arteriogram c. Patient who requires teaching about possible post-cystoscopy complications d. Patient who will have catheterization to check for residual urine after voiding

D LPN/LVN education includes common procedures such as catheterization of stable patients. The other patients require more complex assessments and/or patient teaching that are included in registered nurse (RN) education and scope of practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 22. Which is an initial priority intervention for a client with stress incontinence? a. Beginning medication and dietary teaching b. Referring the client to an incontinence clinic c. Assisting the client in finding absorbent pads d. Instructing the client to maintain an incontinence diary

D Maintaining a diary detailing times of urine leakage, activities, and foods eaten will aid in the diagnostic process by showing whether a connection can be made between specific factors that seem to trigger the incontinence episodes. Use of medication or absorbent pads or referral to a specialty clinic may be used as part of the treatment plan at some point, but an accurate assessment needs to occur first. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1122 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 35. A patient complains of leg cramps during hemodialysis. The nurse should first a. massage the patients legs. b. reposition the patient supine. c. give acetaminophen (Tylenol). d. infuse a bolus of normal saline.

D Muscle cramps during dialysis are caused by rapid removal of sodium and water. Treatment includes infusion of normal saline. The other actions do not address the reason for the cramps. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 10. A clients urine specific gravity is 1.040. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Obtain a urine culture and sensitivity. b. Place the client on restricted fluids. c. Review the clients creatinine level. d. Increase the clients fluid intake.

D Normal specific gravity for urine is 1.005 to 1.030. A high specific gravity can occur with dehydration, decreased kidney blood flow (often because of dehydration), and the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Increasing the clients fluid intake would be a beneficial intervention. The other interventions are not warranted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1471 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 5. A clients urinalysis results reveal a urine osmolarity of 1200 mOsm/L. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Initiate a fluid restriction. b. Prepare to administer a diuretic. c. Institute seizure precautions. d. Encourage the client to increase fluid intake.

D Normal urine osmolarity ranges from 300 to 900 mOsm/L. This clients urine is more concentrated, indicating dehydration. The nurse should encourage the client to drink more water. The other options are not appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1068 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 27. Which assessment data reported by a 28-year-old male patient is consistent with a lower urinary tract infection (UTI)? a. Poor urine output b. Bilateral flank pain c. Nausea and vomiting d. Burning on urination

D Pain with urination is a common symptom of a lower UTI. Urine output does not decrease, but frequency may be experienced. Flank pain and nausea are associated with an upper UTI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 15. In planning care for a client with renal cell carcinoma, the nurse monitors for which electrolyte imbalance? a. Hyponatremia b. Hypernatremia c. Hypocalcemia d. Hypercalcemia

D Renal cell carcinoma tissues frequently produce ectopic hormones, including parathyroid hormone. Increased production of parathyroid hormone leads to decreased renal excretion of calcium and increased serum calcium concentration. The other electrolyte abnormalities typically do not occur. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 28. The RN has assigned a client with a newly placed arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the right arm to an LPN. Which information about the care of this client is most important for the RN to provide to the LPN? a. Avoid movement of the right extremity. b. Place gentle pressure over the fistula site after blood draws. c. Start any IV lines below the site of the fistula. d. Take blood pressure in the left arm.

D Repeated compression of a fistula site can result in loss of vascular access. Therefore, avoid taking blood pressures and performing venipunctures or IV placement in the arm with the vascular access. The other statements are not appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

p. 1557 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 35. A client hospitalized for worsening kidney injury suddenly becomes restless and agitated. Assessment reveals tachycardia and crackles bilaterally at the bases of the lungs. Which is the nurses first intervention? a. Begin ultrafiltration. b. Administer an antianxiety agent. c. Place the client on mechanical ventilation. d. Place the client in high Fowlers position.

D Restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia, dyspnea, and crackles at the bases of the lungs are early manifestations of pulmonary edema, which is a complication of kidney failure. Initial treatment of pulmonary edema consists of placing the client in high Fowlers position and administering oxygen. Mechanical ventilation and ultrafiltration may be indicated if symptoms become worse. An antianxiety agent would not be helpful. Morphine, however, has both vasoactive and sedating effects. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Self-Care) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 15. A client has kidney stones from secondary hyperoxaluria. Which medication does the nurse anticipate administering? a. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) b. Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) c. Tolterodine (Detrol-LA) d. Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

D Stones caused by secondary hyperoxaluria respond to allopurinol (Zyloprim). Pyridium is given to clients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Pro-Banthine is an anticholinergic. Detrol and Detrol-LA are anticholinergics with smooth muscle relaxant properties. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 10. A client with glomerulonephritis has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 40 mL/min, as measured by a 24-hour creatinine clearance. Which is the nurses interpretation of this finding? a. Excessive GFR, client at risk for dehydration b. Excessive GFR, client at risk for fluid overload c. Reduced GFR, client at risk for dehydration d. Reduced GFR, client at risk for fluid overload

D The GFR refers to the initial amount of urine that the kidneys filter from the blood. In the healthy adult, the normal GFR ranges between 100 and 120 mL/min, most of which is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules. A GFR of 40 mL/min is drastically reduced, with the client experiencing fluid retention and risks for hypertension and pulmonary edema as a result of excess vascular fluid. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 25. A client is scheduled to undergo the surgical creation of an ileal conduit. He expresses his anxiety and fear regarding the procedure. Which is an appropriate response from the nurse? a. Do you think something for your nerves would be helpful? b. Would you like to discuss the procedure with your doctor once more? c. Are you ready for your sleeping medication now? d. Would you like to speak with someone who has an ileal conduit?

D The goal for the client who is scheduled to undergo a procedure such as an ileal conduit is to have a positive self-image and a positive attitude about his or her body. Medications for anxiety or sleep will not promote this, nor will discussing the procedure once more with the physician. However, discussing the procedure candidly with a former client will foster such feelings, especially when the current client has an opportunity to ask questions and voice concerns to someone with first-hand knowledge of the procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Self-Care) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 8. In assessing a client recently diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis, the nurse asks which question to determine potential contributing factors? a. Are you sexually active? b. Do you have pain or burning on urination? c. Has anyone in your family had chronic kidney problems? d. Have you had a cold or sore throat within the last 2 weeks?

D The most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis is the presence of a systemic infection (often a skin or respiratory infection) resulting in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes, which precipitate in the kidney tissues. The other questions would not assess for contributing causes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Self-Care) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 20. A client returned to the nursing unit after having a nephrostomy performed. Over the next 6 hours, drainage in the tube has gone from 40 mL/hr to 12 mL over the last hour. Which intervention by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Document the finding in the clients record. b. Evaluate the tube as working in the hand-off report. c. Clamp the tube in preparation for removing it. d. Assess the clients abdomen and vital signs.

D The nephrostomy tube should continue to have a consistent amount of drainage. If the drainage slows or stops, it may be obstructed. The nurse must notify the provider, but first should carefully assess the clients abdomen for pain and distention and check vital signs so that this information can be reported too. The other interventions are not appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1532 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 16. In assessing a client 6 hours after a radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, the nurse notes that the clients blood pressure has decreased from 134/90 to 100/56 mm Hg and urine output is 20 mL for this past hour. Which is the nurses best action? a. Position the client so that the remaining kidney is not dependent. b. Measure the specific gravity of the clients urine. c. Document the findings in the clients record. d. Assess the pulse rate and quality, and then notify the provider.

D The nurse should fully assess the client for signs of volume depletion and shock, then should notify the provider. The radical nature of the surgery and the proximity of the surgery to the adrenal gland put the client at risk for hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension is a clinical manifestation associated with both hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension is particularly dangerous for the remaining kidney, which must receive adequate perfusion to function effectively. Documentation is critical but is not the priority at this time. The other two options would not be helpful interventions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1122 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity 37. After receiving change-of-shift report, which patient should the nurse assess first? a. Patient who is scheduled for the drain phase of a peritoneal dialysis exchange b. Patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease who has an elevated phosphate level c. Patient with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who has a potassium level of 3.4 mEq/L d. Patient who has just returned from having hemodialysis and has a heart rate of 124/min

D The patient who is tachycardic after hemodialysis may be bleeding or excessively hypovolemic and should be assessed immediately for these complications. The other patients also need assessments or interventions but are not at risk for life-threatening complications. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (analysis)

1062 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 21. Which statement by a patient who had a cystoscopy the previous day should be reported immediately to the health care provider? a. My urine looks pink. b. My IV site is bruised. c. My sleep was restless. d. My temperature is 101.

D The patients elevated temperature may indicate a bladder infection, a possible complication of cystoscopy. The health care provider should be notified so that antibiotic therapy can be started. Pink-tinged urine is expected after a cystoscopy. The insomnia and bruising should be discussed further with the patient but do not indicate a need to notify the health care provider. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 20. A client is scheduled to have renography (kidney scan). The client voices concern about discomfort during the procedure. Which is the nurses best response? a. Before the test, you will be given a sedative to reduce any pain. b. A local anesthetic agent will be used, so you wont feel any pain. c. No more discomfort is felt with the scan than with an ordinary x-ray. d. The only pain will occur when you have your IV line started.

D This test involves intravenous injection of the radioisotope and subsequent recording of the emission by a scintillator. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1067 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse determines that instruction regarding prevention of future urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been effective for a 22-year-old female patient with cystitis when the patient states which of the following? a. I can use vaginal antiseptic sprays to reduce bacteria. b. I will drink a quart of water or other fluids every day. c. I will wash with soap and water before sexual intercourse. d. I will empty my bladder every 3 to 4 hours during the day.

D Voiding every 3 to 4 hours is recommended to prevent UTIs. Use of vaginal sprays is discouraged. The bladder should be emptied before and after intercourse, but cleaning with soap and water is not necessary. A quart of fluids is insufficient to provide adequate urine output to decrease risk for UTI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 38. Which assessment parameter does the nurse monitor in a client with chronic kidney disease to determine fluid and sodium retention status? a. Capillary refill b. Intake and output c. Muscle strength d. Weight and blood pressure

D Weight and blood pressure are helpful in estimating fluid and sodium retention. Weight and blood pressure rise with excess fluid and sodium. Weight is the most accurate noninvasive assessment for fluid status and therefore sodium status. Capillary refill also gives information on perfusion and oxygenation so is not specific for fluid status. Intake and output are part of the assessment for fluid status but do not account for insensitive water losses. Muscle strength is unrelated. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1424 KEY: Renal system| pulmonary edema| nursing goal MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 14. A client has a long history of hypertension. Which category of medications would the nurse expect to be ordered to avoid chronic kidney disease (CKD)? a. Antibiotic b. Histamine blocker c. Bronchodilator d. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

D ACE inhibitors stop the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. This category of medication also blocks bradykinin and prostaglandin, increases renin, and decreases aldosterone, which promotes vasodilation and perfusion to the kidney. Antibiotics fight infection, histamine blockers decrease inflammation, and bronchodilators increase the size of the bronchi; none of these medications helps slow the progression of CKD in clients with hypertension. DIF: Applying/Application

1433 KEY: Renal system| patient safety| heparin MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 23. A nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for a dose of cefazolin and vitamins at this time. Hemodialysis for this client is also scheduled in 60 minutes. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Administer cefazolin since the level of the antibiotic must be maintained. b. Hold the vitamins but administer the cefazolin. c. Hold the cefazolin but administer the vitamins. d. Hold all medications since both cefazolin and vitamins are dialyzable.

D Both the cefazolin and the vitamins should be held until after the hemodialysis is completed because they would otherwise be removed by the dialysis process. DIF: Applying/Application

1396 KEY: Polycystic kidney disease MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. A nurse cares for a client with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The client asks, Will my children develop this disease? How should the nurse respond? a. No genetic link is known, so your children are not at increased risk. b. Your sons will develop this disease because it has a sex-linked gene. c. Only if both you and your spouse are carriers of this disease. d. Each of your children has a 50% risk of having ADPKD.

D Children whose parent has the autosomal dominant form of PKD have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. ADPKD is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and therefore is not gender specific. Both parents do not need to have this disorder. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1399 KEY: Postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 11. A nurse teaches a client who is recovering from a nephrectomy secondary to kidney trauma. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. Since you only have one kidney, a salt and fluid restriction is required. b. Your therapy will include hemodialysis while you recover. c. Medication will be prescribed to control your high blood pressure. d. You need to avoid participating in contact sports like football.

D Clients with one kidney need to avoid contact sports because the kidneys are easily injured. The client will not be required to restrict salt and fluids, end up on dialysis, or have new hypertension because of the nephrectomy. DIF: Applying/Application

1371 KEY: Cystitis| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 19. A nurse teaches a client with functional urinary incontinence. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. You must clean around your catheter daily with soap and water. b. Wash the vaginal weights with a 10% bleach solution after each use. c. Operations to repair your bladder are available, and you can consider these. d. Buy slacks with elastic waistbands that are easy to pull down.

D Functional urinary incontinence occurs as the result of problems not related to the clients bladder, such as trouble ambulating or difficulty accessing the toilet. One goal is that the client will be able to manage his or her clothing independently. Elastic waistband slacks that are easy to pull down can help the client get on the toilet in time to void. The other instructions do not relate to functional urinary incontinence. DIF: Applying/Application

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A nurse reviews the urinalysis of a client and notes the presence of glucose. Which action should the nurse take? a. Document findings and continue to monitor the client. b. Contact the provider and recommend a 24-hour urine test. c. Review the clients recent dietary selections. d. Perform a capillary artery glucose assessment.

D Glucose normally is not found in the urine. The normal renal threshold for glucose is about 220 mg/dL, which means that a person whose blood glucose is less than 220 mg/dL will not have glucose in the urine. A positive finding for glucose on urinalysis indicates high blood sugar. The most appropriate action would be to perform a capillary artery glucose assessment. The client needs further evaluation for this abnormal result; therefore, documenting and continuing to monitor is not appropriate. Requesting a 24-hour urine test or reviewing the clients dietary selections will not assist the nurse to make a clinical decision related to this abnormality. DIF: Applying/Application

1433 KEY: Renal system| patient safety| injury prevention| dialysis MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 22. A client is assessed by the nurse after a hemodialysis session. The nurse notes bleeding from the clients nose and around the intravenous catheter. What action by the nurse is the priority? a. Hold pressure over the clients nose for 10 minutes. b. Take the clients pulse, blood pressure, and temperature. c. Assess for a bruit or thrill over the arteriovenous fistula. d. Prepare protamine sulfate for administration.

D Heparin is used with hemodialysis treatments. The bleeding alerts the nurse that too much anticoagulant is in the clients system and protamine sulfate should be administered. Pressure, taking vital signs, and assessing for a bruit or thrill are not as important as medication administration. DIF: Applying/Application

1381 KEY: Urinary incontinence| delegation| supervision| unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 8. A nurse plans care for a client with overflow incontinence. Which intervention should the nurse include in this clients plan of care to assist with elimination? a. Stroke the medial aspect of the thigh. b. Use intermittent catheterization. c. Provide digital anal stimulation. d. Use the Valsalva maneuver.

D In clients with overflow incontinence, the voiding reflex arc is not intact. Mechanical pressure, such as that achieved through the Valsalva maneuver (holding the breath and bearing down as if to defecate), can initiate voiding. Stroking the medial aspect of the thigh or providing digital anal stimulation requires the reflex arc to be intact to initiate elimination. Due to the high risk for infection, intermittent catheterization should only be implemented when other interventions are not successful. DIF: Applying/Application

1355 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| nutritional requirements MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 7. A nurse cares for a client with a urine specific gravity of 1.040. Which action should the nurse take? a. Obtain a urine culture and sensitivity. b. Place the client on restricted fluids. c. Assess the clients creatinine level. d. Increase the clients fluid intake.

D Normal specific gravity for urine is 1.005 to 1.030. A high specific gravity can occur with dehydration, decreased kidney blood flow (often because of dehydration), and the presence of antidiuretic hormone. Increasing the clients fluid intake would be a beneficial intervention. Assessing the creatinine or obtaining a urine culture would not provide data necessary for the nurse to make a clinical decision. DIF: Applying/Application

1346 KEY: Urinary/renal system| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 3. A nurse reviews the urinalysis results of a client and notes a urine osmolality of 1200 mOsm/L. Which action should the nurse take? a. Contact the provider and recommend a low-sodium diet. b. Prepare to administer an intravenous diuretic. c. Obtain a suction device and implement seizure precautions. d. Encourage the client to drink more fluids.

D Normal urine osmolality ranges from 300 to 900 mOsm/L. This clients urine is more concentrated, indicating dehydration. The nurse should encourage the client to drink more water. Dehydration can be associated with elevated serum sodium levels. Although a low-sodium diet may be appropriate for this client, this diet change will not have a significant impact on urine osmolality. A diuretic would increase urine output and decrease urine osmolality further. Low serum sodium levels, not elevated serum levels, place the client at risk for seizure activity. These options would further contribute to the clients dehydration or elevate the osmolality. DIF: Applying/Application

1384 KEY: Urolithiasis| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Evaluation NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. A nurse cares for a client who has kidney stones from secondary hyperoxaluria. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering? a. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) b. Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) c. Tolterodine (Detrol LA) d. Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

D Stones caused by secondary hyperoxaluria respond to allopurinol (Zyloprim). Phenazopyridine is given to clients with urinary tract infections. Propantheline is an anticholinergic. Tolterodine is an anticholinergic with smooth muscle relaxant properties. DIF: Applying/Application

1421 KEY: Renal system| electrolyte imbalance| nursing intervention MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 7. A client has just had a central line catheter placed that is specific for hemodialysis. What is the most appropriate action by the nurse? a. Use the catheter for the next laboratory blood draw. b. Monitor the central venous pressure through this line. c. Access the line for the next intravenous medication. d. Place a heparin or heparin/saline dwell after hemodialysis.

D The central line should have a heparin or heparin/saline dwell after hemodialysis treatment. The central line catheter used for dialysis should not be used for blood sampling, monitoring central venous pressures, or giving drugs or fluids. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1388 KEY: Urothelial cancer| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 17. A nurse cares for a client who is scheduled for the surgical creation of an ileal conduit. The client states, I am anxious about having an ileal conduit. What is it like to have this drainage tube? How should the nurse respond? a. I will ask the provider to prescribe you an antianxiety medication. b. Would you like to discuss the procedure with your doctor once more? c. I think it would be nice to not have to worry about finding a bathroom. d. Would you like to speak with someone who has an ileal conduit?

D The goal for the client who is scheduled to undergo a procedure such as an ileal conduit is to have a positive self-image and a positive attitude about his or her body. Discussing the procedure candidly with someone who has undergone the same procedure will foster such feelings, especially when the current client has an opportunity to ask questions and voice concerns to someone with first-hand knowledge. Medications for anxiety will not promote a positive self-image and a positive attitude, nor will discussing the procedure once more with the physician or hearing the nurses opinion. DIF: Applying/Application

1387 KEY: Cystitis| assessment/diagnostic examination| older adult MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 14. A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client is at greatest risk for bladder cancer? a. A 25-year-old female with a history of sexually transmitted diseases b. A 42-year-old male who has worked in a lumber yard for 10 years c. A 55-year-old female who has had numerous episodes of bacterial cystitis d. An 86-year-old male with a 50pack-year cigarette smoking history

D The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is a long history of tobacco use. The other factors would not necessarily contribute to the development of this specific type of cancer. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1405 KEY: Hypertension| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. A nurse cares for a client who is recovering after a nephrostomy tube was placed 6 hours ago. The nurse notes drainage in the tube has decreased from 40 mL/hr to 12 mL over the last hour. Which action should the nurse take? a. Document the finding in the clients record. b. Evaluate the tube as working in the hand-off report. c. Clamp the tube in preparation for removing it. d. Assess the clients abdomen and vital signs.

D The nephrostomy tube should continue to have a consistent amount of drainage. If the drainage slows or stops, it may be obstructed. The nurse must notify the provider, but first should carefully assess the clients abdomen for pain and distention and check vital signs so that this information can be reported as well. The other interventions are not appropriate. DIF: Applying/Application

1441 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 26. A client with chronic kidney disease states, I feel chained to the hemodialysis machine. What is the nurses best response to the clients statement? a. That feeling will gradually go away as you get used to the treatment. b. You probably need to see a psychiatrist to see if you are depressed. c. Do you need help from social services to discuss financial aid? d. Tell me more about your feelings regarding hemodialysis treatment.

D The nurse needs to explore the clients feelings in order to help the client cope and enter a phase of acceptance or resignation. It is common for clients to be discouraged because of the dependency of the treatment, especially during the first year. Referrals to a mental health provider or social services are possibilities, but only after exploring the clients feelings first. Telling the client his or her feelings will go away is dismissive of the clients concerns. DIF: Applying/Application

1416 KEY: Renal system| pathophysiology| dehydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 5. A client with acute kidney injury has a blood pressure of 76/55 mm Hg. The health care provider ordered 1000 mL of normal saline to be infused over 1 hour to maintain perfusion. The client is starting to develop shortness of breath. What is the nurses priority action? a. Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP). b. Ask for insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter. c. Take the clients pulse. d. Slow down the normal saline infusion.

D The nurse should assess that the client could be developing fluid overload and respiratory distress and slow down the normal saline infusion. The calculation of the MAP also reflects perfusion. The insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter would evaluate the clients hemodynamic status, but this should not be the initial action by the nurse. Vital signs are also important after adjusting the intravenous infusion. DIF: Applying/Application

1404 KEY: Nephrotic syndrome| nutritional requirements MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Evaluation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 7. A nurse assesses a client who is recovering from a radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The nurse notes that the clients blood pressure has decreased from 134/90 to 100/56 mm Hg and urine output is 20 mL for this past hour. Which action should the nurse take? a. Position the client to lay on the surgical incision. b. Measure the specific gravity of the clients urine. c. Administer intravenous pain medications. d. Assess the rate and quality of the clients pulse.

