Reproduction Test 2

What are some reasons that evisceration might occur post-castration?

- Attempting to stand after anesthesia - Pre-existing, unapparent, congenital inguinal hernia (and/or horses under 6 months of age)

What 2 types of cells are usually seen