D The nurse should first fully assess the client for signs of volume depletion and shock, and then notify the provider. The radical nature of the surgery and the proximity of the surgery to the adrenal gland put the client at risk for hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension is a clinical manifestation associated with both hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension is particularly dangerous for the remaining kidney, which must receive adequate perfusion to function effectively. Re-positioning the client, measuring specific gravity, and administering pain medication would not provide data necessary to make an appropriate clinical decision, nor are they appropriate interventions at this time. DIF: Applying/Application

1357 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 17. A nurse cares for a client who is having trouble voiding. The client states, I cannot urinate in public places. How should the nurse respond? a. I will turn on the faucet in the bathroom to help stimulate your urination. b. I can recommend a prescription for a diuretic to improve your urine output. c. Ill move you to a room with a private bathroom to increase your comfort. d. I will close the curtain to provide you with as much privacy as possible.

D The nurse should provide privacy to clients who may be uncomfortable or have issues related to elimination or the urogenital area. Turning on the faucet and administering a diuretic will not address the clients concern. Although moving the client to a private room with a private bathroom would be nice, this is not realistic. The nurse needs to provide as much privacy as possible within the clients current room. DIF: Applying/Application

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) COMPLETION 1. A client presents to the emergency department with severe dehydration and is ordered to receive 3 L of fluid over 6 hours. The nurse sets the intravenous pump at a rate of ______ mL/hr.

500 3000 mL/6 hr = x mL/1 hr 6x = 3000 x = 500 Because IV pumps deliver in units of milliliters per hour, the pump would have to be set at 500 mL/hr to deliver 3 L (3000 mL) over 6 hours. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1397 KEY: Polycystic kidney disease MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care SHORT ANSWER 1. An emergency department nurse cares for a client who is severely dehydrated and is prescribed 3 L of intravenous fluid over 6 hours. At what rate (mL/hr) should the nurse set the intravenous pump to infuse the fluids? (Record your answer using a whole number.) ____ mL/hr

500 mL/hr Because IV pumps deliver in units of milliliters per hour, the pump would have to be set at 500 mL/hr to deliver 3 L (3000 mL) over 6 hours. 6x = 3000 x = 500 DIF: Applying/Application

1431 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort SHORT ANSWER 1. A client in the intensive care unit with acute kidney injury (AKI) must maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mm Hg to promote kidney perfusion. What is the clients MAP if the blood pressure is 98/50 mm Hg? (Record your answer using a whole number.) _____ mm Hg

66 mm Hg DIF: Applying/Application

1119 | 1115 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity SHORT ANSWER 1. A patient in the oliguric phase after an acute kidney injury has had a 250 mL urine output and an emesis of 100 mL in the past 24 hours. What is the patients fluid restriction for the next 24 hours?

950 mL The general rule for calculating fluid restrictions is to add all fluid losses for the previous 24 hours, plus 600 mL for insensible losses: (250 + 100 + 600 = 950 mL). DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Interactions/Side Effects) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 31. A client with acute kidney injury had normal assessments 1 hour ago. Now the nurse finds that the clients respiration rate is 44 breaths/min and the client is restless. Which assessment does the nurse perform? a. Obtain an oxygen saturation level. b. Send blood for a creatinine level. c. Assess the client for dehydration. d. Perform a bedside blood glucose.

A A complication of acute kidney injury is pulmonary edema. Manifestations of this include tachypnea; frothy, blood-tinged sputum; and tachycardia, anxiety, and crackles. The nurse needs to obtain an oxygen saturation, listen to the clients lungs, and notify the health care provider, so that treatment can be started. The other interventions are not helpful. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 9. The nurse completes which assessment in a client with acute glomerulonephritis and periorbital edema? a. Auscultating breath sounds b. Checking blood glucose levels c. Measuring deep tendon reflexes d. Testing urine for protein

A Acute glomerular nephritis can cause sodium and water retention. When clients have edema, they may also have circulatory overload with pulmonary edema. The other assessments would not be related to this clients condition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1538 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. A client is admitted to the hospital with a serum creatinine level of 2 mg/dL. When taking the clients history, which question does the nurse ask first? a. Do you take any nonprescription medications? b. Does anyone in your family have kidney disease? c. Do you have yearly blood work done? d. Is your diet low in protein?

A Acute renal failure can be caused by certain medications considered to have a nephrotoxic effect, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen. Asking the client whether he or she takes any nonprescription drugs can help determine which medication(s) might have contributed to the problem. A family history is important but is not as vital as assessing for nephrotoxic agents that the client may have ingested. Yearly blood work might reveal a trend in kidney function, but again would not be as important. A diet low in protein would not be an important factor to assess. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialTherapeutic Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 17. A client has been admitted from a nursing home for a workup to determine the cause of several recent falls. What intervention by the nurse takes priority? a. Obtain a clean catch or catheterized urine specimen. b. Document the number of and causative factors for falls. c. Review the results of recent laboratory work for kidney function. d. Facilitate neurologic and social work consultations.

A Although all interventions are or might be important, obtaining a urine sample for urinalysis takes priority. Often UTI symptoms in older adults are atypical, and a UTI may present with new onset of confusion or of falling. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1092 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 31. Which nursing action is of highest priority for a 68-year-old patient with renal calculi who is being admitted to the hospital with gross hematuria and severe colicky left flank pain? a. Administer prescribed analgesics. b. Monitor temperature every 4 hours. c. Encourage increased oral fluid intake. d. Give antiemetics as needed for nausea.

A Although all of the nursing actions may be used for patients with renal lithiasis, the patients presentation indicates that management of pain is the highest priority action. If the patient has urinary obstruction, increasing oral fluids may increase the symptoms. There is no evidence of infection or nausea. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1482 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialSystem-Specific Assessments) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 9. A client has an increased BUN/creatinine ratio. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Assess the clients dietary habits. b. Inquire about the use of NSAIDs. c. Hold the clients metformin (Glucophage). d. Notify the health care provider immediately.

A An elevated BUN-creatinine ratio is often indicative of dehydration, urinary obstruction, catabolism, or a high-protein diet. The nurse should inquire about the clients dietary habits. Kidney damage related to NSAIDs most likely would manifest with elevations in both BUN and creatinine, but no change in the ratio. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1112 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 12. A patient will need vascular access for hemodialysis. Which statement by the nurse accurately describes an advantage of a fistula over a graft? a. A fistula is much less likely to clot. b. A fistula increases patient mobility. c. A fistula can accommodate larger needles. d. A fistula can be used sooner after surgery.

A Arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are much less likely to clot than grafts, although it takes longer for them to mature to the point where they can be used for dialysis. The choice of an AV fistula or a graft does not have an impact on needle size or patient mobility. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1073 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 43. A patient is admitted to the emergency department with possible renal trauma after an automobile accident. Which prescribed intervention will the nurse implement first? a. Check blood pressure and heart rate. b. Administer morphine sulfate 4 mg IV. c. Transport to radiology for an intravenous pyelogram. d. Insert a urethral catheter and obtain a urine specimen.

A Because the kidney is very vascular, the initial action with renal trauma will be assessment for bleeding and shock. The other actions are also important once the patients cardiovascular status has been determined and stabilized. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1052 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 19. A female patient being admitted with pneumonia has a history of neurogenic bladder as a result of a spinal cord injury. Which action will the nurse plan to take first? a. Ask about the usual urinary pattern and any measures used for bladder control. b. Assist the patient to the toilet at scheduled times to help ensure bladder emptying. c. Check the patient for urinary incontinence every 2 hours to maintain skin integrity. d. Use intermittent catheterization on a regular schedule to avoid the risk of infection.

A Before planning any interventions, the nurse should complete the assessment and determine the patients normal bladder pattern and the usual measures used by the patient at home. All the other responses may be appropriate, but until the assessment is complete, an individualized plan for the patient cannot be developed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesDosage Calculation) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 1. Which client is most at risk for developing postrenal kidney failure? a. Client diagnosed with renal calculi b. Client with congestive heart failure c. Client taking NSAIDs for arthritis pain d. Client recovering from glomerulonephritis

A Causes of postrenal kidney failure include disorders that obstruct the flow of urine, such as renal calculi. Heart failure can lead to prerenal failure, which is due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Both NSAIDs and glomerulonephritis can damage the kidney, leading to intrarenal failure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1077 | 1080 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 32. The nurse is caring for a patient who has had an ileal conduit for several years. Which nursing action could be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? a. Change the ostomy appliance. b. Choose the appropriate ostomy bag. c. Monitor the appearance of the stoma. d. Assess for possible urinary tract infection (UTI).

A Changing the ostomy appliance for a stable patient could be done by UAP. Assessments of the site, choosing the appropriate ostomy bag, and assessing for (UTI) symptoms require more education and scope of practice and should be done by the registered nurse (RN). DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Self-Care) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 30. Which type of incontinence is most common after a difficult vaginal delivery? a. Stress b. Urge c. Reflex d. Overflow

A Childbirth is most likely to result in stress incontinence. No evidence indicates that childbirth is likely to result in the development of urge, reflex, or overflow incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 18. When evaluating the effects of a low-protein diet in a client with chronic kidney disease, the nurse is most concerned with which result? a. Albumin level of 2 g/dL b. Calcium level of 8.0 mg/dL c. Potassium level of 5.2 mmol/L d. Magnesium level of 3 mEq/L

A Clients with chronic kidney disease are placed on a low-protein diet. However, decreased serum albumin levels indicate that the protein they are taking in is not enough for their metabolic needs. The electrolyte levels in the other options are not related to protein. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 21. A client who had kidney trauma required a nephrectomy. What does the nurse teach the client about this condition? a. You need to avoid participating in contact sports like football. b. You probably will end up on dialysis a few years from now. c. You need medication to control your high blood pressure from the injury. d. You will always be required to restrict your salt and fluid intake.

A Clients with one kidney need to avoid contact sports because the kidneys are easily injured. The client will not end up on dialysis, have new hypertension, or be required to restrict salt and fluids because of the nephrectomy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 16. A client scheduled for intravenous urography informs the nurse of the following allergies. Which one does the nurse report to the health care provider immediately? a. Seafood b. Penicillin c. Bee stings d. Red food dye

A Clients with seafood allergies often have severe allergic reactions to the standard dyes used during intravenous urography. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Planning) 24. Which response by a client indicates an understanding of measures to facilitate the flow of peritoneal dialysate fluid? a. I will take my stool softeners every day. b. I will keep the drainage bag at the level of my abdomen. c. Flushing the catheter is needed with each exchange. d. Warmed dialysate infusion increases the speed of flow.

A Constipation is the primary cause of inflow and outflow problems. To prevent constipation, clients are placed on a bowel regimen before placement of a peritoneal catheter. The drainage bag should be lower than the abdomen. Warming the fluid helps prevent discomfort during the procedure. Flushing the catheter will not facilitate the flow of dialysate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Procedures/Treatments) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 14. A client has a history of renal calculi. Which statement by the client indicates a good understanding of preventive measures? a. I know I should drink at least 3 to 4 liters of fluid every day. b. I cant eat much dairy or other sources of calcium. c. Aspirin and aspirin-containing products can lead to stones. d. The doctor will give me antibiotics at the first sign of a stone.

A Dehydration contributes to the precipitation of minerals to form a stone. Ingestion of calcium or aspirin does not cause a stone. Antibiotics neither prevent nor treat a stone. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

Chart 68-4, 1478 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 1. Which client is at greatest risk for development of a bacterial cystitis? a. Older woman not taking estrogen replacement b. Older man with mild congestive heart failure c. Middle-aged woman who has never been pregnant d. Middle-aged man taking cyclophosphamide for cancer therapy

A Females at any age are more susceptible to cystitis than men because of the shorter urethra in women. Postmenopausal women who are not on hormone replacement therapy are at increased risk for bacterial cystitis because of changes in the cells of the urethra and vagina. The middle-aged woman who has never been pregnant would not have a risk potential as high as the older woman who is using hormone replacement therapy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 12. Which clinical manifestation indicates to the nurse that a client with glomerulonephritis (GN) is responding as expected to the prescribed treatment? a. The client has lost 11 pounds in the past 10 days. b. The clients urine specific gravity is 1.048. c. No blood is observed in the clients urine. d. The clients blood pressure is 152/88 mm Hg.

A Fluid retention is a major feature of glomerular nephritis. This weight loss represents fluid loss, indicating that the glomeruli are performing the function of filtration. The urine specific gravity is high. Blood is not usually seen in GN, so this finding would be expected. The clients blood pressure is too high; this may indicate kidney damage or fluid overload. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Basic Care and ComfortElimination) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 9. The nurse is working in an incontinence clinic and sees older clients. The nurse plans a habit training program for the client with which condition? a. Confusion b. Diabetes c. Early kidney failure d. Arthritis

A For a bladder training program to succeed in urge incontinence, the client must be alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate. Habit training will work best for a confused client. This includes going to the bathroom (or being assisted to the bathroom) at set times. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1060 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 14. A patient has elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Which bowel preparation order would the nurse question for this patient who is scheduled for a renal arteriogram? a. Fleet enema b. Tap-water enema c. Senna/docusate (Senokot-S) d. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) tablets

A High-phosphate enemas, such as Fleet enemas, should be avoided in patients with elevated BUN and creatinine because phosphate cannot be excreted by patients with renal failure. The other medications for bowel evacuation are more appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Interactions/Side Effects) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 8. Which statement made by a client with stress incontinence indicates a need for clarification of nutrition therapy? a. I will limit my total intake of fluids. b. I will avoid drinking alcoholic beverages. c. I will avoid drinking caffeinated beverages. d. I will try to lose about 10% of my body weight.

A Limiting fluids concentrates urine and can irritate tissues, leading to increased incontinence. Many people try to manage incontinence by limiting fluids. Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages are bladder stimulants. Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, causing incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 17. A client scheduled to have intravenous urography has diabetes and is taking the antidiabetic agent metformin (Glucophage). What does the nurse tell this client? a. Call your diabetes doctor and tell him or her that you are having an intravenous urogram performed using dye. b. Do not take your metformin the morning of the test because you are not going to be eating anything and you could become hypoglycemic. c. You must start on an antibiotic before this test because your risk of infection is greater as a result of your diabetes. d. You must take your metformin immediately before the test is performed because the IV fluid and the dye contain significant amounts of sugar.

A Metformin can cause lactic acidosis and renal impairment as the result of an interaction with the dye. This drug must be discontinued for 48 hours before the procedure and not started again after the procedure until urine output is well established. The clients endocrinologist (or health care provider managing the diabetes) needs to provide alternative therapy for the client until the metformin can be resumed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1069-1070 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 40. A patient in the urology clinic is diagnosed with monilial urethritis. Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Teach the patient about the use of antifungal medications. b. Tell the patient to avoid tub baths until the symptoms resolve. c. Instruct the patient to refer recent sexual partners for treatment. d. Teach the patient to avoid nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

A Monilial urethritis is caused by a fungus and antifungal medications such as nystatin (Mycostatin) or fluconazole (Diflucan) are usually used as treatment. Because monilial urethritis is not sexually transmitted, there is no need to refer sexual partners. Warm baths and NSAIDS may be used to treat symptoms. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1471 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 7. The nurse is reviewing a clients laboratory test results and notes a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 35 mg/dL and a creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL. What new order does the nurse anticipate? a. Increase the clients IV fluids. b. Prepare the client for dialysis. c. Place the client on a fluid restriction. d. Obtain urine for culture and sensitivity.

A Normal BUN is 10 to 20 mg/dL. Normal creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL (males) or 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL (females). Creatinine is more specific for kidney function than is BUN because BUN can be affected by several factors (dehydration, high-protein diet, and others). This clients creatinine is normal, which suggests a non-renal cause of the elevated BUN. A common cause of increased BUN is dehydration, so the nurse should anticipate giving the client more fluids. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1057 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 16. The nurse is caring for a 68-year-old hospitalized patient with a decreased glomerular filtration rate who is scheduled for an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). Which action will be included in the plan of care? a. Monitor the urine output after the procedure. b. Assist with monitored anesthesia care (MAC). c. Give oral contrast solution before the procedure. d. Insert a large size urinary catheter before the IVP.

A Patients with impaired renal function are at risk for decreased renal function after IVP because the contrast medium used is nephrotoxic, so the nurse should monitor the patients urine output. MAC sedation and retention catheterization are not required for the procedure. The contrast medium is given IV, not orally. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1476 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. A clients urinalysis results show a protein level of 1.8 mg/dL. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Inform the health care provider. b. Ask the client about his or her protein intake. c. Obtain the clients weight. d. Document the finding in the chart.

A Protein is normally reabsorbed and does not show up, except in very small amounts, in the urine. Protein greater than 0.8 mg/dL is abnormal and could indicate stress, infection, recent strenuous exercise, or glomerular problems. This finding should be reported. The other actions would not give information about the origin of the protein. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 6. During a hot summer day, an older adult client tells the clinic nurse, I am not drinking or voiding that much these days. The nurse notes a heart rate of 100 beats/min and a blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg. Which action does the nurse take first? a. Give the client something to drink. b. Insert an intravenous catheter. c. Teach the client to drink 2 to 3 liters a day. d. Perform a bladder scan to assess urine volume.

A Severe blood volume depletion can lead to kidney failure, even in those who have no kidney problem. The client is showing signs of mild volume depletion. The first action the nurse should take is to give the client something to drink. After that, the nurse should teach the client to avoid dehydration by drinking at least 2 to 3 L of fluid daily. The client does not need an IV at this time. Performing a bladder scan will not help prevent or reverse the clients problem. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialSystem-Specific Assessments) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 12. A client was admitted for a myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Two days later, which laboratory test results does the nurse expect to see? a. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 52 mg/dL b. Creatinine of 2.3 mg/dL c. BUN of 10 mg/dL d. BUN-creatinine ratio of 8:1

A Shock leads to decreased renal perfusion. An elevated BUN accompanies this condition. The creatinine should be normal because no kidney damage occurred. A low BUN signifies overhydration, malnutrition, or liver damage. The low BUN-creatinine ratio indicates fluid volume excess or acute renal tubular acidosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1079 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 34. A 44-year-old patient is unable to void after having an open loop resection and fulguration of the bladder. Which nursing action should be implemented first? a. Assist the patient to soak in a 15-minute sitz bath. b. Insert a straight urethral catheter and drain the bladder. c. Encourage the patient to drink several glasses of water. d. Teach the patient how to do isometric perineal exercises.

A Sitz baths will relax the perineal muscles and promote voiding. Although the patient should be encouraged to drink fluids and Kegel exercises are helpful in the prevention of incontinence, these activities would not be helpful for a patient experiencing retention. Catheter insertion increases the risk for urinary tract infection (UTI) and should be avoided when possible DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1504 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 24. A client is being admitted with a suspected diagnosis of bladder cancer. Which question assists the nurse in determining risk factors? a. Do you smoke cigarettes? b. Do you use alcohol? c. Do you use recreational drugs? d. Do you take any prescription drugs?

A Smoking is known to be a factor that greatly increases the risk of bladder cancer. Alcohol use, prescription drug use (except medications that contain phenacetin), and recreational drug use are not known to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1113 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 8. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) is ordered for a patient with hyperkalemia. Before administering the medication, the nurse should assess the a. bowel sounds. b. blood glucose. c. blood urea nitrogen (BUN). d. level of consciousness (LOC).

A Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) should not be given to a patient with a paralytic ileus (as indicated by absent bowel sounds) because bowel necrosis can occur. The BUN and creatinine, blood glucose, and LOC would not affect the nurses decision to give the medication. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity (Support Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 11. A client has been missing some scheduled hemodialysis sessions. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement? a. Discussing with the client his or her acceptance of the disease b. Discussing with the client the option of peritoneal dialysis c. Rescheduling the sessions to another day or another time d. Stressing to the client the importance of going to the sessions

A Some people on dialysis retreat into complete or partial denial of the disease and the need for treatment. They may deny the need for dialysis and/or may not adhere to drug therapy and diet restrictions. Providing support as the client struggles to accept the disease is an important step in ensuring compliance with the dialysis regimen. The nurse should explore scheduling options, but missing so many sessions cues the nurse that a bigger problem than just scheduling is involved. The nurse should provide education, but simply stressing the need for dialysis will not help the client accept it. Peritoneal dialysis, with its technical demands on the client and partner, probably is not an option for a client who appears noncompliant with hemodialysis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 37. A client has end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The nurse observes tall, peaked T waves on the clients cardiac monitor. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Check the serum potassium level. b. Document the finding in the clients chart. c. Prepare to give sodium bicarbonate. d. Call the health care provider to request an electrocardiogram (ECG).

A Tall, peaked T waves are a manifestation of hyperkalemia. Thus, the nurse should check the potassium level. Afterward, the nurse should report findings to the provider. The client may need an ECG, but treatment may be based on monitor tracings and potassium levels. Sodium bicarbonate is not warranted. Documentation is important but is not the priority. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Interactions/Side Effects) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 27. A young woman is being treated with amoxicillin (Amoxil) for a urinary tract infection. Which is the highest priority instruction for the nurse to give this client? a. Use a second form of birth control while on the drug. b. You will experience increased menstrual bleeding while on this drug. c. You may experience an irregular heartbeat while on the drug. d. Watch for blood in your urine while taking this drug.

A The client should use a second form of birth control because penicillin seems to reduce the effectiveness of estrogen-containing contraceptives. She should not experience increased menstrual bleeding, an irregular heartbeat, or blood in her urine while taking the medication. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 19. A client with acute kidney injury is placed on a fluid restriction. To determine whether outcomes related to fluid balance are being met, the nurse assesses for which finding? a. Absence of lung crackles b. Decreased serum creatinine level c. Decreased serum potassium level d. Increased muscle strength

A The client with chronic kidney disease is expected to achieve and maintain an acceptable fluid balance. Fluid restriction helps with this outcome. Absence of lung crackles can indicate that the client is not fluid overloaded. The other options are not related to fluid balance. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationMedical Emergencies) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 27. A clients temperature after dialysis is 99 F (37.2 C) and was normal before dialysis. Which is the nurses best action? a. Continue to monitor the temperature. b. Encourage the client to drink fluids. c. Obtain a white blood cell count. d. Prepare to culture the fistula site.

A The clients temperature may be elevated because the dialysis machine warms the blood slightly. An excessive temperature elevation from baseline can signal sepsis. The nurse should inform the provider and obtain blood cultures if this happens. The other actions are not needed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1055 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 9. What glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would the nurse estimate for a 30-year-old patient with a creatinine clearance result of 60 mL/min? a. 60 mL/min b. 90 mL/min c. 120 mL/min d. 180 mL/min

A The creatinine clearance approximates the GFR. The other responses are not accurate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 6. A client is hospitalized with urinary retention, has an indwelling catheter, and is getting IV fluids. Which intervention does the nurse add to the care plan to address the priority problem for this client? a. Perform catheter care per policy every shift. b. Encourage fluid intake to 1 liter/day. c. Apply a moisture barrier cream daily. d. Document accurate intake and output (I&O) each shift.

A The most common cause of sepsis in hospitalized clients is a urinary tract infection. Ascending infection from cystitis with an indwelling catheter is a major source of such infections. Encouraging fluids and documenting I&O are probably important interventions, but they do not take priority over preventing a catheter-related infection. Moisture barrier cream would not be needed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1053 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Which medication taken at home by a 47-year-old patient with decreased renal function will be of most concern to the nurse? a. ibuprofen (Motrin) b. warfarin (Coumadin) c. folic acid (vitamin B9) d. penicillin (Bicillin LA)

A The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are nephrotoxic and should be avoided in patients with impaired renal function. The nurse also should ask about reasons the patient is taking the other medications, but the medication of most concern is the ibuprofen. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 8. The nursing assistant is using a bladder scanner on a client. Which action by the nursing assistant requires further education on the use of this device? a. Consistently choosing the female icon for all female clients b. Consistently choosing the male icon for all male clients c. Applying ultrasound gel to the scanning head and removing it when finished d. Taking at least two readings by using the aiming icon to place the scanning head.

A The nursing assistant should use the female icon for women who have not had a hysterectomy. This allows the scanner to subtract the volume of the uterus from readings. If a woman has had a hysterectomy, the nursing assistant should choose the male icon. The other actions are correct. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1082 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 44. After change-of-shift report, which patient should the nurse assess first? a. Patient with a urethral stricture who has not voided for 12 hours b. Patient who has cloudy urine after orthotopic bladder reconstruction c. Patient with polycystic kidney disease whose blood pressure is 186/98 mm Hg d. Patient who voided bright red urine immediately after returning from lithotripsy

A The patient information suggests acute urinary retention, a medical emergency. The nurse will need to assess the patient and consider whether to insert a retention catheter. The other patients will also be assessed, but their findings are consistent with their diagnoses and do not require immediate assessment or possible intervention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (analysis) OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization; Multiple Patients TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A patient has been diagnosed with urinary tract calculi that are high in uric acid. Which foods will the nurse teach the patient to avoid (select all that apply)? a. Milk b. Liver c. Spinach d. Chicken e. Cabbage f. Chocolate ANS: B, D Meats contain purines, which are metabolized to uric acid. The other foods might be restricted in patients who have calcium or oxalate stones. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1104 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 25. A 72-year-old patient with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is admitted with acute urinary retention and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Which prescribed therapy should the nurse implement first? a. Insert urethral catheter. b. Obtain renal ultrasound. c. Draw a complete blood count. d. Infuse normal saline at 50 mL/hour.

A The patients elevation in BUN is most likely associated with hydronephrosis caused by the acute urinary retention, so the insertion of a retention catheter is the first action to prevent ongoing postrenal failure for this patient. The other actions also are appropriate, but should be implemented after the retention catheter. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1075-1076 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 30. A 76-year-old with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is agitated and confused, with a markedly distended bladder. Which intervention prescribed by the health care provider should the nurse implement first? a. Insert a urinary retention catheter. b. Schedule an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). c. Draw blood for a serum creatinine level. d. Administer lorazepam (Ativan) 0.5 mg PO.

A The patients history and clinical manifestations are consistent with acute urinary retention, and the priority action is to relieve the retention by catheterization. The BUN and creatinine measurements can be obtained after the catheter is inserted. The patients agitation may resolve once the bladder distention is corrected, and sedative drugs should be used cautiously in older patients. The IVP is an appropriate test but does not need to be done urgently. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1120 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 13. When caring for a patient with a left arm arteriovenous fistula, which action will the nurse include in the plan of care to maintain the patency of the fistula? a. Auscultate for a bruit at the fistula site. b. Assess the quality of the left radial pulse. c. Compare blood pressures in the left and right arms. d. Irrigate the fistula site with saline every 8 to 12 hours.

A The presence of a thrill and bruit indicates adequate blood flow through the fistula. Pulse rate and quality are not good indicators of fistula patency. Blood pressures should never be obtained on the arm with a fistula. Irrigation of the fistula might damage the fistula, and typically only dialysis staff would access the fistula. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

p. 1546 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 22. A client who is 2 days postfemoral vein cannulation begins to have difficulty with outflow of blood during dialysis. For which complication does the nurse assess? a. Hematoma at cannula insertion site b. Infection c. Oliguria d. Skin necrosis at cannula insertion site

A The puncture site of the femoral vein is prone to hematoma formation because positioning the extremity can cause movement of the cannula and subsequent bleeding at the site. The hematoma can compress the cannula, decreasing flow through it. The other complications would not diminish outflow. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1386 KEY: Urolithiasis| postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 13. A nurse cares for a client admitted from a nursing home after several recent falls. What prescription should the nurse complete first? a. Obtain urine sample for culture and sensitivity. b. Administer intravenous antibiotics. c. Encourage protein intake and additional fluids. d. Consult physical therapy for gait training.

A Although all interventions are or might be important, obtaining a urine sample for urinalysis takes priority. Often urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in older adults are atypical, and a UTI may present with new onset of confusion or falling. The urine sample should be obtained before starting antibiotics. Dietary requirements and gait training should be implemented after obtaining the urine sample. DIF: Applying/Application

1355 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 6. A nurse cares for a client with an increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Assess the clients dietary habits. b. Inquire about the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). c. Hold the clients metformin (Glucophage). d. Contact the health care provider immediately.

A An elevated BUN/creatinine ratio is often indicative of dehydration, urinary obstruction, catabolism, or a high-protein diet. The nurse should inquire about the clients dietary habits. Kidney damage related to NSAID use most likely would manifest with elevations in both BUN and creatinine, but no change in the ratio. The nurse should obtain more assessment data before holding any medications or contacting the provider. DIF: Applying/Application

1356 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 12. A nurse reviews the allergy list of a client who is scheduled for an intravenous urography. Which client allergy should alert the nurse to urgently contact the health care provider? a. Seafood b. Penicillin c. Bee stings d. Red food dye

A Clients with seafood allergies often have severe allergic reactions to the standard dyes used during intravenous urography. The other allergies have no impact on the clients safety during an intravenous urography. DIF: Applying/Application

1368 KEY: Infection control MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 10. After teaching a client with a history of renal calculi, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I should drink at least 3 liters of fluid every day. b. I will eliminate all dairy or sources of calcium from my diet. c. Aspirin and aspirin-containing products can lead to stones. d. The doctor can give me antibiotics at the first sign of a stone.

A Dehydration contributes to the precipitation of minerals to form a stone. Although increased intake of calcium causes hypercalcemia and leads to excessive calcium filtered into the urine, if the client is well hydrated the calcium will be excreted without issues. Dehydration increases the risk for supersaturation of calcium in the urine, which contributes to stone formation. The nurse should encourage the client to drink more fluids, not decrease calcium intake. Ingestion of aspirin or aspirin-containing products does not cause a stone. Antibiotics neither prevent nor treat a stone. DIF: Applying/Application

1427 KEY: Renal system| nutrition| nursing assessment MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 16. The nurse is teaching a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) about the sodium restriction needed in the diet to prevent edema and hypertension. Which statement by the client indicates more teaching is needed? a. I am thrilled that I can continue to eat fast food. b. I will cut out bacon with my eggs every morning. c. My cooking style will change by not adding salt. d. I will probably lose weight by cutting out potato chips.

A Fast food restaurants usually serve food that is high in sodium. This statement indicates that more teaching needs to occur. The other statements show a correct understanding of the teaching. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1399 KEY: Diabetes mellitus| pyelonephritis MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. A nurse evaluates a client with acute glomerulonephritis (GN). Which manifestation should the nurse recognize as a positive response to the prescribed treatment? a. The client has lost 11 pounds in the past 10 days. b. The clients urine specific gravity is 1.048. c. No blood is observed in the clients urine. d. The clients blood pressure is 152/88 mm Hg.

A Fluid retention is a major feature of acute GN. This weight loss represents fluid loss, indicating that the glomeruli are performing the function of filtration. A urine specific gravity of 1.048 is high. Blood is not usually seen in GN, so this finding would be expected. A blood pressure of 152/88 mm Hg is too high; this may indicate kidney damage or fluid overload. DIF: Applying/Application

1380 KEY: Cystitis| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 6. A nurse cares for adult clients who experience urge incontinence. For which client should the nurse plan a habit training program? a. A 78-year-old female who is confused b. A 65-year-old male with diabetes mellitus c. A 52-year-old female with kidney failure d. A 47-year-old male with arthritis

A For a bladder training program to succeed in a client with urge incontinence, the client must be alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate. Habit training will work best for a confused client. This includes going to the bathroom (or being assisted to the bathroom) at set times. The other clients may benefit from another type of bladder training. DIF: Applying/Application

1422 KEY: Renal system| patient-centered care| coping MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity 12. A client is taking furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg/day for management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). To detect the positive effect of the medication, what action of the nurse is best? a. Obtain daily weights of the client. b. Auscultate heart and breath sounds. c. Palpate the clients abdomen. d. Assess the clients diet history.

A Furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic that helps reduce fluid overload and hypertension in clients with early stages of CKD. One kilogram of weight equals about 1 liter of fluid retained in the client, so daily weights are necessary to monitor the response of the client to the medication. Heart and breath sounds should be assessed if there is fluid retention, as in heart failure. Palpation of the clients abdomen is not necessary, but the nurse should check for edema. The diet history of the client would be helpful to assess electrolyte replacement since potassium is lost with this diuretic, but this does not assess the effect of the medication. DIF: Applying/Application

1435 KEY: Renal system| vascular access device| nursing intervention MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 8. A client in the intensive care unit is started on continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). Which finding is the cause of immediate action by the nurse? a. Blood pressure of 76/58 mm Hg b. Sodium level of 138 mEq/L c. Potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L d. Pulse rate of 90 beats/min

A Hypotension can be a problem with CVVH if replacement fluid does not provide enough volume to maintain blood pressure. The specially trained nurse needs to monitor for ongoing fluid and electrolyte replacement. The sodium level is normal and the potassium level is slightly elevated, which could be normal findings for someone with acute kidney injury. A pulse rate of 90 beats/min is normal. DIF: Applying/Application

1372 KEY: Cystitis| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 5. After teaching a client who has stress incontinence, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for additional teaching? a. I will limit my total intake of fluids. b. I must avoid drinking alcoholic beverages. c. I must avoid drinking caffeinated beverages. d. I shall try to lose about 10% of my body weight.

A Limiting fluids concentrates urine and can irritate tissues, leading to increased incontinence. Many people try to manage incontinence by limiting fluids. Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages are bladder stimulants. Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, causing incontinence. DIF: Applying/Application

1361 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| allergies MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 13. A nurse cares for a client with diabetes mellitus who is prescribed metformin (Glucophage) and is scheduled for an intravenous urography. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Contact the provider and recommend discontinuing the metformin. b. Keep the client NPO for at least 6 hours prior to the examination. c. Check the clients capillary artery blood glucose and administer prescribed insulin. d. Administer intravenous fluids to dilute and increase the excretion of dye.

A Metformin can cause lactic acidosis and renal impairment as the result of an interaction with the dye. This drug must be discontinued for 48 hours before the procedure and not started again after the procedure until urine output is well established. The clients health care provider needs to provide alternative therapy for the client until the metformin can be resumed. Keeping the client NPO, checking the clients blood glucose, and administering intravenous fluids should be part of the clients plan of care, but are not the priority, as the examination should not occur while the client is still taking metformin. DIF: Applying/Application

1349 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 5. A nurse contacts the health care provider after reviewing a clients laboratory results and noting a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 35 mg/dL and a creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL. For which action should the nurse recommend a prescription? a. Intravenous fluids b. Hemodialysis c. Fluid restriction d. Urine culture and sensitivity

A Normal BUN is 10 to 20 mg/dL. Normal creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL (males) or 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL (females). Creatinine is more specific for kidney function than BUN, because BUN can be affected by several factors (dehydration, high-protein diet, and catabolism). This clients creatinine is normal, which suggests a non-renal cause for the elevated BUN. A common cause of increased BUN is dehydration, so the nurse should anticipate giving the client more fluids, not placing the client on fluid restrictions. Hemodialysis is not an appropriate treatment for dehydration. The lab results do not indicate an infection; therefore, a urine culture and sensitivity is not appropriate. DIF: Applying/Application

1427 KEY: Renal system| hypertension| medications| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 15. A 70-kg adult with chronic renal failure is on a 40-g protein diet. The client has a reduced glomerular filtration rate and is not undergoing dialysis. Which result would give the nurse the most concern? a. Albumin level of 2.5 g/dL b. Phosphorus level of 5 mg/dL c. Sodium level of 135 mmol/L d. Potassium level of 5.5 mmol/L

A Protein restriction is necessary with chronic renal failure due to the buildup of waste products from protein breakdown. The nurse would be concerned with the low albumin level since this indicates that the protein in the diet is not enough for the clients metabolic needs. The electrolyte values are not related to the protein-restricted diet. DIF: Applying/Application

1356 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 8. A nurse reviews laboratory results for a client who was admitted for a myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock 2 days ago. Which laboratory test result should the nurse expect to find? a. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 52 mg/dL b. Creatinine of 2.3 mg/dL c. BUN of 10 mg/dL d. BUN/creatinine ratio of 8:1

A Shock leads to decreased renal perfusion. An elevated BUN accompanies this condition. The creatinine should be normal because no kidney damage occurred. A low BUN signifies overhydration, malnutrition, or liver damage. A low BUN/creatinine ratio indicates fluid volume excess or acute renal tubular acidosis. DIF: Applying/Application

1390 KEY: Urothelial cancer| postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 16. A nurse obtains the health history of a client with a suspected diagnosis of bladder cancer. Which question should the nurse ask when determining this clients risk factors? a. Do you smoke cigarettes? b. Do you use any alcohol? c. Do you use recreational drugs? d. Do you take any prescription drugs?

A Smoking is known to be a factor that greatly increases the risk of bladder cancer. Alcohol use, recreational drug use, and prescription drug use (except medications that contain phenacetin) are not known to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. DIF: Applying/Application

1363 KEY: Urinary/renal system| patient-centered care MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity 18. After delegating to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) the task of completing a bladder scan examination for a client, the nurse evaluates the UAPs performance. Which action by the UAP indicates the nurse must provide additional instructions when delegating this task? a. Selecting the female icon for all female clients and male icon for all male clients b. Telling the client, This test measures the amount of urine in your bladder. c. Applying ultrasound gel to the scanning head and removing it when finished d. Taking at least two readings using the aiming icon to place the scanning head

A The UAP should use the female icon for women who have not had a hysterectomy. This allows the scanner to subtract the volume of the uterus from readings. If a woman has had a hysterectomy, the UAP should choose the male icon. The UAP should explain the procedure to the client, apply gel to the scanning head and clean it after use, and take at least two readings. DIF: Applying/Application

1390 KEY: Urothelial cancer| psychosocial response| coping MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity 18. A nurse teaches a young female client who is prescribed amoxicillin (Amoxil) for a urinary tract infection. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. Use a second form of birth control while on this medication. b. You will experience increased menstrual bleeding while on this drug. c. You may experience an irregular heartbeat while on this drug. d. Watch for blood in your urine while taking this medication.

A The client should use a second form of birth control because penicillin seems to reduce the effectiveness of estrogen-containing contraceptives. She should not experience increased menstrual bleeding, an irregular heartbeat, or blood in her urine while taking the medication. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1421 KEY: Renal system| supervision-assignment| patient-centered care MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 11. A male client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is refusing to take his medication and has missed two hemodialysis appointments. What is the best initial action for the nurse? a. Discuss what the treatment regimen means to him. b. Refer the client to a mental health nurse practitioner. c. Reschedule the appointments to another date and time. d. Discuss the option of peritoneal dialysis.

A The initial action for the nurse is to assess anxiety, coping styles, and the clients acceptance of the required treatment for CKD. The client may be in denial of the diagnosis. While rescheduling hemodialysis appointments may help, and referral to a mental health practitioner and the possibility of peritoneal dialysis are all viable options, assessment of the clients acceptance of the treatment should come first. DIF: Applying/Application

1416 KEY: Renal system| hemodynamic status| nursing intervention MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 6. A client has a serum potassium level of 6.5 mmol/L, a serum creatinine level of 2 mg/dL, and a urine output of 350 mL/day. What is the best action by the nurse? a. Place the client on a cardiac monitor immediately. b. Teach the client to limit high-potassium foods. c. Continue to monitor the clients intake and output. d. Ask to have the laboratory redraw the blood specimen.

A The priority action by the nurse should be to check the cardiac status with a monitor. High potassium levels can lead to dysrhythmias. The other choices are logical nursing interventions for acute kidney injury but not the best immediate action. DIF: Applying/Application

1414 KEY: Renal system| dehydration| nursing interventions MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 3. A male client comes into the emergency department with a serum creatinine of 2.2 mg/dL and a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 24 mL/dL. What question should the nurse ask first when taking this clients history? a. Have you been taking any aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen recently? b. Do you have anyone in your family with renal failure? c. Have you had a diet that is low in protein recently? d. Has a relative had a kidney transplant lately?

A There are some medications that are nephrotoxic, such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen. This would be a good question to initially ask the client since both the serum creatinine and BUN are elevated, indicating some renal problems. A family history of renal failure and kidney transplantation would not be part of the questioning and could cause anxiety in the client. A diet high in protein could be a factor in an increased BUN. DIF: Applying/Application

1373 KEY: Urinary incontinence MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 23. A nurse assesses a client who presents with renal calculi. Which question should the nurse ask? a. Do any of your family members have this problem? b. Do you drink any cranberry juice? c. Do you urinate after sexual intercourse? d. Do you experience burning with urination?

A There is a strong association between family history and stone formation and recurrence. Nephrolithiasis is associated with many genetic variations; therefore, the nurse should ask whether other family members have also had renal stones. The other questions do not refer to renal calculi but instead are questions that should be asked of a client with a urinary tract infection. DIF: Applying/Application

1426 KEY: Renal system| fluid and electrolyte imbalance| nursing analysis MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 18. A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is experiencing nausea, vomiting, visual changes, and anorexia. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Check the clients digoxin (Lanoxin) level. b. Administer an anti-nausea medication. c. Ask if the client is able to eat crackers. d. Get a referral to a gastrointestinal provider.

A These signs and symptoms are indications of digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity. The nurse should check the level of this medication. Administering antiemetics, asking if the client can eat, and obtaining a referral to a specialist all address the clients symptoms but do not lead to the cause of the symptoms. DIF: Applying/Application

1412 KEY: Renal system| pathophysiology| nursing analysis MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. A marathon runner comes into the clinic and states I have not urinated very much in the last few days. The nurse notes a heart rate of 110 beats/min and a blood pressure of 86/58 mm Hg. Which action by the nurse is the priority? a. Give the client a bottle of water immediately. b. Start an intravenous line for fluids. c. Teach the client to drink 2 to 3 liters of water daily. d. Perform an electrocardiogram.

A This athlete is mildly dehydrated as evidenced by the higher heart rate and lower blood pressure. The nurse can start hydrating the client with a bottle of water first, followed by teaching the client to drink 2 to 3 liters of water each day. An intravenous line may be ordered later, after the clients degree of dehydration is assessed. An electrocardiogram is not necessary at this time. DIF: Applying/Application

1388 KEY: Urolithiasis| nutritional requirements MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 7. A nurse teaches a client about self-care after experiencing a urinary calculus treated by lithotripsy. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients discharge teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Finish the prescribed antibiotic even if you are feeling better. b. Drink at least 3 liters of fluid each day. c. The bruising on your back may take several weeks to resolve. d. Report any blood present in your urine. e. It is normal to experience pain and difficulty urinating.

A, B, C The client should be taught to finish the prescribed antibiotic to ensure that he or she does not get a urinary tract infection. The client should drink at least 3 liters of fluid daily to dilute potential stone-forming crystals, prevent dehydration, and promote urine flow. After lithotripsy, the client should expect bruising that may take several weeks to resolve. The client should also experience blood in the urine for several days. The client should report any pain, fever, chills, or difficulty with urination to the provider as these may signal the beginning of an infection or the formation of another stone. DIF: Applying/Application

1443 KEY: Renal system| transplantation| nursing analysis MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for five clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which clients would the nurse consider to be at risk for post-renal acute kidney injury (AKI)? (Select all that apply.) a. Man with prostate cancer b. Woman with blood clots in the urinary tract c. Client with ureterolithiasis d. Firefighter with severe burns e. Young woman with lupus

A, B, C Urine flow obstruction, such as prostate cancer, blood clots in the urinary tract, and kidney stones (ureterolithiasis), causes post-renal AKI. Severe burns would be a pre-renal cause. Lupus would be an intrarenal cause for AKI. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. The nurse monitors for which clinical manifestations in a client with nephrotic syndrome? (Select all that apply.) a. Proteinuria, >3.5 g/24 hr b. Hypoalbuminemia c. Dehydration d. Lipiduria e. Dysuria f. Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

A, B, D Nephrotic syndrome is caused by glomerular damage and is characterized by proteinuria (protein level higher than 3.5 g/24 hr), hypoalbuminemia, edema, and lipiduria. CVA tenderness is present with inflammatory changes in the kidney. Dysuria is present with cystitis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1479 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialSystem-Specific Assessments) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which results are normal in a urinalysis? (Select all that apply.) a. pH, 6 b. Specific gravity, 1.015 c. Protein, 1.2 mg/dL d. Glucose, negative e. Nitrate, small f. Leukocyte esterase, positive

A, B, D The pH, specific gravity, and glucose are all within normal range. The other values are abnormal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remembering

1399 KEY: Postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 5. A nurse teaches a client with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Which statements should the nurse include in this clients discharge teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Take your blood pressure every morning. b. Weigh yourself at the same time each day. c. Adjust your diet to prevent diarrhea. d. Contact your provider if you have visual disturbances. e. Assess your urine for renal stones.

A, B, D A client who has PKD should measure and record his or her blood pressure and weight daily, limit salt intake, and adjust dietary selections to prevent constipation. The client should notify the provider if urine smells foul or has blood in it, as these are signs of a urinary tract infection or glomerular injury. The client should also notify the provider if visual disturbances are experienced, as this is a sign of a possible berry aneurysm, which is a complication of PKD. Diarrhea and renal stones are not manifestations or complications of PKD; therefore, teaching related to these concepts would be inappropriate. DIF: Applying/Application

1369 KEY: Cystitis MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A nurse assesses a client who has had two episodes of bacterial cystitis in the last 6 months. Which questions should the nurse ask? (Select all that apply.) a. How much water do you drink every day? b. Do you take estrogen replacement therapy? c. Does anyone in your family have a history of cystitis? d. Are you on steroids or other immune-suppressing drugs? e. Do you drink grapefruit juice or orange juice daily?

A, B, D Fluid intake, estrogen levels, and immune suppression all can increase the chance of recurrent cystitis. Family history is usually insignificant, and cranberry juice, not grapefruit or orange juice, has been found to increase the acidic pH and reduce the risk for bacterial cystitis. DIF: Applying/Application

1430 KEY: Renal system| patient education| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. A client is undergoing hemodialysis. The clients blood pressure at the beginning of the procedure was 136/88 mm Hg, and now it is 110/54 mm Hg. What actions should the nurse perform to maintain blood pressure? (Select all that apply.) a. Adjust the rate of extracorporeal blood flow. b. Place the client in the Trendelenburg position. c. Stop the hemodialysis treatment. d. Administer a 250-mL bolus of normal saline. e. Contact the health care provider for orders.

A, B, D Hypotension occurs often during hemodialysis treatments as a result of vasodilation from the warmed dialysate. Modest decreases in blood pressure, as is the case with this client, can be maintained with rate adjustment, Trendelenburg positioning, and a fluid bolus. If the blood pressure drops considerably after two boluses and cooling dialysate, the hemodialysis can be stopped and the health care provider contacted. DIF: Applying/Application

1396 KEY: Polycystic kidney disease| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. A nurse assesses a client with nephrotic syndrome. For which clinical manifestations should the nurse assess? (Select all that apply.) a. Proteinuria b. Hypoalbuminemia c. Dehydration d. Lipiduria e. Dysuria f. Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

A, B, D Nephrotic syndrome is caused by glomerular damage and is characterized by proteinuria (protein level higher than 3.5 g/24 hr), hypoalbuminemia, edema, and lipiduria. Fluid overload leading to edema and hypertension is common with nephrotic syndrome; dehydration does not occur. Dysuria is present with cystitis. CVA tenderness is present with inflammatory changes in the kidney. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1436 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| patient safety MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 7. A client is unsure of the decision to undergo peritoneal dialysis (PD) and wishes to discuss the advantages of this treatment with the nurse. Which statements by the nurse are accurate regarding PD? (Select all that apply.) a. You will not need vascular access to perform PD. b. There is less restriction of protein and fluids. c. You will have no risk for infection with PD. d. You have flexible scheduling for the exchanges. e. It takes less time than hemodialysis treatments.

A, B, D PD is based on exchanges of waste, fluid, and electrolytes in the peritoneal cavity. There is no need for vascular access. Protein is lost in the exchange, which allows for more protein and fluid in the diet. There is flexibility in the time for exchanges, but the treatment takes a longer period of time compared to hemodialysis. There still is risk for infection with PD, especially peritonitis. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1377 KEY: Cystitis| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 5. A nurse cares for clients with urinary incontinence. Which types of incontinence are correctly paired with their clinical manifestation? (Select all that apply.) a. Stress incontinence Urine loss with physical exertion b. Urge incontinence Large amount of urine with each occurrence c. Functional incontinence Urine loss results from abnormal detrusor contractions d. Overflow incontinence Constant dribbling of urine e. Reflex incontinence Leakage of urine without lower urinary tract disorder

A, B, D Stress incontinence is a loss of urine with physical exertion, coughing, sneezing, or exercising. Urge incontinence presents with an abrupt and strong urge to void and usually has a large amount of urine released with each occurrence. Overflow incontinence occurs with bladder distention and results in a constant dribbling of urine. Functional incontinence is the leakage of urine caused by factors other than a disorder of the lower urinary tract. Reflex incontinence results from abnormal detrusor contractions from a neurologic abnormality. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1360 KEY: Urinary/renal system| delegation| supervision| unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) MSC: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A nurse reviews a clients laboratory results. Which results from the clients urinalysis should the nurse identify as normal? (Select all that apply.) a. pH: 6 b. Specific gravity: 1.015 c. Protein: 1.2 mg/dL d. Glucose: negative e. Nitrate: small f. Leukocyte esterase: positive

A, B, D The pH, specific gravity, and glucose are all within normal ranges. The other values are abnormal. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

p. 1504 TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Principles of Teaching/Learning) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A client has had two episodes of bacterial cystitis in the last 6 months. Which questions should the nurse ask? (Select all that apply.) a. How much water do you drink every day? b. Do you take estrogen replacement? c. Does anyone in your family have a history of cystitis? d. Do you have any condition that affects your immune system? e. Are you on steroids or other immune suppressant drugs? f. Do you drink grapefruit juice every day?

A, B, D, E Fluid intake, estrogen levels, and immune suppression all can increase the chance of recurrent cystitis. Family history is usually insignificant, and cranberry juice, not grapefruit juice, has been found to increase the acidic pH and reduce the risk for bacterial cystitis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1374 KEY: Urinary incontinence MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 6. A nurse teaches a client with a history of calcium phosphate urinary stones. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients dietary teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Limit your intake of food high in animal protein. b. Read food labels to help minimize your sodium intake. c. Avoid spinach, black tea, and rhubarb. d. Drink white wine or beer instead of red wine. e. Reduce your intake of milk and other dairy products.

A, B, E Clients with calcium phosphate urinary stones should be taught to limit the intake of foods high in animal protein, sodium, and calcium. Clients with calcium oxalate stones should avoid spinach, black tea, and rhubarb. Clients with uric acid stones should avoid red wine. DIF: Applying/Application

1352 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 4. A nurse prepares a client for a percutaneous kidney biopsy. Which actions should the nurse take prior to this procedure? (Select all that apply.) a. Keep the client NPO for 4 to 6 hours. b. Obtain coagulation study results. c. Maintain strict bedrest in a supine position. d. Assess for blood in the clients urine. e. Administer antihypertensive medications.

A, B, E Prior to a percutaneous kidney biopsy, the client should be NPO for 4 to 6 hours. Coagulation studies should be completed to prevent bleeding after the biopsy. Blood pressure medications should be administered to prevent hypertension before and after the procedure. There is no need to keep the client on bedrest or assess for blood in the clients urine prior to the procedure; these interventions should be implemented after a percutaneous kidney biopsy. DIF: Applying/Application

1388 KEY: Urolithiasis| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. A nurse teaches a female client who has stress incontinence. Which statements should the nurse include about pelvic muscle exercises? (Select all that apply.) a. When you start and stop your urine stream, you are using your pelvic muscles. b. Tighten your pelvic muscles for a slow count of 10 and then relax for a slow count of 10. c. Pelvic muscle exercises should only be performed sitting upright with your feet on the floor. d. After you have been doing these exercises for a couple days, your control of urine will improve. e. Like any other muscle in your body, you can make your pelvic muscles stronger by contracting them.

A, B, E The client should be taught that the muscles used to start and stop urination are pelvic muscles, and that pelvic muscles can be strengthened by contracting and relaxing them. The client should tighten pelvic muscles for a slow count of 10 and then relax the muscles for a slow count of 10, and perform this exercise 15 times while in lying-down, sitting-up, and standing positions. The client should begin to notice improvement in control of urine after several weeks of exercising the pelvic muscles. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1362 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 5. A nurse plans care for an older adult client. Which interventions should the nurse include in this clients plan of care to promote kidney health? (Select all that apply.) a. Ensure adequate fluid intake. b. Leave the bathroom light on at night. c. Encourage use of the toilet every 6 hours. d. Delegate bladder training instructions to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). e. Provide thorough perineal care after each voiding. f. Assess for urinary retention and urinary tract infection.

A, B, E, F The nurse should ensure that the client receives adequate fluid intake and has adequate lighting to ambulate safely to the bathroom at night, encourage the client to use the toilet every 2 hours, provide thorough perineal care after each voiding, and assess for urinary retention and urinary tract infections. The nurse should not delegate any teaching to the UAP, including bladder training instructions. The UAP may participate in bladder training activities, including encouraging and assisting the client to the bathroom at specific times. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1129 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization; Multiple Patients TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which information will be included when the nurse is teaching self-management to a patient who is receiving peritoneal dialysis (select all that apply)? a. Avoid commercial salt substitutes. b. Drink 1500 to 2000 mL of fluids daily. c. Take phosphate-binders with each meal. d. Choose high-protein foods for most meals. e. Have several servings of dairy products daily.

A, C, D Patients who are receiving peritoneal dialysis should have a high-protein diet. Phosphate binders are taken with meals to help control serum phosphate and calcium levels. Commercial salt substitutes are high in potassium and should be avoided. Fluid intake is limited in patients requiring dialysis. Dairy products are high in phosphate and usually are limited. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1443 KEY: Renal system| nursing assessment| postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 3. A client is hospitalized in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI) and is receiving tube feedings. The nurse is teaching the clients spouse about the kidney-specific formulation for the enteral solution compared to standard formulas. What components should be discussed in the teaching plan? (Select all that apply.) a. Lower sodium b. Higher calcium c. Lower potassium d. Higher phosphorus e. Higher calories

A, C, E Many clients with AKI are too ill to meet caloric goals and require tube feedings with kidney-specific formulas that are lower in sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, and higher in calories than are standard formulas. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1413 KEY: Renal system| pathophysiology MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. A nurse is caring for a postoperative 70-kg client who had major blood loss during surgery. Which findings by the nurse should prompt immediate action to prevent acute kidney injury? (Select all that apply.) a. Urine output of 100 mL in 4 hours b. Urine output of 500 mL in 12 hours c. Large amount of sediment in the urine d. Amber, odorless urine e. Blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg

A, C, E The low urine output, sediment, and blood pressure should be reported to the provider. Postoperatively, the nurse should measure intake and output, check the characteristics of the urine, and report sediment, hematuria, and urine output of less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour for 3 to 4 hours. A urine output of 100 mL is low, but a urine output of 500 mL in 12 hours should be within normal limits. Perfusion to the kidneys is compromised with low blood pressure. The amber odorless urine is normal. DIF: Applying/Application

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. The nurse is teaching a client about self-catheterization in the home setting. Which instructions are applicable? (Select all that apply.) a. Wash your hands before and after self-catheterization. b. Use a large-lumen catheter for each catheterization. c. Use lubricant on the tip of the catheter before insertion. d. Self-catheterize every 12 hours. e. Use sterile gloves for the procedure. f. Maintain a specific schedule for catheterization.

A, C, F The key points in self-catheterization include washing hands, using lubricants, and maintaining a regular schedule to avoid distention and retention of urine that leads to bacterial growth. A smaller rather than a larger lumen catheter is preferred. The client needs to catheterize more often than every 12 hours. Self-catheterization in the home is a clean procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1367 KEY: Cystitis| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. A nurse teaches a client about self-catheterization in the home setting. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Wash your hands before and after self-catheterization. b. Use a large-lumen catheter for each catheterization. c. Use lubricant on the tip of the catheter before insertion. d. Self-catheterize at least twice a day or every 12 hours. e. Use sterile gloves and sterile technique for the procedure. f. Maintain a specific schedule for catheterization.

A, C, F The key points in self-catheterization include washing hands, using lubricants, and maintaining a regular schedule to avoid distention and retention of urine that leads to bacterial growth. A smaller rather than a larger lumen catheter is preferred. The client needs to catheterize more often than every 12 hours. Self-catheterization in the home is a clean procedure. DIF: Applying/Application

1356 KEY: Urinary/renal system| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 3. A nurse assesses a client recovering from a cystoscopy. Which assessment findings should alert the nurse to urgently contact the health care provider? (Select all that apply.) a. Decrease in urine output b. Tolerating oral fluids c. Prescription for metformin d. Blood clots present in the urine e. Burning sensation when urinating

A, D The nurse should monitor urine output and contact the provider if urine output decreases or becomes absent. The nurse should also assess for blood in the clients urine. The urine may be pink-tinged, but gross bleeding or blood clots should not be present. If bleeding is present, the nurse should urgently contact the provider. Tolerating oral fluids is a positive outcome and does not need intervention. Metformin would be a concern if the client received dye; no dye is used in a cystoscopy procedure. The client may experience a burning sensation when urinating after this procedure; this would not require a call to the provider. DIF: Applying/Application

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological Adaptation-Pathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A client asks the nurse, What are the advantages of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis? Which response by the nurse is accurate? (Select all that apply.) a. It will give you greater freedom in your scheduling. b. You have less chance of getting an infection. c. You need to do it only three times a week. d. You do not need a machine to do it. e. You will have fewer dietary restrictions.

A, D, E Although peritoneal dialysis is slower than hemodialysis, it does not require a specially trained registered nurse and can be done at home, allowing for greater flexibility in scheduling. Peritoneal dialysis is ambulatory, and a machine is not needed. Nursing implications for hemodialysis include vascular access care and diet restrictions, whereas peritoneal dialysis allows for a more flexible diet (abdominal catheter care is still necessary). DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 3. The nurse is assessing the laboratory findings of a client with a urinary tract infection. The laboratory report notes a shift to the left in a clients white blood cell count. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Request that the laboratory perform a differential analysis on the white blood cells. b. Notify the health care provider and start an IV line for parenteral antibiotics. c. Instruct the client to begin straining all urine for renal calculi. d. Document the finding in the clients chart and continue to monitor.

B A left shift most commonly occurs with urosepsis and is seen rarely with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The nurse will be administering antibiotics, most likely via IV, so he or she should notify the provider and prepare to give the antibiotics. The shift to the left is part of a differential white blood cell count. The client would not need to strain urine for stones, and because sepsis carries a high mortality rate, the nurse should not just note the findings as the only action. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1128 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 18. A 38-year-old patient who had a kidney transplant 8 years ago is receiving the immunosuppressants tacrolimus (Prograf), cyclosporine (Sandimmune), and prednisone (Deltasone). Which assessment data will be of mostconcern to the nurse? a. The blood glucose is 144 mg/dL. b. There is a nontender axillary lump. c. The patients skin is thin and fragile. d. The patients blood pressure is 150/92.

B A nontender lump suggests a malignancy such as a lymphoma, which could occur as a result of chronic immunosuppressive therapy. The elevated glucose, skin change, and hypertension are possible side effects of the prednisone and should be addressed, but they are not as great a concern as the possibility of a malignancy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 14. Which condition would trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. Overhydration b. Dehydration c. Hemorrhage d. Edema

B ADH increases tubular permeability to water, leading to absorption of more water into the capillaries. Antidiuretic hormone is triggered by a rising extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity, as occurs in dehydration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1072 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 6. It is most important that the nurse ask a patient admitted with acute glomerulonephritis about a. history of kidney stones. b. recent sore throat and fever. c. history of high blood pressure. d. frequency of bladder infections.

B Acute glomerulonephritis frequently occurs after a streptococcal infection such as strep throat. It is not caused by kidney stones, hypertension, or urinary tract infection (UTI). DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 41. A client is 12 hours postkidney transplantation. The nurse notes that the client has put out 2000 mL of urine in 10 hours. Which assessment does the nurse carry out first? a. Skin turgor b. Blood pressure c. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level d. Weight of the client

B After transplantation, the client may have diuresis. Excessive diuresis might cause hypotension. Hypotension needs to be prevented because it can reduce blood flow and oxygen to the new kidney, threatening graft survival. The other assessments can give information about fluid balance, but hypotension is the main concern here, so the nurse needs to check the clients blood pressure, then notify the provider. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

Chart 70-7, p. 1534 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 22. The visiting nurse has many clients who are African American. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to accomplish when seeing these clients? a. Weigh the clients and compare their weights. b. Assess the clients blood pressure. c. Observe the clients for any signs of abuse. d. Ask the clients about their medications.

B All interventions are important for the visiting nurse to accomplish. However, African Americans have a high rate of hypertension leading to end-stage renal disease. Each encounter that the nurse has with an African-American client provides a chance to detect hypertension and treat it. If the client is already on antihypertensive medication, assessing blood pressure monitors therapy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 17. A client is scheduled to have dialysis in 30 minutes and is due for the following medications: vitamin C, B-complex vitamin, and cimetidine (Tagamet). Which action by the nurse is best? a. Give medications with a small sip of water. b. Hold all medications until after dialysis. c. Give the supplements, but hold the Tagamet. d. Give the Tagamet, but hold the supplements.

B All three medications are dialyzable, meaning that they will be removed by the dialysis. They should be given after the treatment is over. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1113 | 1115-1116 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 20. Before administration of captopril (Capoten) to a patient with stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD), the nurse will check the patients a. glucose. b. potassium. c. creatinine. d. phosphate.

B Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are frequently used in patients with CKD because they delay the progression of the CKD, but they cause potassium retention. Therefore careful monitoring of potassium levels is needed in patients who are at risk for hyperkalemia. The other laboratory values would also be monitored in patients with CKD but would not affect whether the captopril was given or not. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 4. Which client statement indicates a good understanding regarding antibiotic therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections? a. If my urine becomes lighter and clearer, I can stop taking my medicine. b. Even if I feel completely well, I should take the medication until it is gone. c. When my urine no longer burns, I will no longer need to take the antibiotics. d. If I have a fever higher than 100 F (37.8 C), I should take twice as much medicine.

B Antibiotic therapy is most effective, especially for recurrent urinary tract infections, when the client takes the prescribed medication for the entire course, not just when symptoms are present. The other statements demonstrate that additional teaching is needed for the client. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 11. Which assessment maneuver does the nurse perform first when assessing the renal system at the same time as the abdomen? a. Abdominal percussion b. Abdominal auscultation c. Abdominal palpation d. Renal palpation

B Auscultation precedes percussion and palpation because the nurse needs to auscultate for abdominal bruits before performing palpation or percussion of the abdominal and renal components of a physical assessment. Also, palpation and percussion can change bowel sounds. Renal palpation is often done by the advanced practice nurse. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1112 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 28. A 42-year-old patient admitted with acute kidney injury due to dehydration has oliguria, anemia, and hyperkalemia. Which prescribed actions should the nurse take first? a. Insert a urinary retention catheter. b. Place the patient on a cardiac monitor. c. Administer epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit). d. Give sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate).

B Because hyperkalemia can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias, the initial action should be to monitor the cardiac rhythm. Kayexalate and Epogen will take time to correct the hyperkalemia and anemia. The catheter allows monitoring of the urine output but does not correct the cause of the renal failure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1093 OBJ: Special Questions: Delegation TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment 36. A 58-year-old male patient who weighs 242 lb (110 kg) undergoes a nephrectomy for massive kidney trauma due to a motor vehicle crash. Which postoperative assessment finding is most important to communicate to the surgeon? a. Blood pressure is 102/58. b. Urine output is 20 mL/hr for 2 hours. c. Incisional pain level is reported as 9/10. d. Crackles are heard at bilateral lung bases.

B Because the urine output should be at least 0.5 mL/kg/hr, a 40 mL output for 2 hours indicates that the patient may have decreased renal perfusion because of bleeding, inadequate fluid intake, or obstruction at the suture site. The blood pressure requires ongoing monitoring but does not indicate inadequate perfusion at this time. The patient should cough and deep breathe, but the crackles do not indicate a need for an immediate change in therapy. The incisional pain should be addressed, but this is not as potentially life threatening as decreased renal perfusion. In addition, the nurse can medicate the patient for pain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesExpected Actions/Outcomes) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 19. Which statement by a client with hypertension secondary to renal disease indicates the need for further teaching? a. I can prevent more damage to my kidneys by managing my blood pressure. b. If I have increased urination at night, I need to drink less fluid during the day. c. I need to see the dietitian to discuss limiting my protein intake. d. It is important that I take my antihypertensive medications as directed.

B Blood pressure control is needed to slow the progression of renal dysfunction. The client should not restrict fluids to prevent dehydration. Increased nocturnal voiding can be decreased by consuming the same amount of fluid earlier in the day. When dietary protein is restricted, refer the client to the registered dietitian as needed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1115 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 7. Which information will the nurse monitor in order to determine the effectiveness of prescribed calcium carbonate (Caltrate) for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)? a. Blood pressure b. Phosphate level c. Neurologic status d. Creatinine clearance

B Calcium carbonate is prescribed to bind phosphorus and prevent mineral and bone disease in patients with CKD. The other data will not be helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of calcium carbonate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1055 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 8. How will the nurse assess for flank tenderness in a 30-year-old female patient with suspected pyelonephritis? a. Palpate along both sides of the lumbar vertebral column. b. Strike a flat hand covering the costovertebral angle (CVA). c. Push fingers upward into the two lowest intercostal spaces. d. Percuss between the iliac crest and ribs along the midaxillary line.

B Checking for flank pain is best performed by percussion of the CVA and asking about pain. The other techniques would not assess for flank pain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1071 | 1081 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse will plan to teach a 27-year-old female who smokes 2 packs of cigarettes daily about the increased risk for a. kidney stones. b. bladder cancer. c. bladder infection. d. interstitial cystitis.

B Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for bladder cancer. The patients risk for developing interstitial cystitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), or kidney stones will not be reduced by quitting smoking. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1492 TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Aging Process) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 2. A client has a fungal urinary tract infection. Which assessment by the nurse is most helpful? a. Palpating and percussing the kidneys and bladder b. Assessing medical history and current medical problems c. Performing a bladder scan to assess post-void residual d. Inquiring about recent travel to foreign countries

B Clients who are severely immune compromised or who have diabetes mellitus are more prone to fungal urinary tract infection. The nurse should assess for these factors. A physical examination and a post-void residual may be needed, but not until further information is obtained. Travel to foreign countries probably would not be as important, because even if exposed, the client needs some degree of immune compromise to develop a fungal urinary tract infection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 4. A client with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) has received extensive teaching in the clinic. Which statement by the client indicates that an important goal related to nutrition is being met? a. I take a laxative every night before going to bed. b. I have a soft bowel movement every morning. c. Food tastes so much better since I can use salt again. d. The white bread I am eating does not cause gas.

B Clients with PKD often have constipation, which can be managed with increased fiber, exercise, and drinking plenty of water. A soft bowel movement on a regular basis indicates that the client is preventing constipation. Laxatives should be used cautiously, and the need for their use indicates that the goal of preventing constipation via nutritional means is not being met. Clients with PKD should be on a restricted salt diet. White bread has a low fiber count and would not be included in a high-fiber diet. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 17. A client is in the emergency department after experiencing kidney trauma. The abdomen is tender and distended, and blood is visible at the urinary meatus. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Assess vital signs and abdominal pain every 5 to 15 minutes. b. Consult with the provider before inserting a catheter. c. Monitor the clients IV rate and prepare to give blood. d. Assist with obtaining informed consent for surgery if needed.

B Clients with blood at the urinary meatus should not have a urinary catheter inserted via the urethra before additional diagnostic studies are done. The urethra could be torn. The nurse should question the provider about the need for a catheter; if one is needed, the provider can insert a suprapubic catheter. The other options are appropriate interventions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1114 OBJ: Special Questions: Delegation TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment 31. A female patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is receiving peritoneal dialysis with 2 L inflows. Which information should the nurse report immediately to the health care provider? a. The patient has an outflow volume of 1800 mL. b. The patients peritoneal effluent appears cloudy. c. The patient has abdominal pain during the inflow phase. d. The patients abdomen appears bloated after the inflow.

B Cloudy appearing peritoneal effluent is a sign of peritonitis and should be reported immediately so that treatment with antibiotics can be started. The other problems can be addressed through nursing interventions such as slowing the inflow and repositioning the patient. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment (Safety and Infection ControlSafe Use of Equipment) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 40. The nurse is providing a client with a peritoneal dialysis exchange. The nurse notes the presence of cloudy peritoneal effluent. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Document the finding in the clients chart. b. Collect a sample to send to the laboratory. c. Reposition the client on the left side. d. Increase the free water content in the next bag.

B Cloudy or opaque effluent is an early sign of peritonitis. The nurse should collect and send a sample for culture. Then the nurse should document the finding. The other two options are not appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 25. When providing care for a client receiving peritoneal dialysis, the nurse notices that the effluent is cloudy. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to carry out? a. Irrigate the peritoneal catheter with saline. b. Send a specimen for culture and sensitivity. c. Document the finding in the clients chart. d. Change the dialysate solution and catheter tubing.

B Cloudy or opaque effluent is the earliest sign of peritonitis. The health care provider should be notified, and a sample of the outflow should be sent for culture and sensitivity. Irrigating the catheter or changing the solution and tubing will not help reveal the cause of the problem so that appropriate treatment can be started. Documentation is important but is not the priority. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

15-16 OBJ: Special Questions: Delegation; Multiple Patients TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment 24. When assessing a patient with a urinary tract infection, indicate on the accompanying figure where the nurse will percuss to assess for possible pyelonephritis. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

B Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness with percussion suggests pyelonephritis or polycystic kidney disease. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1104 | 1109 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 29. A patient has arrived for a scheduled hemodialysis session. Which nursing action is most appropriate for the registered nurse (RN) to delegate to a dialysis technician? a. Teach the patient about fluid restrictions. b. Check blood pressure before starting dialysis. c. Assess for causes of an increase in predialysis weight. d. Determine the ultrafiltration rate for the hemodialysis.

B Dialysis technicians are educated in monitoring for blood pressure. Assessment, adjustment of the appropriate ultrafiltration rate, and patient teaching require the education and scope of practice of an RN. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1118 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 16. Which information in a patients history indicates to the nurse that the patient is not an appropriate candidate for kidney transplantation? a. The patient has type 1 diabetes. b. The patient has metastatic lung cancer. c. The patient has a history of chronic hepatitis C infection. d. The patient is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

B Disseminated malignancies are a contraindication to transplantation. The conditions of the other patients are not contraindications for kidney transplant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

p. 1519 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 3. A client with polycystic kidney disease and hypertension is prescribed a diuretic for blood pressure control. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching regarding these orders? a. I will weigh myself every day at the same time. b. I will drink only 1 liter of fluid each day. c. I will avoid aspirin and aspirin-containing drugs. d. I will avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

B Diuretics for blood pressure control can lead to fluid volume depletion and can decrease blood flow to the kidney, further decreasing renal function. The client should be instructed to drink at least 2500 mL/24 hr. NSAIDs should be used cautiously because they can reduce kidney blood flow. Aspirin products increase the risk for bleeding and should be avoided. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

Table 69-3, p. 1498 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 1. On assessment of a client with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which finding is of greatest concern to the nurse? a. Flank pain b. Periorbital edema c. Bloody and cloudy urine d. Enlarged abdomen

B Flank pain and a distended or enlarged abdomen occur in PKD because the kidneys enlarge and displace other organs. Urine can be bloody or cloudy owing to cyst rupture or infection. Periorbital edema would not be a finding related to PKD and should be investigated further. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1075 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 39. A 22-year-old female patient seen in the clinic for a bladder infection describes the following symptoms. Which information is most important for the nurse to report to the health care provider? a. Urinary urgency b. Left-sided flank pain c. Intermittent hematuria d. Burning with urination

B Flank pain indicates that the patient may have developed pyelonephritis as a complication of the bladder infection. The other clinical manifestations are consistent with a lower urinary tract infection (UTI). DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1110 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 34. The nurse is titrating the IV fluid infusion rate immediately after a patient has had kidney transplantation. Which parameter will be most important for the nurse to consider? a. Heart rate b. Urine output c. Creatinine clearance d. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level

B Fluid volume is replaced based on urine output after transplant because the urine output can be as high as a liter an hour. The other data will be monitored but are not the most important determinants of fluid infusion rate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 8. A client with acute kidney failure and on dialysis asks how much fluid will be permitted each day. Which is the nurses best response? a. This is based on the amount of damage to your kidneys. b. You can drink an amount equal to your urine output, plus 700 mL. c. It is based on your body weight and changes daily. d. You can drink approximately 2 liters of fluid each day.

B For clients on dialysis, fluid intake is generally calculated to equal the amount of urine excreted plus 500 to 700 mL. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 18. A client with diabetes is hospitalized with recurrent pyelonephritis. The provider orders IV gentamicin (Garamycin) before culture results come back. Which action by the nurse is best? a. Monitor the clients blood sugar before and after each dose. b. Consult with the pharmacist about the antibiotic selection. c. Monitor the clients daily blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. d. Check the clients most recent hemoglobin A1c result.

B Gentamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and has nephrotoxic properties. People with diabetes are always at risk for diabetes-related kidney disease, and such agents should be avoided in this population. The nurse should consult the pharmacist for a list of antibiotics acceptable for empiric therapy for this client. Blood glucose does not need to be monitored more frequently when a client with diabetes receives antibiotics. Checking laboratory work is always an important nursing function, but client safety takes priority. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 23. A client presents with senile dementia, Alzheimers type (SDAT), and incontinence. Which therapy will best help this client? a. Bladder training b. Habit training c. Exercise therapy d. Electrical stimulation

B Habit training is the type of bladder training that will be most effective with cognitively impaired clients. Bladder training can be used only with a client who is alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate. Exercise therapy may be too difficult for the cognitively impaired client to grasp, and electrical stimulation will be traumatic for this client. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Basic Care and ComfortElimination) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 10. The nurse is working in a long-term care facility where many clients use habit training to manage incontinence. Which action by unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) requires intervention by the nurse? a. Toileting clients after meals b. Changing incontinence briefs when wet c. Encouraging clients to drink fluids d. Recording incontinence episodes

B Habit training is undermined by the use of absorbent incontinence briefs or pads. The nurse should re-educate the UAP on the technique of habit training. The other actions by the UAP are appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1081 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 12. When planning teaching for a 59-year-old male patient with benign nephrosclerosis the nurse should include instructions regarding a. preventing bleeding with anticoagulants. b. monitoring and recording blood pressure. c. obtaining and documenting daily weights. d. measuring daily intake and output volumes.

B Hypertension is the major symptom of nephrosclerosis. Measurements of intake and output and daily weights are not necessary unless the patient develops renal insufficiency. Anticoagulants are not used to treat nephrosclerosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 13. A client has nephrotic syndrome and a normal glomerular filtration. Which dietary selection shows that the client understands nutritional therapy for this condition? a. Decreased intake of protein b. Increased intake of protein c. Decreased intake of carbohydrates d. Increased intake of carbohydrates

B In nephrotic syndrome, the renal loss of protein is significant, leading to hypoalbuminemia and edema formation. If glomerular filtration is normal or near-normal, increased protein loss should be matched by increased intake of protein. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 16. A client with chronic hypertension is seen in the clinic. Which assessment indicates that the clients hypertension is not under control? a. Heart rate of 55 beats/min b. Serum creatinine level of 1.9 mg/dL c. Blood glucose level of 128 mg/dL d. Irregular heart sounds

B Increased blood pressure damages the delicate capillaries in the glomerulus and eventually results in acute kidney injury. An elevated serum creatinine level is a manifestation of this. Heart rate, blood glucose level, and irregular heart sounds are not correlated with acute kidney injury. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1055 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 11. A patient gives the nurse health information before a scheduled intravenous pyelogram (IVP). Which item has the most immediate implications for the patients care? a. The patient has not had food or drink for 8 hours. b. The patient lists allergies to shellfish and penicillin. c. The patient complains of costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. d. The patient used a bisacodyl (Dulcolax) tablet the previous night.

B Iodine-based contrast dye is used during IVP and for many computed tomography (CT) scans. The nurse will need to notify the health care provider before the procedures so that the patient can receive medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids before the procedures are started. The other information is also important to note and document but does not have immediate implications for the patients care during the procedures. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1470 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 15. The female clients urinalysis shows all the following results. Which does the nurse document as abnormal? a. pH 5.6 b. Ketone bodies present c. Specific gravity of 1.030 d. Two white blood cells per high-power field

B Ketone bodies are by-products of incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Normally, no ketones are present in urine. Ketone bodies are produced when fat sources are used instead of glucose to provide cellular energy. The other results are normal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesExpected Actions/Outcomes) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 5. A postmenopausal female client has had two episodes of bacterial urethritis in the last 6 months. She asks her nurse why this is happening to her now. Which is the nurses best response? a. Your immune system becomes less effective as you age. b. Low estrogen levels can make the tissue more susceptible to infection. c. You should be more careful with your personal hygiene in this area. d. It is likely that you have an untreated sexually transmitted infection.

B Low estrogen levels decrease moisture and the types of secretions in the perineal area and cause other tissue changes, predisposing it to the development of infection. Urethritis is most common in postmenopausal women for this reason. Although immune function does decrease with aging and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a known cause of urethritis, the most likely reason in this client is low estrogen levels. Personal hygiene usually does not contribute to this disease process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1128 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 19. The nurse in the dialysis clinic is reviewing the home medications of a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which medication reported by the patient indicates that patient teaching is required? a. Multivitamin with iron b. Magnesium hydroxide c. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) d. Calcium phosphate (PhosLo)

B Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, and patients with CKD should not use over-the-counter products containing magnesium. The other medications are appropriate for a patient with CKD. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 23. A client is admitted with a 3-day history of vomiting and diarrhea. The clients vital signs are blood pressure, 85/60 mm Hg; and heart rate, 105 beats/min. Which intervention by the nurse takes priority? a. Obtain blood and urine cultures. b. Start an IV of normal saline as ordered. c. Administer antiemetic medications. d. Assess the clients recent travel history.

B Many types of problems can reduce kidney function. Severe hypotension from shock or dehydration reduces renal blood flow and leads to prerenal acute renal failure (ARF). Volume depletion leading to prerenal azotemia is the most common cause of ARF and usually is reversible with prompt intervention. The nurse should first initiate the ordered IV fluids. Obtaining cultures will help identify a possible cause of the clients symptoms and should be done quickly after the IV has been started. Attending to the clients discomfort would be next. Assessing for travel history, although important, can wait until after the other interventions have been accomplished. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 42. A client who underwent kidney transplantation 7 days ago has developed the following signs: urine output, 50 mL/12 hr; temperature, 102.2 F (39 C); lethargy; serum creatinine, 2.1 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 54 mg/dL; and potassium, 5.6 mEq/L. Which initial intervention does the nurse anticipate for this client? a. Immediate hemodialysis b. Increased dose of immune suppressive drugs c. Initiation of IV antibiotics after cultures are obtained d. Placement of a catheter for peritoneal dialysis

B Oliguria, lethargy, elevated temperature, and increases in serum electrolyte levels, BUN, and creatinine, 1 week to 2 years post-transplantation are hallmarks of acute rejection, which can be reversible with increased immune suppressive therapy. The client does not need hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or antibiotics at this point. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1075-1076 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 10. To prevent recurrence of uric acid renal calculi, the nurse teaches the patient to avoid eating a. milk and cheese. b. sardines and liver. c. legumes and dried fruit. d. spinach, chocolate, and tea.

B Organ meats and fish such as sardines increase purine levels and uric acid. Spinach, chocolate, and tomatoes should be avoided in patients who have oxalate stones. Milk, dairy products, legumes, and dried fruits may increase the incidence of calcium-containing stones. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1069 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which information will the nurse include when teaching the patient with a urinary tract infection (UTI) about the use of phenazopyridine (Pyridium)? a. Pyridium may cause photosensitivity b. Pyridium may change the urine color. c. Take the Pyridium for at least 7 days. d. Take Pyridium before sexual intercourse.

B Patients should be taught that Pyridium will color the urine deep orange. Urinary analgesics should only be needed for a few days until the prescribed antibiotics decrease the bacterial count. Pyridium does not cause photosensitivity. Taking Pyridium before intercourse will not be helpful in reducing the risk for UTI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1120 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 2. When a patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has an arterial blood pH of 7.30, the nurse will expect an assessment finding of a. persistent skin tenting b. rapid, deep respirations. c. bounding peripheral pulses. d. hot, flushed face and neck.

B Patients with metabolic acidosis caused by AKI may have Kussmaul respirations as the lungs try to regulate carbon dioxide. Bounding pulses and vasodilation are not associated with metabolic acidosis. Because the patient is likely to have fluid retention, poor skin turgor would not be a finding in AKI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1059 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 13. The nurse caring for a patient after cystoscopy plans that the patient a. learns to request narcotics for pain. b. understands to expect blood-tinged urine. c. restricts activity to bed rest for a 4 to 6 hours. d. remains NPO for 8 hours to prevent vomiting.

B Pink-tinged urine and urinary frequency are expected after cystoscopy. Burning on urination is common, but pain that requires opioids for relief is not expected. A good fluid intake is encouraged after this procedure. Bed rest is not required following cystoscopy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 4. Which condition is associated with oversecretion of renin? a. Alzheimers disease b. Hypertension c. Diabetes mellitus d. Diabetes insipidus

B Renin is secreted when special cells in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), called the macula densa, sense changes in blood volume and pressure. When the macula densa cells sense that blood volume is low, blood pressure is low, or blood sodium levels are low, renin is secreted. Renin then converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. This leads to a series of reactions that cause secretion of the hormone aldosterone. This hormone increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water, increasing blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels. Inappropriate or excessive renin secretion is a major cause of persistent hypertension. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment (Collaboration with Interdisciplinary Team) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Planning) 13. A client has a serum creatinine level of 2 mg/dL and a urine output of 1000 mL/day. How does the nurse categorize the clients kidney injury? a. Intrarenal b. Nonoliguric c. Prerenal d. Postrenal

B Some clients have a nonoliguric form of acute renal failure (ARF), in which urine output remains near-normal but creatinine rises. The other categories relate to the cause of acute kidney injury. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Basic Care and ComfortElimination) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 32. A client in the emergency department reports extreme dry mouth, constipation, and an inability to void. The clients history includes incontinence. Which question by the nurse is most important? a. Are you drinking plenty of water? b. Do you take anticholinergic medication? c. Have you tried laxatives or enemas? d. Has this type of thing ever happened before?

B Some types of incontinence are treated with anticholinergic medications such as propantheline (Pro-Banthine). Anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention. The nurse needs to know whether the client is on this type of medication because the clients symptoms can be a manifestation of a simple side effect or an overdose. The other questions are not as helpful. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Coping Mechanisms) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 26. A client is receiving treatment with levofloxacin (Levaquin). Which teaching topics does the nurse include in this clients care plan? a. How to assess blood pressure b. How to assess a radial pulse c. How to assess a carotid pulse d. How to assess respirations

B The client should assess his or her own radial pulse at least twice daily because this class of drugs can induce serious cardiac dysrhythmias. Assessment of blood pressure and respirations will not allow the client to detect these cardiac side effects. The easiest place to find a pulse is at the radial site. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Side Effects/Interactions) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 33. A client is beginning to undergo urinary bladder training. Which is an effective instruction to give this client? a. Use the toilet at the first urge, rather than at specific intervals. b. Try to consciously hold your urine until the scheduled toileting time. c. Initially try to use the toilet at least every half-hour for 24 hours. d. The toileting interval can be increased once you have been continent for 1 week.

B The client should try to hold the urine consciously until the next scheduled toileting time. Toileting should occur at specific intervals during the training. The toileting interval should be no less than every hour. The interval can be increased once the client becomes comfortable with the interval. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1105 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 5. A 48-year-old patient with stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scheduled for an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). Which order for the patient will the nurse question? a. NPO for 6 hours before procedure b. Ibuprofen (Advil) 400 mg PO PRN for pain c. Dulcolax suppository 4 hours before procedure d. Normal saline 500 mL IV infused before procedure

B The contrast dye used in IVPs is potentially nephrotoxic, and concurrent use of other nephrotoxic medications such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided. The suppository and NPO status are necessary to ensure adequate visualization during the IVP. IV fluids are used to ensure adequate hydration, which helps reduce the risk for contrast-induced renal failure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1119 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 32. The nurse is assessing a patient 4 hours after a kidney transplant. Which information is most important to communicate to the health care provider? a. The urine output is 900 to 1100 mL/hr. b. The patients central venous pressure (CVP) is decreased. c. The patient has a level 7 (0 to 10 point scale) incisional pain. d. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels are elevated.

B The decrease in CVP suggests hypovolemia, which must be rapidly corrected to prevent renal hypoperfusion and acute tubular necrosis. The other information is not unusual in a patient after a transplant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 19. Which personal factor places a client at risk for bladder cancer? a. Working in a lumber yard for 10 years b. 50-pack-year cigarette smoking history c. Numerous episodes of bacterial cystitis d. History of sexually transmitted diseases

B The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is a long history of tobacco use. The other factors would not necessarily contribute to the development of this specific type of cancer. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1102-1103 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 26. A 62-year-old female patient has been hospitalized for 8 days with acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by dehydration. Which information will be most important for the nurse to report to the health care provider? a. The creatinine level is 3.0 mg/dL. b. Urine output over an 8-hour period is 2500 mL. c. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is 67 mg/dL. d. The glomerular filtration rate is <30 mL/min/1.73m2.

B The high urine output indicates a need to increase fluid intake to prevent hypovolemia. The other information is typical of AKI and will not require a change in therapy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1120 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 24. A 25-year-old male patient has been admitted with a severe crushing injury after an industrial accident. Which laboratory result will be most important to report to the health care provider? a. Serum creatinine level 2.1 mg/dL b. Serum potassium level 6.5 mEq/L c. White blood cell count 11,500/L d. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 56 mg/dL

B The hyperkalemia associated with crushing injuries may cause cardiac arrest and should be treated immediately. The nurse also will report the other laboratory values, but abnormalities in these are not immediately life threatening. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1050-1051 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse completing a physical assessment for a newly admitted male patient is unable to feel either kidney on palpation. Which action should the nurse take next? a. Obtain a urine specimen to check for hematuria. b. Document the information on the assessment form. c. Ask the patient about any history of recent sore throat. d. Ask the health care provider about scheduling a renal ultrasound.

B The kidneys are protected by the abdominal organs, ribs, and muscles of the back, and may not be palpable under normal circumstances, so no action except to document the assessment information is needed. Asking about a recent sore throat, checking for hematuria, or obtaining a renal ultrasound may be appropriate when assessing for renal problems for some patients, but there is nothing in the question stem to indicate that they are appropriate for this patient. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1066 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 28. Which assessment finding for a patient who has just been admitted with acute pyelonephritis is most important for the nurse to report to the health care provider? a. Complaint of flank pain b. Blood pressure 90/48 mm Hg c. Cloudy and foul-smelling urine d. Temperature 100.1 F (57.8 C)

B The low blood pressure indicates that urosepsis and septic shock may be occurring and should be immediately reported. The other findings are typical of pyelonephritis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 14. A client has nephrotic syndrome. Which finding shows that therapy is effective? a. Serum albumin level, 2.8 g/dL b. Serum albumin level, 4 g/dL c. Urine protein level, 3.7 g/24 hr d. Potassium, 4.2 mEq/L

B The main diagnostic findings in nephrotic syndrome are severe proteinuria, low serum albumin, high serum lipids, and fat in the urine. A serum albumin of 4 g/dL is within the normal range, showing that therapy is working. An albumin level of 2.8 g/dL is low, and proteinuria of 3.7 g/24 hr is high, showing that the disease is not yet controlled. Potassium is not affected. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1127 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 36. A 74-year-old who is progressing to stage 5 chronic kidney disease asks the nurse, Do you think I should go on dialysis? Which initial response by the nurse is best? a. It depends on which type of dialysis you are considering. b. Tell me more about what you are thinking regarding dialysis. c. You are the only one who can make the decision about dialysis. d. Many people your age use dialysis and have a good quality of life.

B The nurse should initially clarify the patients concerns and questions about dialysis. The patient is the one responsible for the decision and many people using dialysis do have good quality of life, but these responses block further assessment of the patients concerns. Referring to which type of dialysis the patient might use only indirectly responds to the patients question. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1069 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 29. A 58-year-old male patient who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome has ascites and 4+ leg edema. Which nursing diagnosis is a priority for the patient? a. Activity intolerance related to rapidly increased weight b. Excess fluid volume related to low serum protein levels c. Disturbed body image related to peripheral edema and ascites d. Altered nutrition: less than required related to protein restriction

B The patient has massive edema, so the priority problem at this time is the excess fluid volume. The other nursing diagnoses are also appropriate, but the focus of nursing care should be resolution of the edema and ascites. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1113-1114 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 23. Which intervention will be included in the plan of care for a male patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) who has a temporary vascular access catheter in the left femoral vein? a. Start continuous pulse oximetry. b. Restrict physical activity to bed rest. c. Restrict the patients oral protein intake. d. Discontinue the urethral retention catheter.

B The patient with a femoral vein catheter must be on bed rest to prevent trauma to the vein. Protein intake is likely to be increased when the patient is receiving dialysis. The retention catheter is likely to remain in place because accurate measurement of output will be needed. There is no indication that the patient needs continuous pulse oximetry. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1082 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 9. A 56-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital with new onset nephrotic syndrome. Which assessment data will the nurse expect? a. Poor skin turgor b. Recent weight gain c. Elevated urine ketones d. Decreased blood pressure

B The patient with a nephrotic syndrome will have weight gain associated with edema. Hypertension is a clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome. Skin turgor is normal because of the edema. Urine protein is high. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1052 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 6. A 79-year-old man has been admitted with benign prostatic hyperplasia. What is most appropriate to include in the nursing plan of care? a. Limit fluid intake to no more than 1000 mL/day. b. Leave a light on in the bathroom during the night. c. Ask the patient to use a urinal so that urine can be measured. d. Pad the patients bed to accommodate overflow incontinence.

B The patients age and diagnosis indicate a likelihood of nocturia, so leaving the light on in the bathroom is appropriate. Fluids should be encouraged because dehydration is more common in older patients. The information in the question does not indicate that measurement of the patients output is necessary or that the patient has overflow incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1083 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. A 34-year-old male patient seen at the primary care clinic complains of feeling continued fullness after voiding and a split, spraying urine stream. The nurse will ask about a history of a. recent kidney trauma. b. gonococcal urethritis. c. recurrent bladder infection. d. benign prostatic hyperplasia.

B The patients clinical manifestations are consistent with urethral strictures, a possible complication of gonococcal urethritis. These symptoms are not consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia, kidney trauma, or bladder infection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1127 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 33. During routine hemodialysis, the 68-year-old patient complains of nausea and dizziness. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Slow down the rate of dialysis. b. Check patients blood pressure (BP). c. Review the hematocrit (Hct) level. d. Give prescribed PRN antiemetic drugs.

B The patients complaints of nausea and dizziness suggest hypotension, so the initial action should be to check the BP. The other actions may also be appropriate based on the blood pressure obtained. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1097 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 23. A patient who had surgery for creation of an ileal conduit 3 days ago will not look at the stoma and requests that only the ostomy nurse specialist does the stoma care. The nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of a. anxiety related to effects of procedure on lifestyle. b. disturbed body image related to change in function. c. readiness for enhanced coping related to need for information. d. self-care deficit, toileting, related to denial of altered body function.

B The patients unwillingness to look at the stoma or participate in care indicates that disturbed body image is the best diagnosis. No data suggest that the impact on lifestyle is a concern for the patient. The patient does not appear to be ready for enhanced coping. The patients insistence that only the ostomy nurse care for the stoma indicates that denial is not present. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1056 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse assessing the urinary system of a 45-year-old female would use auscultation to a. determine kidney position. b. identify renal artery bruits. c. check for ureteral peristalsis. d. assess for bladder distention.

B The presence of a bruit may indicate problems such as renal artery tortuosity or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Auscultation would not be helpful in assessing for the other listed urinary tract information. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension)

1104 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is planning care for a patient with severe heart failure who has developed elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. The primary collaborative treatment goal in the plan will be a. augmenting fluid volume. b. maintaining cardiac output. c. diluting nephrotoxic substances. d. preventing systemic hypertension.

B The primary goal of treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) is to eliminate the cause and provide supportive care while the kidneys recover. Because this patients heart failure is causing AKI, the care will be directed toward treatment of the heart failure. For renal failure caused by hypertension, hypovolemia, or nephrotoxins, the other responses would be correct. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesExpected Actions/Outcomes) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Planning) 16. A client with a renal calculus has just returned from an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy procedure, and the nurse finds an ecchymotic area on the clients right lower back. Which is the nurses priority intervention? a. Notify the health care provider. b. Apply ice to the site. c. Place the client in the prone position. d. Document the observation in the chart.

B The shock waves can cause bleeding into the tissues through which the waves pass. Application of ice can reduce the extent and discomfort of the bruising. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 43. The nurse is assessing a client with acute kidney injury and hears the following sound when auscultating the lungs. For what complication does the nurse plan care? (Click the media button to hear the audio clip.) a. ac tamponade b. Pericarditis c. Pulmonary edema d. Myocardial Infarction

B The sound heard is a pericardial friction rub. This is heard in pericarditis because the pericardial sac becomes inflamed from uremic toxins. Other manifestations include low-grade fever, tachycardia, and chest pain. A tamponade would manifest as muffled heart tones. Pulmonary edema would manifest with crackles in the lungs. A myocardial infarction may or may not have abnormal chest sounds associated with it. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1071 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 41. Which action will the nurse anticipate taking for an otherwise healthy 50-year-old who has just been diagnosed with Stage 1 renal cell carcinoma? a. Prepare patient for a renal biopsy. b. Provide preoperative teaching about nephrectomy. c. Teach the patient about chemotherapy medications. d. Schedule for a follow-up appointment in 3 months.

B The treatment of choice in patients with localized renal tumors who have no co-morbid conditions is partial or total nephrectomy. A renal biopsy will not be needed in a patient who has already been diagnosed with renal cancer. Chemotherapy is used for metastatic renal cancer. Because renal cell cancer frequently metastasizes, treatment will be started as soon as possible after the diagnosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 33. A client who is admitted to the hospital with a history of kidney disease begins to have difficulty breathing. Vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 90/70 mm Hg; heart rate, difficult to feel peripheral pulses. His heart sounds are difficult to hear. Which intervention does the nurse prepare for? a. Administration of digoxin (Lanoxin) b. Draining of pericardial fluid with a needle c. Emergency hemodialysis d. Placement of a pacemaker

B These signs and symptoms are of cardiac tamponade, an emergency situation in which fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, making it difficult for the heart to pump normally. Treatment includes a pericardiocentesis, or withdrawing the fluid with a needle or catheter. The other interventions are not appropriate in this situation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1055 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 15. A female patient with a suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) is to provide a clean-catch urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. To obtain the specimen, the nurse will a. have the patient empty the bladder completely, then obtain the next urine specimen that the patient is able to void. b. teach the patient to clean the urethral area, void a small amount into the toilet, and then void into a sterile specimen cup. c. insert a short sterile mini catheter attached to a collecting container into the urethra and bladder to obtain the specimen. d. clean the area around the meatus with a povidone-iodine (Betadine) swab, and then have the patient void into a sterile container.

B This answer describes the technique for obtaining a clean-catch specimen. The answer beginning, insert a short, small, mini catheter attached to a collecting container describes a technique that would result in a sterile specimen, but a health care providers order for a catheterized specimen would be required. Using Betadine before obtaining the specimen is not necessary, and might result in suppressing the growth of some bacteria. The technique described in the answer beginning have the patient empty the bladder completely would not result in a sterile specimen. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 13. A clients urine specific gravity is 1.018. Which is the nurses best action? a. Ask the client for a 24-hour recall of liquid intake. b. Document the finding in the clients chart. c. Obtain a specimen for culture. d. Notify the health care provider.

B This specific gravity is within the normal range for urine. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1561 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation 29. The nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who was just started on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Which instruction does the nurse provide to this client regarding protein intake? a. Your protein needs will not change, but you may take more fluids. b. You will need more protein now because some protein is lost by dialysis. c. Your protein intake will be adjusted according to your predialysis weight. d. You no longer need to be on protein restriction.

B When renal disease has progressed and requires treatment with dialysis, increased protein is required in the diet to compensate for protein losses through peritoneal dialysis. The other statements are inaccurate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1356 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 10. A nurse cares for a client who has elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which disorder should the nurse identify as a trigger for the release of this hormone? a. Pneumonia b. Dehydration c. Renal failure d. Edema

B ADH increases tubular permeability to water, leading to absorption of more water into the capillaries. ADH is triggered by a rising extracellular fluid osmolarity, as occurs in dehydration. Pneumonia, renal failure, and edema would not trigger the release of ADH. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1408 KEY: Trauma MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 12. A nurse provides health screening for a community health center with a large population of African-American clients. Which priority assessment should the nurse include when working with this population? a. Measure height and weight. b. Assess blood pressure. c. Observe for any signs of abuse. d. Ask about medications.

B All interventions are important for the visiting nurse to accomplish. However, African Americans have a high rate of hypertension leading to end-stage renal disease. Each encounter that the nurse has with an African-American client provides a chance to detect hypertension and treat it. If the client is already on antihypertensive medication, assessing blood pressure monitors therapy. DIF: Applying/Application

1367 KEY: Cystitis| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 2. A nurse reviews the laboratory findings of a client with a urinary tract infection. The laboratory report notes a shift to the left in a clients white blood cell count. Which action should the nurse take? a. Request that the laboratory perform a differential analysis on the white blood cells. b. Notify the provider and start an intravenous line for parenteral antibiotics. c. Collaborate with the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to strain the clients urine for renal calculi. d. Assess the client for a potential allergic reaction and anaphylactic shock.

B An increase in band cells creates a shift to the left. A left shift most commonly occurs with urosepsis and is seen rarely with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The nurse will be administering antibiotics, most likely via IV, so he or she should notify the provider and prepare to give the antibiotics. The shift to the left is part of a differential white blood cell count. The nurse would not need to strain urine for stones. Allergic reactions are associated with elevated eosinophil cells, not band cells. DIF: Applying/Application

1436 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| medications| antibiotics MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 24. A client is having a peritoneal dialysis treatment. The nurse notes an opaque color to the effluent. What is the priority action by the nurse? a. Warm the dialysate solution in a microwave before instillation. b. Take a sample of the effluent and send to the laboratory. c. Flush the tubing with normal saline to maintain patency of the catheter. d. Check the peritoneal catheter for kinking and curling.

B An opaque or cloudy effluent is the first sign of peritonitis. A sample of the effluent would need to be sent to the laboratory for culture and sensitivity in order to administer the correct antibiotic. Warming the dialysate in a microwave and flushing the tubing are not safe actions by the nurse. Checking the catheter for obstruction is a viable option but will not treat the peritonitis. DIF: Applying/Application

1436 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| coping MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity 27. A client is recovering from a kidney transplant. The clients urine output was 1500 mL over the last 12-hour period since transplantation. What is the priority assessment by the nurse? a. Checking skin turgor b. Taking blood pressure c. Assessing lung sounds d. Weighing the client

B By taking blood pressure, the nurse is assessing for hypotension that could compromise perfusion to the new kidney. The nurse then should notify the provider immediately. Skin turgor, lung sounds, and weight could give information about the fluid status of the client, but they are not the priority assessment. DIF: Applying/Application

1396 KEY: Polycystic kidney disease| genetics MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 3. After teaching a client with early polycystic kidney disease (PKD) about nutritional therapy, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I will take a laxative every night before going to bed. b. I must increase my intake of dietary fiber and fluids. c. I shall only use salt when I am cooking my own food. d. Ill eat white bread to minimize gastrointestinal gas.

B Clients with PKD often have constipation, which can be managed with increased fiber, exercise, and drinking plenty of water. Laxatives should be used cautiously. Clients with PKD should be on a restricted salt diet, which includes not cooking with salt. White bread has a low fiber count and would not be included in a high-fiber diet. DIF: Applying/Application

1408 KEY: Renal cancer| postoperative nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 8. An emergency department nurse assesses a client with kidney trauma and notes that the clients abdomen is tender and distended and blood is visible at the urinary meatus. Which prescription should the nurse consult the provider about before implementation? a. Assessing vital signs every 15 minutes b. Inserting an indwelling urinary catheter c. Administering intravenous fluids at 125 mL/hr d. Typing and crossmatching for blood products

B Clients with blood at the urinary meatus should not have a urinary catheter inserted via the urethra before additional diagnostic studies are done. The urethra could be torn. The nurse should question the provider about the need for a catheter; if one is needed, the provider can insert a suprapubic catheter. The nurse should monitor the clients vital signs closely, send blood for type and crossmatch in case the client needs blood products, and administer intravenous fluids. DIF: Applying/Application

1432 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| nursing intervention MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 20. The nurse is teaching the main principles of hemodialysis to a client with chronic kidney disease. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching by the nurse? a. My sodium level changes by movement from the blood into the dialysate. b. Dialysis works by movement of wastes from lower to higher concentration. c. Extra fluid can be pulled from the blood by osmosis. d. The dialysate is similar to blood but without any toxins.

B Dialysis works using the passive transfer of toxins by diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The other statements show a correct understanding about hemodialysis. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1380 KEY: Urinary incontinence| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 22. A nurse plans care for clients with urinary incontinence. Which client is correctly paired with the appropriate intervention? a. A 29-year-old client after a difficult vaginal delivery Habit training b. A 58-year-old postmenopausal client who is not taking estrogen therapy Electrical stimulation c. A 64-year-old female with Alzheimers-type senile dementia Bladder training d. A 77-year-old female who has difficulty ambulating Exercise therapy

B Exercise therapy and electrical stimulation are used for clients with stress incontinence related to childbirth or low levels of estrogen after menopause. Exercise therapy increases pelvic wall strength; it does not improve ambulation. Physical therapy and a bedside commode would be appropriate interventions for the client who has difficulty ambulating. Habit training is the type of bladder training that will be most effective with cognitively impaired clients. Bladder training can be used only with a client who is alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate. DIF: Applying/Application

1380 KEY: Urinary incontinence| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 7. After delegating care to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) for a client who is prescribed habit training to manage incontinence, a nurse evaluates the UAPs understanding. Which action indicates the UAP needs additional teaching? a. Toileting the client after breakfast b. Changing the clients incontinence brief when wet c. Encouraging the client to drink fluids d. Recording the clients incontinence episodes

B Habit training is undermined by the use of absorbent incontinence briefs or pads. The nurse should re-educate the UAP on the technique of habit training. The UAP should continue to toilet the client after meals, encourage the client to drink fluids, and record incontinent episodes. DIF: Applying/Application

1402 KEY: Glomerulonephritis MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Evaluation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 6. After teaching a client with nephrotic syndrome and a normal glomerular filtration, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the nutritional therapy for this condition? a. I must decrease my intake of fat. b. I will increase my intake of protein. c. A decreased intake of carbohydrates will be required. d. An increased intake of vitamin C is necessary.

B In nephrotic syndrome, the renal loss of protein is significant, leading to hypoalbuminemia and edema formation. If glomerular filtration is normal or near normal, increased protein loss should be matched by increased intake of protein. The client would not need to adjust fat, carbohydrates, or vitamins based on this disorder. DIF: Applying/Application

1355 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 11. A nurse reviews a female clients laboratory results. Which results from the clients urinalysis should the nurse recognize as abnormal? a. pH 5.6 b. Ketone bodies present c. Specific gravity of 1.020 d. Clear and yellow color

B Ketone bodies are by-products of incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Normally no ketones are present in urine. Ketone bodies are produced when fat sources are used instead of glucose to provide cellular energy. A pH between 4.6 and 8, specific gravity between 1.005 and 1.030, and clear yellow urine are normal findings for a female clients urinalysis. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1418 KEY: Renal system| dialysis| nursing intervention MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 9. The nurse is caring for four clients with chronic kidney disease. Which client should the nurse assess first upon initial rounding? a. Woman with a blood pressure of 158/90 mm Hg b. Client with Kussmaul respirations c. Man with skin itching from head to toe d. Client with halitosis and stomatitis

B Kussmaul respirations indicate a worsening of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The client is increasing the rate and depth of breathing to excrete carbon dioxide through the lungs. Hypertension is common in most clients with CKD, and skin itching increases with calcium-phosphate imbalances, another common finding in CKD. Uremia from CKD causes ammonia to be formed, resulting in the common findings of halitosis and stomatitis. DIF: Applying/Application

1370 KEY: Cystitis| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 3. A nurse cares for a postmenopausal client who has had two episodes of bacterial urethritis in the last 6 months. The client asks, I never have urinary tract infections. Why is this happening now? How should the nurse respond? a. Your immune system becomes less effective as you age. b. Low estrogen levels can make the tissue more susceptible to infection. c. You should be more careful with your personal hygiene in this area. d. It is likely that you have an untreated sexually transmitted disease.

B Low estrogen levels decrease moisture and secretions in the perineal area and cause other tissue changes, predisposing it to the development of infection. Urethritis is most common in postmenopausal women for this reason. Although immune function does decrease with aging and sexually transmitted diseases are a known cause of urethritis, the most likely reason in this client is low estrogen levels. Personal hygiene usually does not contribute to this disease process. DIF: Applying/Application

1377 KEY: Urinary incontinence| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 1. A nurse assesses a client with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Which assessment finding should alert the nurse to immediately contact the health care provider? a. Flank pain b. Periorbital edema c. Bloody and cloudy urine d. Enlarged abdomen

B Periorbital edema would not be a finding related to PKD and should be investigated further. Flank pain and a distended or enlarged abdomen occur in PKD because the kidneys enlarge and displace other organs. Urine can be bloody or cloudy as a result of cyst rupture or infection. DIF: Applying/Application

1410 KEY: Hydration| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 1. The nurse is assessing a client with a diagnosis of pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI). Which condition would the nurse expect to find in the clients recent history? a. Pyelonephritis b. Myocardial infarction c. Bladder cancer d. Kidney stones

B Pre-renal causes of AKI are related to a decrease in perfusion, such as with a myocardial infarction. Pyelonephritis is an intrinsic or intrarenal cause of AKI related to kidney damage. Bladder cancer and kidney stones are post-renal causes of AKI related to urine flow obstruction. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1416 KEY: Renal system| perfusion| mean arterial blood pressure| calculation MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 1. The nurse is assessing a client with a diagnosis of pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI). Which condition would the nurse expect to find in the clients recent history? a. Pyelonephritis b. Myocardial infarction c. Bladder cancer d. Kidney stones

B Pre-renal causes of AKI are related to a decrease in perfusion, such as with a myocardial infarction. Pyelonephritis is an intrinsic or intrarenal cause of AKI related to kidney damage. Bladder cancer and kidney stones are post-renal causes of AKI related to urine flow obstruction. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1348 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| capillary artery blood glucose MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 2. A nurse reviews the health history of a client with an oversecretion of renin. Which disorder should the nurse correlate with this assessment finding? a. Alzheimers disease b. Hypertension c. Diabetes mellitus d. Viral hepatitis

B Renin is secreted when special cells in the distal convoluted tubule, called the macula densa, sense changes in blood volume and pressure. When the macula densa cells sense that blood volume, blood pressure, or blood sodium levels are low, renin is secreted. Renin then converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. This leads to a series of reactions that cause secretion of the hormone aldosterone. This hormone increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water, increasing blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels. Inappropriate or excessive renin secretion is a major cause of persistent hypertension. Renin has no impact on Alzheimers disease, diabetes mellitus, or viral hepatitis. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1382 KEY: Urinary incontinence MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort 20. An emergency department nurse assesses a client with a history of urinary incontinence who presents with extreme dry mouth, constipation, and an inability to void. Which question should the nurse ask first? a. Are you drinking plenty of water? b. What medications are you taking? c. Have you tried laxatives or enemas? d. Has this type of thing ever happened before?

B Some types of incontinence are treated with anticholinergic medications such as propantheline (Pro-Banthine). Anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention. The nurse needs to assess the clients medication list to determine whether the client is taking an anticholinergic medication. If he or she is taking anticholinergics, the nurse should further assess the clients manifestations to determine if they are related to a simple side effect or an overdose. The other questions are not as helpful to understanding the current situation. DIF: Applying/Application

1405 KEY: Hypertension| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 13. After teaching a client with renal cancer who is prescribed temsirolimus (Torisel), the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I will take this medication with food and plenty of water. b. I shall keep my appointment at the infusion center each week. c. Ill limit my intake of green leafy vegetables while on this medication. d. I must not take this medication if I have an infection or am feeling ill.

B Temsirolimus is administered as a weekly intravenous infusion. This medication blocks protein that is needed for cell division and therefore inhibits cell cycle progression. This medication is not taken orally, and clients do not need to follow a specific diet. DIF: Applying/Application

1409 KEY: Trauma| emergency nursing MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 9. After teaching a client with hypertension secondary to renal disease, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for additional teaching? a. I can prevent more damage to my kidneys by managing my blood pressure. b. If I have increased urination at night, I need to drink less fluid during the day. c. I need to see the registered dietitian to discuss limiting my protein intake. d. It is important that I take my antihypertensive medications as directed.

B The client should not restrict fluids during the day due to increased urination at night. Clients with renal disease may be prescribed fluid restrictions. These clients should be assessed thoroughly for potential dehydration. Increased nocturnal voiding can be decreased by consuming fluids earlier in the day. Blood pressure control is needed to slow the progression of renal dysfunction. When dietary protein is restricted, refer the client to the registered dietitian as needed. DIF: Applying/Application

1378 KEY: Urinary incontinence| medication safety MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 21. A nurse teaches a client who is starting urinary bladder training. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. Use the toilet when you first feel the urge, rather than at specific intervals. b. Try to consciously hold your urine until the scheduled toileting time. c. Initially try to use the toilet at least every half hour for the first 24 hours. d. The toileting interval can be increased once you have been continent for a week.

B The client should try to hold the urine consciously until the next scheduled toileting time. Toileting should occur at specific intervals during the training. The toileting interval should be no less than every hour. The interval can be increased once the client becomes comfortable with the interval. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

1384 KEY: Urolithiasis| health screening MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 24. A nurse assesses a male client who is recovering from a urologic procedure. Which assessment finding indicates an obstruction of urine flow? a. Severe pain b. Overflow incontinence c. Hypotension d. Blood-tinged urine

B The most common manifestation of urethral stricture after a urologic procedure is obstruction of urine flow. This rarely causes pain and has no impact on blood pressure. The client may experience overflow incontinence with the involuntary loss of urine when the bladder is distended. Blood in the urine is not a manifestation of the obstruction of urine flow. DIF: Applying/Application

1386 KEY: Urolithiasis| medications MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 12. A nurse assesses a client who is recovering from extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal calculi. The nurse notes an ecchymotic area on the clients right lower back. Which action should the nurse take? a. Administer fresh-frozen plasma. b. Apply an ice pack to the site. c. Place the client in the prone position. d. Obtain serum coagulation test results.

B The shock waves from lithotripsy can cause bleeding into the tissues through which the waves pass. Application of ice can reduce the extent and discomfort of the bruising. Although coagulation test results and fresh-frozen plasma are used to assess and treat bleeding disorders, ecchymosis after this procedure is not unusual and does not warrant a higher level of intervention. Changing the clients position will not decrease bleeding. DIF: Applying/Application

1413 KEY: Renal system| medications| nursing assessment MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 4. A client is admitted with acute kidney injury (AKI) and a urine output of 2000 mL/day. What is the major concern of the nurse regarding this clients care? a. Edema and pain b. Electrolyte and fluid imbalance c. Cardiac and respiratory status d. Mental health status

B This client may have an inflammatory cause of AKI with proteins entering the glomerulus and holding the fluid in the filtrate, causing polyuria. Electrolyte loss and fluid balance is essential. Edema and pain are not usually a problem with fluid loss. There could be changes in the clients cardiac, respiratory, and mental health status if the electrolyte imbalance is not treated. DIF: Applying/Application

1359 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination| shock MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 9. A nurse cares for a client with a urine specific gravity of 1.018. Which action should the nurse take? a. Evaluate the clients intake and output for the past 24 hours. b. Document the finding in the chart and continue to monitor. c. Obtain a specimen for a urine culture and sensitivity. d. Encourage the client to drink more fluids, especially water.

B This specific gravity is within the normal range for urine. There is no need to evaluate the clients intake and output, obtain a urine specimen, or increase fluid intake. DIF: Applying/Application

1356 KEY: Urinary/renal system| assessment/diagnostic examination MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 2. A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which clients are at risk for kidney problems? (Select all that apply.) a. A 24-year-old pregnant woman prescribed prenatal vitamins b. A 32-year-old bodybuilder taking synthetic creatine supplements c. A 56-year-old who is taking metformin for diabetes mellitus d. A 68-year-old taking high-dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic back pain e. A 75-year-old with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is prescribed an albuterol nebulizer

B, C, D Many medications can affect kidney function. Clients who take synthetic creatine supplements, metformin, and high-dose or long-term NSAIDs are at risk for kidney dysfunction. Prenatal vitamins and albuterol nebulizers do not place these clients at risk. DIF: Applying/Application

1422 KEY: Renal system| lifestyle factors| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. A nurse is giving discharge instructions to a client recently diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which statements made by the client indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. I can continue to take antacids to relieve heartburn. b. I need to ask for an antibiotic when scheduling a dental appointment. c. Ill need to check my blood sugar often to prevent hypoglycemia. d. The dose of my pain medication may have to be adjusted. e. I should watch for bleeding when taking my anticoagulants.

B, C, D, E In discharge teaching, the nurse must emphasize that the client needs to have an antibiotic prophylactically before dental procedures to prevent infection. There may be a need for dose reduction in medications if the kidney is not excreting them properly (antacids with magnesium, antibiotics, antidiabetic drugs, insulin, opioids, and anticoagulants). DIF: Applying/Application

1400 KEY: Psychosocial response MSC: Integrated Process: Caring NOT: Client Needs Category: Psychological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A nurse assesses a client who has a family history of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). For which clinical manifestations should the nurse assess? (Select all that apply.) a. Nocturia b. Flank pain c. Increased abdominal girth d. Dysuria e. Hematuria f. Diarrhea

B, C, E Clients with PKD experience abdominal distention that manifests as flank pain and increased abdominal girth. Bloody urine is also present with tissue damage secondary to PKD. Clients with PKD often experience constipation, but would not report nocturia or dysuria. DIF: Remembering/Knowledge

1404 KEY: Glomerulonephritis| hydration MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Analysis NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential 4. A nurse assesses a client who is recovering from a nephrostomy. Which assessment findings should alert the nurse to urgently contact the health care provider? (Select all that apply.) a. Clear drainage b. Bloody drainage at site c. Client reports headache d. Foul-smelling drainage e. Urine draining from site

B, D, E After a nephrostomy, the nurse should assess the client for complications and urgently notify the provider if drainage decreases or stops, drainage is cloudy or foul-smelling, the nephrostomy sites leaks blood or urine, or the client has back pain. Clear drainage is normal. A headache would be an unrelated finding. DIF: Applying/Application

1417 KEY: Renal system| nutritional requirements| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is teaching a client with diabetes mellitus how to prevent or delay chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which client statements indicate a lack of understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. I need to decrease sodium, cholesterol, and protein in my diet. b. My weight should be maintained at a body mass index of 30. c. Smoking should be stopped as soon as I possibly can. d. I can continue to take an aspirin every 4 to 8 hours for my pain. e. I really only need to drink a couple of glasses of water each day.

B, D, E Weight should be maintained at a body mass index (BMI) of 22 to 25. A BMI of 30 indicates obesity. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin should be limited to the lowest time at the lowest dose due to interference with kidney blood flow. The client should drink at least 2 liters of water daily. Diet adjustments should be made by restricting sodium, cholesterol, and protein. Smoking causes constriction of blood vessels and decreases kidney perfusion, so the client should stop smoking. DIF: Applying/Application

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationIllness Management) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 3. Which statements about urge incontinence and stress incontinence are true? (Select all that apply.) a. Urge incontinence involves a post-voiding residual volume less than 50 mL. b. Stress incontinence occurs because of weak pelvic floor muscles. c. Stress incontinence usually occurs in people with dementia. d. Urge incontinence can be managed by increasing fluid intake. e. Urge incontinence occurs because of abnormal bladder contractions.

B, E Clients who suffer from stress incontinence have weak pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter and cannot tighten their urethra sufficiently to overcome the increased detrusor pressure. Stress incontinence is common after childbirth, when the pelvic muscles are stretched and weakened from pregnancy and delivery. Urge incontinence occurs in people who cannot suppress the contraction signal from the detrusor muscle. Abnormal detrusor contractions may be a result of neurologic abnormalities or may occur with no known abnormality. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1375 KEY: Urinary incontinence| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 4. A nurse assesses a client with a fungal urinary tract infection (UTI). Which assessments should the nurse complete? (Select all that apply.) a. Palpate the kidneys and bladder. b. Assess the medical history and current medical problems. c. Perform a bladder scan to assess post-void residual. d. Inquire about recent travel to foreign countries. e. Obtain a current list of medications.

B, E Clients who are severely immunocompromised or who have diabetes mellitus are more prone to fungal UTIs. The nurse should assess for these factors by asking about medical history, current medical problems, and the current medication list. A physical examination and a post-void residual may be needed, but not until further information is obtained indicating that these examinations are necessary. Travel to foreign countries probably would not be important because, even if exposed, the client needs some degree of compromised immunity to develop a fungal UTI. DIF: Applying/Application

1382 KEY: Urinary incontinence| patient education MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 3. A nurse teaches clients about the difference between urge incontinence and stress incontinence. Which statements should the nurse include in this education? (Select all that apply.) a. Urge incontinence involves a post-void residual volume less than 50 mL. b. Stress incontinence occurs due to weak pelvic floor muscles. c. Stress incontinence usually occurs in people with dementia. d. Urge incontinence can be managed by increasing fluid intake. e. Urge incontinence occurs due to abnormal bladder contractions.

B, E Clients who suffer from stress incontinence have weak pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter and cannot tighten their urethra sufficiently to overcome the increased detrusor pressure. Stress incontinence is common after childbirth, when the pelvic muscles are stretched and weakened from pregnancy and delivery. Urge incontinence occurs in people who cannot suppress the contraction signal from the detrusor muscle. Abnormal detrusor contractions may be a result of neurologic abnormalities including dementia, or may occur with no known abnormality. Post-void residual is associated with reflex incontinence, not with urge incontinence or stress incontinence. Management of urge incontinence includes decreasing fluid intake, especially in the evening hours. DIF: Understanding/Comprehension

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. In interviewing a client with a family history of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), the nurse assesses for which clinical manifestations most carefully? (Select all that apply.) a. Nocturia b. Flank pain c. Diarrhea d. Dysuria e. Bloody urine f. Increased abdominal girth

B, E, F Flank pain and abdominal girth size are related to distention, and bloody urine is seen with tissue damage secondary to the PKD. The client may also have constipation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesParenteral/Intravenous Therapies) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Evaluation) 21. A client with bladder cancer has undergone a complete cystectomy with ileal conduit. Four hours after the surgery, the nurse observes the stoma to be cyanotic. Which is the nurses priority action? a. Reassess in 2 hours. b. Loosen the dressing. c. Notify the surgeon. d. Apply oxygen.

C A pale or cyanotic stoma indicates impaired circulation to the stoma and must be treated to prevent necrosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1061 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 18. A male patient in the clinic provides a urine sample that is red-orange in color. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Notify the patients health care provider. b. Teach correct midstream urine collection. c. Ask the patient about current medications. d. Question the patient about urinary tract infection (UTI) risk factors.

C A red-orange color in the urine is normal with some over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as phenazopyridine (Pyridium). The color would not be expected with urinary tract infection, is not a sign that poor technique was used in obtaining the specimen, and does not need to be communicated to the health care provider until further assessment is done. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 13. A confused client is hospitalized for possible pneumonia and is admitted from the emergency department with an indwelling catheter in place. During interdisciplinary rounds the following day, what question by the nurse takes priority? a. Do you want daily weights on this client? b. Will the client be able to return home? c. Can we discontinue the in-dwelling catheter? d. Should we get another chest x-ray today?

C An in-dwelling catheter dramatically increases the risks of urinary tract infection and urosepsis. Nursing staff should ensure that catheters are left in place only as long as they are medically needed. The nurse should inquire about removing the catheter. All other questions might be appropriate, but because of client safety, this question takes priority. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

p. 1484 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 19. Two hours after a closed percutaneous kidney biopsy, the client reports a dramatic increase in pain. What is the nurses best first action? a. Reposition the client on the operative side. b. Administer the prescribed opioid analgesic. c. Assess the pulse rate and blood pressure. d. Check the Foley catheter for kinks.

C An increase in the intensity of pain after a percutaneous kidney biopsy is a symptom of internal hemorrhage. A change in vital signs can indicate that hemorrhage is occurring. Before other actions, the nurse must assess the clients hemodynamic status. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1089 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. Following rectal surgery, a patient voids about 50 mL of urine every 30 to 60 minutes for the first 4 hours. Which nursing action is most appropriate? a. Monitor the patients intake and output over night. b. Have the patient drink small amounts of fluid frequently. c. Use an ultrasound scanner to check the postvoiding residual volume. d. Reassure the patient that this is normal after rectal surgery because of anesthesia.

C An ultrasound scanner can be used to check for residual urine after the patient voids. Because the patients history and clinical manifestations are consistent with overflow incontinence, it is not appropriate to have the patient drink small amounts. Although overflow incontinence is not unusual after surgery, the nurse should intervene to correct the physiologic problem, not just reassure the patient. The patient may develop reflux into the renal pelvis and discomfort from a full bladder if the nurse waits to address the problem for several hours. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1124 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 17. Which assessment finding may indicate that a patient is experiencing adverse effects to a corticosteroid prescribed after kidney transplantation? a. Postural hypotension b. Recurrent tachycardia c. Knee and hip joint pain d. Increased serum creatinine

C Aseptic necrosis of the weight-bearing joints can occur when patients take corticosteroids over a prolonged period. Increased creatinine level, orthostatic dizziness, and tachycardia are not caused by corticosteroid use. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1082 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 13. A 28-year-old male patient is diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease. Which information is most appropriate for the nurse to include in teaching at this time? a. Complications of renal transplantation b. Methods for treating severe chronic pain c. Discussion of options for genetic counseling d. Differences between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

C Because a 28-year-old patient may be considering having children, the nurse should include information about genetic counseling when teaching the patient. The well-managed patient will not need to choose between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis or know about the effects of transplantation for many years. There is no indication that the patient has chronic pain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1086 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 26. Nursing staff on a hospital unit are reviewing rates of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) of the urinary tract. Which nursing action will be most helpful in decreasing the risk for HAI in patients admitted to the hospital? a. Encouraging adequate oral fluid intake b. Testing urine with a dipstick daily for nitrites c. Avoiding unnecessary urinary catheterizations d. Providing frequent perineal hygiene to patients

C Because catheterization bypasses many of the protective mechanisms that prevent urinary tract infection (UTI), avoidance of catheterization is the most effective means of reducing HAI. The other actions will also be helpful, but are not as useful as decreasing urinary catheter use. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (analysis)

1057 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 3. A hospitalized patient with possible renal insufficiency after coronary artery bypass surgery is scheduled for a creatinine clearance test. Which equipment will the nurse need to obtain? a. Urinary catheter b. Cleaning towelettes c. Large container for urine d. Sterile urine specimen cup

C Because creatinine clearance testing involves a 24-hour urine specimen, the nurse should obtain a large container for the urine collection. Catheterization, cleaning of the perineum with antiseptic towelettes, and a sterile specimen cup are not needed for this test. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1054-1055 OBJ: Special Questions: Alternate item format: Hot spot TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 1. A 46-year-old female patient returns to the clinic with recurrent dysuria after being treated with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) for 3 days. Which action will the nurse plan to take? a. Teach the patient to take the prescribed Bactrim for 3 more days. b. Remind the patient about the need to drink 1000 mL of fluids daily. c. Obtain a midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. d. Suggest that the patient use acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the symptoms.

C Because uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually successfully treated with 3 days of antibiotic therapy, this patient will need a urine culture and sensitivity to determine appropriate antibiotic therapy. Acetaminophen would not be as effective as other over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as phenazopyridine (Pyridium) in treating dysuria. The fluid intake should be increased to at least 1800 mL/day. Because the UTI has persisted after treatment with Bactrim, the patient is likely to need a different antibiotic. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Interactions/Side Effects) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 21. A client is receiving continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH). Which laboratory value does the nurse monitor most closely? a. Hemoglobin b. Glomerular filtration rate c. Sodium d. White blood cells

C CAVH is used for clients who have fluid volume overload. It continuously removes large quantities of plasma, water, waste, and electrolytes, such as sodium. Fluid removal can also affect the serum sodium level. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 20. A client with chronic kidney disease is scheduled to be given the following medications: digoxin (Lanoxin) and epoetin alfa (Epogen). The client reports nausea and vomiting and wishes to wait to take the medications. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Administer both medications with soda crackers. b. Allow the client to wait an hour before taking the medications. c. Review todays potassium level and notify the health care provider. d. Call the health care provider to get an order for anti-nausea medication.

C Clients with kidney failure are particularly at risk for digoxin toxicity because the drug is excreted by the kidneys. When caring for clients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are receiving digoxin, monitor for signs of toxicity, such as nausea and vomiting. Potassium imbalances can alter digoxin levels as well. The nurse should hold the dose, check the current potassium level, and notify the provider. Giving the digoxin could be dangerous, so the nurse should not administer it with crackers, give it later, or ask for an anti-nausea medication. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 7. A middle-aged client with diabetes mellitus is being treated for the third episode of acute pyelonephritis in the past year and asks what can be done to help prevent these infections. Which is the nurses best response? a. Test your urine daily for the presence of ketone bodies and proteins. b. Use tampons rather than sanitary napkins during your menstrual period. c. Drink more water and empty your bladder every 2 to 3 hours during the day. d. Keep your hemoglobin A1c under 9% by keeping your blood sugar controlled.

C Clients with long-standing diabetes mellitus are at risk for pyelonephritis for many reasons. Chronically elevated blood glucose levels spill glucose into the urine, changing the pH and providing a favorable climate for bacterial growth. The neuropathy associated with diabetes reduces bladder tone and reduces the clients sensation of bladder fullness. Thus, even with large amounts of urine, the client voids less frequently, allowing stasis and overgrowth of microorganisms. Increasing fluid intake (specifically water) and voiding frequently prevent stasis and bacterial overgrowth. Testing urine and wearing tampons will not help prevent pyelonephritis. A hemoglobin A1c of 9% is too high. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1098 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity 24. Which information from a patient who had a transurethral resection with fulguration for bladder cancer 3 days ago is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The patient is voiding every 4 hours. b. The patient is using opioids for pain. c. The patient has seen clots in the urine. d. The patient is anxious about the cancer.

C Clots in the urine are not expected and require further follow-up. Voiding every 4 hours, use of opioids for pain, and anxiety are typical after this procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1084 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 42. Which information about a patient with Goodpasture syndrome requires the most rapid action by the nurse? a. Blood urea nitrogen level is 70 mg/dL. b. Urine output over the last 2 hours is 30 mL. c. Audible crackles bilaterally over the posterior chest to the midscapular level. d. Elevated level of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies.

C Crackles heard to a high level indicate a need for rapid actions such as assessment of oxygen saturation, reporting the findings to the health care provider, initiating oxygen therapy, and dialysis. The other findings will also be reported, but are typical of Goodpasture syndrome and do not require immediate nursing action. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 18. A client is going home after urography. Which instruction or precaution does the nurse teach this client? a. Avoid direct contact with the urine for 24 hours until the radioisotope clears. b. You may have some dribbling of urine for several weeks after this procedure. c. Be sure to drink at least 3 liters of fluids today to help eliminate the dye faster. d. Your skin may become slightly yellow from the dye used in this procedure.

C Dyes used in urography are potentially nephrotoxic. A large fluid intake will help the client eliminate the dye rapidly. The other statements are not accurate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 6. Which is the result of stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidney tissue? a. Increased blood flow to the kidney b. Inhibition of vitamin D and loss of bone density c. Increased bone marrow production of red blood cells d. Inhibition of active transport of sodium and hyponatremia

C Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and is released in response to decreased oxygen tension in the renal blood supply. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production in the bone marrow. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remembering

1074 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse will anticipate teaching a patient with nephrotic syndrome who develops flank pain about treatment with a. antibiotics. b. antifungals. c. anticoagulants. d. antihypertensives.

C Flank pain in a patient with nephrotic syndrome suggests a renal vein thrombosis, and anticoagulation is needed. Antibiotics are used to treat a patient with flank pain caused by pyelonephritis. Fungal pyelonephritis is uncommon and is treated with antifungals. Antihypertensives are used if the patient has high blood pressure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1113 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 11. A 37-year-old female patient is hospitalized with acute kidney injury (AKI). Which information will be most useful to the nurse in evaluating improvement in kidney function? a. Urine volume b. Creatinine level c. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) d. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level

C GFR is the preferred method for evaluating kidney function. BUN levels can fluctuate based on factors such as fluid volume status and protein intake. Urine output can be normal or high in patients with AKI and does not accurately reflect kidney function. Creatinine alone is not an accurate reflection of renal function. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationMedical Emergencies) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 32. A client has end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Which food selection by the client demonstrates understanding of a low-sodium, low-potassium diet? a. Bananas b. Ham c. Herbs and spices d. Salt substitutes

C Herbs and spices can be used in place of salt to enhance food flavor. Bananas are high in potassium. Ham is high in sodium. Many salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and should not be used. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1102 | 1114 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 22. A 55-year-old patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is scheduled to receive a prescribed dose of epoetin alfa (Procrit). Which information should the nurse report to the health care provider before giving the medication? a. Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL b. Oxygen saturation 89% c. Hemoglobin level 13 g/dL d. Blood pressure 98/56 mm Hg

C High hemoglobin levels are associated with a higher rate of thromboembolic events and increased risk of death from serious cardiovascular events (heart attack, heart failure, stroke) when erythropoietin (EPO) is administered to a target hemoglobin of >12 g/dL. Hemoglobin levels higher than 12 g/dL indicate a need for a decrease in epoetin alfa dose. The other information also will be reported to the health care provider but will not affect whether the medication is administered. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1070 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse determines that further instruction is needed for a patient with interstitial cystitis when the patient says which of the following? a. I should stop having coffee and orange juice for breakfast. b. I will buy calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) at the pharmacy. c. I will start taking high potency multiple vitamins every morning. d. I should call the doctor about increased bladder pain or odorous urine.

C High-potency multiple vitamins may irritate the bladder and increase symptoms. The other patient statements indicate good understanding of the teaching. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1114-1115 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 10. Before administration of calcium carbonate (Caltrate) to a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the nurse should check laboratory results for a. potassium level. b. total cholesterol. c. serum phosphate. d. serum creatinine.

C If serum phosphate is elevated, the calcium and phosphate can cause soft tissue calcification. The calcium carbonate should not be given until the phosphate level is lowered. Total cholesterol, creatinine, and potassium values do not affect whether calcium carbonate should be administered. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1058 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 12. A patient passing bloody urine is scheduled for a cystoscopy with cystogram. Which description of the procedure by the nurse is accurate? a. Your doctor will place a catheter into an artery in your groin and inject a dye that will visualize the blood supply to the kidneys. b. Your doctor will insert a lighted tube into the bladder, and little catheters will be inserted through the tube into your kidney. c. Your doctor will insert a lighted tube into the bladder through your urethra, inspect the bladder, and instill a dye that will outline your bladder on x-ray. d. Your doctor will inject a radioactive solution into a vein in your arm and the distribution of the isotope in your kidneys and bladder will be checked.

C In a cystoscope and cystogram procedure, a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder for direct visualization, and then contrast solution is injected through the scope so that x-rays can be taken. The response beginning, Your doctor will place a catheter describes a renal arteriogram procedure. The response beginning, Your doctor will inject a radioactive solution describes a nuclear scan. The response beginning, Your doctor will insert a lighted tube into the bladder, and little catheters will be inserted describes a retrograde pyelogram. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

p. 1512 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 20. A client with bladder cancer is scheduled to have intravesical chemotherapy. Which statement made by the client indicates correct understanding of this therapy? a. My hair will start growing back in 3 to 6 weeks after chemotherapy is over. b. My white blood cell count will drop and I will be at increased risk for infection. c. This type of chemotherapy is used when no distant metastases are present. d. Chemotherapy only controls cancer, so I will also need radiation.

C Intravesical chemotherapy is used when the tumor has not metastasized. Once metastasis has occurred, systemic chemotherapy and radiation may be used after surgery. The other statements are not accurate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Principles of Teaching/Learning) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 21. To obtain a sterile urine specimen from a client with a Foley catheter, the nurse begins by applying a clamp to the drainage tubing distal to the injection port. What does the nurse do next? a. Clamp another section of the tube to create a fixed sample section for retrieval. b. Insert a syringe into the injection port and aspirate the quantity of urine required. c. Clean the injection port cap of the drainage tubing with povidone-iodine solution. d. Withdraw 10 mL of urine and discard it; then withdraw 10 mL more for the sample.

C It is important to clean the injection port cap of the catheter drainage tubing with an appropriate antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine solution or alcohol. This will help prevent surface contamination before injection of the syringe. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 3. A client with a decreased glomerular filtration rate asks how to prevent further damage to the kidneys. Which is the nurses best response? a. The diuretics you are taking will prevent further damage. b. Kidney damage is inevitable as you age. c. Avoid taking NSAIDs. d. You will need to follow a high-protein diet.

C Kidney failure causes many problems, including decreased glomerular filtration rate. Nephrotoxins can worsen renal failure, especially in someone who already has some loss of kidney function. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 7. A client is taking furosemide (Lasix). To detect a common adverse effect, the nurse obtains which assessment as a priority? a. Breath sounds b. Heart sounds c. Intake and output d. Nutritional patterns

C Lasix is a diuretic that causes increased urine output. If too much urine output occurs, the client may be at risk for hypovolemia, which is a cause of prerenal kidney failure. A marked change in fluid balance seen in the intake and output measurement can help identify the client who may be at risk for hypovolemia. Heart sounds and breath sounds would be more important to assess if the client was receiving Lasix for fluid overload conditions, such as heart failure. Nutrition assessment is important to ensure that the client gets enough potassium, but dehydration is more common and needs more vigorous assessment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesMedication Administration) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 29. A client is receiving acetohydroxamic acid (Lithostat). Which statement by the client indicates a good understanding of this therapy? a. I should finish this antibiotic even if I am feeling better. b. I need to drink a full glass of water when I take this drug. c. My blood will be drawn occasionally for kidney function tests. d. This medication may turn my urine bright orange and stain my clothes.

C Lithostat is used as long-term therapy with clients who have struvite stones. Lithostat prevents bacteria from splitting urea. Clients receiving Lithostat must have their serum creatinine monitored during therapy. The other statements are not accurate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Surgical Procedures and Health Alterations) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 6. A client is hospitalized with a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which clinical manifestation alerts the nurse to the possibility of a complication from the UTI? a. Burning on urination b. Cloudy, dark urine c. Fever and chills d. Hematuria

C Lower urinary tract infections are rarely associated with systemic symptoms of fever and chills. A client with a UTI who develops fever and chills should be assessed for the development of pyelonephritis. The other options can be seen with UTI. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1088 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 19. A patient admitted to the hospital with pneumonia has a history of functional urinary incontinence. Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care? a. Demonstrate the use of the Cred maneuver. b. Teach exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor. c. Place a bedside commode close to the patients bed. d. Use an ultrasound scanner to check postvoiding residuals.

C Modifications in the environment make it easier to avoid functional incontinence. Checking for residual urine and performing the Cred maneuver are interventions for overflow incontinence. Kegel exercises are useful for stress incontinence. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

Chart 69-4, p. 1495 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Pharmacological and Parenteral TherapiesAdverse Effects/Contraindications/Interactions/Side Effects) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 28. A client is receiving treatment with liquid nitrofurantoin (Furadantin). Which is the highest priority instruction that the nurse can provide to this client regarding accurate administration of the medication? a. The medication should be mixed with cold water before drinking it. b. Urine will turn orange immediately after you swallow the drug. c. You should ask the pharmacist for a syringe to measure the dose. d. The drug is available in granules that must be dissolved.

C Nitrofurantoin is available in a suspension that must be measured accurately for the correct dose. Common household spoons are not accurate for this task, and the client should request a syringe from the pharmacist. The medication does not have to be mixed before taking, and it will not discolor the urine. The drug is not available in granules that are dissolved. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1056 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 2. When a patients urine dipstick test indicates a small amount of protein, the nurses next action should be to a. send a urine specimen to the laboratory to test for ketones. b. obtain a clean-catch urine for culture and sensitivity testing. c. inquire about which medications the patient is currently taking. d. ask the patient about any family history of chronic renal failure.

C Normally the urinalysis will show zero to trace amounts of protein, but some medications may give false-positive readings. The other actions by the nurse may be appropriate, but checking for medications that may affect the dipstick accuracy should be done first. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1416 KEY: Renal system| perfusion| mean arterial blood pressure| calculation MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation NOT: Client Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control 1. The nurse is palpating a clients kidneys. The clients right kidney is easily palpated, but the nurse cannot palpate the left kidney. What is the nurses interpretation of this finding? a. The problem involves the right kidney. b. The problem involves the left kidney. c. Both kidneys are in the normal position. d. The client is at increased risk for kidney impairment.

C Normally, the left kidney is situated more deeply, and often it cannot be palpated. This is a normal finding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

Table 69-3, p. 1498 TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Assessment) 1. The nurse is palpating a clients kidneys. The clients right kidney is easily palpated, but the nurse cannot palpate the left kidney. What is the nurses interpretation of this finding? a. The problem involves the right kidney. b. The problem involves the left kidney. c. Both kidneys are in the normal position. d. The client is at increased risk for kidney impairment.

C Normally, the left kidney is situated more deeply, and often it cannot be palpated. This is a normal finding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understanding

1120 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 14. A 64-year-old male patient who has had progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) for several years has just begun regular hemodialysis. Which information about diet will the nurse include in patient teaching? a. Increased calories are needed because glucose is lost during hemodialysis. b. Unlimited fluids are allowed because retained fluid is removed during dialysis. c. More protein is allowed because urea and creatinine are removed by dialysis. d. Dietary potassium is not restricted because the level is normalized by dialysis.

C Once the patient is started on dialysis and nitrogenous wastes are removed, more protein in the diet is encouraged. Fluids are still restricted to avoid excessive weight gain and complications such as shortness of breath. Glucose is not lost during hemodialysis. Sodium and potassium intake continues to be restricted to avoid the complications associated with high levels of these electrolytes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

15-16 OBJ: Special Questions: Delegation TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment 30. A licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) is caring for a patient with stage 2 chronic kidney disease. Which observation by the RN requires an intervention? a. The LPN/LVN administers the erythropoietin subcutaneously. b. The LPN/LVN assists the patient to ambulate out in the hallway. c. The LPN/LVN administers the iron supplement and phosphate binder with lunch. d. The LPN/LVN carries a tray containing low-protein foods into the patients room.

C Oral phosphate binders should not be given at the same time as iron because they prevent the iron from being absorbed. The phosphate binder should be given with a meal and the iron given at a different time. The other actions by the LPN/LVN are appropriate for a patient with renal insufficiency. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1114-1115 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 15. Which action by a 70-year-old patient who is using peritoneal dialysis (PD) indicates that the nurse should provide more teaching about PD? a. The patient leaves the catheter exit site without a dressing. b. The patient plans 30 to 60 minutes for a dialysate exchange. c. The patient cleans the catheter while taking a bath each day. d. The patient slows the inflow rate when experiencing abdominal pain.

C Patients are encouraged to take showers rather than baths to avoid infections at the catheter insertion side. The other patient actions indicate good understanding of peritoneal dialysis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1088 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 20. The home health nurse teaches a patient with a neurogenic bladder how to use intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying. Which patient statement indicates that the teaching has been effective? a. I will buy seven new catheters weekly and use a new one every day. b. I will use a sterile catheter and gloves for each time I self-catheterize. c. I will clean the catheter carefully before and after each catheterization. d. I will need to take prophylactic antibiotics to prevent any urinary tract infections.

C Patients who are at home can use a clean technique for intermittent self-catheterization and change the catheter every 7 days. There is no need to use a new catheter every day, to use sterile catheters, or to take prophylactic antibiotics. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 39. The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Which nursing intervention has the greatest priority when a dialysis exchange is performed? a. Adding potassium and antibiotic to the dialysate bags b. Positioning the client on either side c. Using sterile technique when hooking up dialysate bags d. Warming the dialysate fluid in a microwave oven

C Peritonitis is the major complication of PD. The most common cause of peritonitis is connection site contamination. To prevent peritonitis, use meticulous sterile technique when caring for the PD catheter and when hooking up or clamping off dialysate bags. This safety precaution is the priority. Never warm dialysate fluid in the microwave. Positioning the client may help with the flow of fluid. Clients may need additives to their dialysate fluid, but potassium and antibiotics are not added together because interactions between them can reduce the effectiveness of the antibiotic. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Complications from Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 7. A client with severe bacterial cystitis is prescribed cefadroxil (Duricef) and phenazopyridine (Pyridium). What statement by the client indicates an accurate understanding of these medications? a. I will not take these drugs with food or milk. b. I will stop these drugs if I think I am pregnant. c. An orange color in my urine wont alarm me. d. I will try to drink a liter of cranberry juice daily.

C Phenazopyridine discolors urine most commonly to a deep reddish orange. Many clients think they have blood in their urine when they see this. In addition, the urine can permanently stain clothing. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1112 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 9. Which menu choice by the patient who is receiving hemodialysis indicates that the nurses teaching has been successful? a. Split-pea soup, English muffin, and nonfat milk b. Oatmeal with cream, half a banana, and herbal tea c. Poached eggs, whole-wheat toast, and apple juice d. Cheese sandwich, tomato soup, and cranberry juice

C Poached eggs would provide high-quality protein, and apple juice is low in potassium. Cheese is high in salt and phosphate, and tomato soup would be high in potassium. Split-pea soup is high in potassium, and dairy products are high in phosphate. Bananas are high in potassium, and the cream would be high in phosphate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 15. A client has been diagnosed with acute postrenal kidney injury. Which assessment finding does the nurse assess most carefully for? a. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 35 mg/dL b. Creatinine, 2.5 mg/dL c. Feeling of urgency d. Weight gain and edema

C Postrenal kidney failure is identified by focusing on urinary obstructive problems. Symptoms include changes in the urine stream or difficulty starting urination. All the other distractors can be seen with prerenal and intrarenal kidney injury. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Psychosocial Integrity (Therapeutic Communication) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 12. Assessment findings reveal that a client with chronic kidney disease is refusing to take prescribed medications because of the cost. The client also is having difficulty performing activities of daily living and prefers to sleep most of the day. To which health care team member does the nurse refer the client? a. Home health aide b. Physical therapist c. Psychiatric nurse practitioner d. Physician

C Professionals from many disciplines are resources for the client with renal failure. A psychiatric evaluation may be needed if depressive symptoms are present. Refusing treatment, having difficulty performing activities of daily living, and excessive sleeping could be signs of depression. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance (Self-Care) MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning 10. Which staff member does the charge nurse assign to care for a client newly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease? a. Licensed practical nurse who usually works on the unit b. Registered nurse floated from the hemodialysis unit c. Registered nurse who has taken care of this client before d. Registered nurse with the most years of experience

C Provide continuity of care, whenever possible, by using a consistent nurse-client relationship to decrease anxiety and promote discussion of concerns. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1095 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 37. A 63-year-old male patient had a cystectomy with an ileal conduit yesterday. Which new assessment data is most important for the nurse to communicate to the physician? a. Cloudy appearing urine b. Hypotonic bowel sounds c. Heart rate 102 beats/minute d. Continuous stoma drainage

C Tachycardia may indicate infection, hemorrhage, or hypovolemia, which are all serious complications of this surgery. The urine from an ileal conduit normally contains mucus and is cloudy. Hypotonic bowel sounds are expected after bowel surgery. Continuous drainage of urine from the stoma is normal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1093-1095 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 22. A 68-year-old male patient who has bladder cancer had a cystectomy with creation of an Indiana pouch. Which topic will be included in patient teaching? a. Application of ostomy appliances b. Barrier products for skin protection c. Catheterization technique and schedule d. Analgesic use before emptying the pouch

C The Indiana pouch enables the patient to self-catheterize every 4 to 6 hours. There is no need for an ostomy device or barrier products. Catheterization of the pouch is not painful. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1102 | 1105 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 4. A patient who has acute glomerulonephritis is hospitalized with hyperkalemia. Which information will the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed calcium gluconate IV? a. Urine volume b. Calcium level c. Cardiac rhythm d. Neurologic status

C The calcium gluconate helps prevent dysrhythmias that might be caused by the hyperkalemia. The nurse will monitor the other data as well, but these will not be helpful in determining the effectiveness of the calcium gluconate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1071 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 35. The nurse observes unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) taking the following actions when caring for a female patient with a urethral catheter. Which action requires that the nurse intervene? a. Taping the catheter to the skin on the patients upper inner thigh b. Cleaning around the patients urinary meatus with soap and water c. Disconnecting the catheter from the drainage tube to obtain a specimen d. Using an alcohol-based gel hand cleaner before performing catheter care

C The catheter should not be disconnected from the drainage tube because this increases the risk for urinary tract infection (UTI). The other actions are appropriate and do not require any intervention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialLaboratory Values) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 11. An older client is hospitalized with suspected heart failure. After 2 days of treatment, the client is not improving. Which laboratory value does the nurse report to the provider? a. Potassium, 3.7 mEq/L b. Sodium, 144 mEq/L c. Glomerular filtration rate, 55 mL/min d. Creatinine, 0.9 mg/dL

C The clients GFR is extremely low; this can correspond with kidney disorders, including acute glomerulonephritis (GN). Because of pulmonary and cardiac congestion that accompanies acute GN, the condition can be mistaken for heart failure, especially in the older adult. The nurse should report this laboratory value so the client can undergo additional diagnostic studies. The other laboratory values are normal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk PotentialPotential for Alterations in Body Systems) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Implementation) 18. A client who has undergone a nephrolithotomy procedure 24 hours ago now has a fever of 101 F (38.3 C). What is the nurses priority intervention? a. Apply a cooling blanket. b. Strain the clients urine. c. Notify the health care provider. d. Document the finding in the clients chart.

C The elevated temperature indicates a possible infection. Treatment must be initiated as soon as possible to prevent septic complications. The nurse needs to notify the provider so that appropriate diagnostic studies and treatment can be started. The temperature is not high enough to warrant a cooling blanket, and straining the urine will not help find a cause for the fever. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1094 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 21. After a ureterolithotomy, a female patient has a left ureteral catheter and a urethral catheter in place. Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Provide teaching about home care for both catheters. b. Apply continuous steady tension to the ureteral catheter. c. Call the health care provider if the ureteral catheter output drops suddenly. d. Clamp the ureteral catheter off when output from the urethral catheter stops.

C The health care provider should be notified if the ureteral catheter output decreases because obstruction of this catheter may result in an increase in pressure in the renal pelvis. Tension on the ureteral catheter should be avoided in order to prevent catheter displacement. To avoid pressure in the renal pelvis, the catheter is not clamped. Because the patient is not usually discharged with a ureteral catheter in place, patient teaching about both catheters is not needed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1052 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 20. Which information from a patients urinalysis requires that the nurse notify the health care provider? a. pH 6.2 b. Trace protein c. WBC 20 to 26/hpf d. Specific gravity 1.021

C The increased number of white blood cells (WBCs) indicates the presence of urinary tract infection or inflammation. The other findings are normal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1060 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 22. Which assessment of a 62-year-old patient who has just had an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) requires immediate action by the nurse? a. The heart rate is 58 beats/minute. b. The patient complains of a dry mouth. c. The respiratory rate is 38 breaths/minute. d. The urine output is 400 mL after 2 hours.

C The increased respiratory rate indicates that the patient may be experiencing an allergic reaction to the contrast medium used during the procedure. The nurse should immediately assess the patients oxygen saturation and breath sounds. The other data are not unusual findings following an IVP. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1104 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 27. A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has longer QRS intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG) than were noted on the previous shift. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Notify the patients health care provider. b. Document the QRS interval measurement. c. Check the medical record for most recent potassium level. d. Check the chart for the patients current creatinine level.

C The increasing QRS interval is suggestive of hyperkalemia, so the nurse should check the most recent potassium and then notify the patients health care provider. The BUN and creatinine will be elevated in a patient with AKI, but they would not directly affect the electrocardiogram (ECG). Documentation of the QRS interval is also appropriate, but interventions to decrease the potassium level are needed to prevent life-threatening dysrhythmias. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1097 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 38. A 32-year-old patient with a history of polycystic kidney disease is admitted to the surgical unit after having shoulder surgery. Which of the routine postoperative orders is most important for the nurse to discuss with the health care provider? a. Infuse 5% dextrose in normal saline at 75 mL/hr. b. Order regular diet after patient is awake and alert. c. Give ketorolac (Toradol) 10 mg PO PRN for pain. d. Draw blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in 2 hours.

C The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided in patients with decreased renal function because nephrotoxicity is a potential adverse effect. The other orders do not need any clarification or change. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

N/A TOP: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity (Physiological AdaptationPathophysiology) MSC: Integrated Process: Nursing Process (Analysis) 14. A client has a serum creatinine level of 2.5 mg/dL, a serum potassium level of 6 mmol/L, an arterial pH of 7.32, and a urine output of 250 mL/day. Which phase of acute kidney failure is the client experiencing? a. Intrarenal b. Nonoliguric c. Oliguric d. Postrenal

C The oliguric phase of acute kidney failure is characterized by the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, resulting in increasing levels of serum creatinine and potassium, bicarbonate deficit, and decreased or no urine output.Intrarenal and postrenal refer to causes of kidney injury. Nonoliguric is not a classification. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Applying or higher

1086 OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 25. When preparing a female patient with bladder cancer for intravesical chemotherapy, the nurse will teach about a. premedicating to prevent nausea. b. obtaining wigs and scarves to wear. c. emptying the bladder before the medication. d. maintaining oral care during the treatments.

C The patient will be asked to empty the bladder before instillation of the chemotherapy. Systemic side effects are not usually experienced with intravesical chemotherapy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1115 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 6. Which statement by a 62-year-old patient with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicates that the nurses teaching about management of CKD has been effective? a. I need to get most of my protein from low-fat dairy products. b. I will increase my intake of fruits and vegetables to 5 per day. c. I will measure my urinary output each day to help calculate the amount I can drink. d. I need to take erythropoietin to boost my immune system and help prevent infection.

C The patient with end-stage kidney disease is taught to measure urine output as a means of determining an appropriate oral fluid intake. Erythropoietin is given to increase the red blood cell count and will not offer any benefit for immune function. Dairy products are restricted because of the high phosphate level. Many fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and should be restricted in the patient with CKD. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)

1080 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 1. After the insertion of an arteriovenous graft (AVG) in the right forearm, a 54-year-old patient complains of pain and coldness of the right fingers. Which action should the nurse take? a. Teach the patient about normal AVG function. b. Remind the patient to take a daily low-dose aspirin tablet. c. Report the patients symptoms to the health care provider. d. Elevate the patients arm on pillows to above the heart level.

C The patients complaints suggest the development of distal ischemia (steal syndrome) and may require revision of the AVG. Elevation of the arm above the heart will further decrease perfusion. Pain and coolness are not normal after AVG insertion. Aspirin therapy is not used to maintain grafts. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application)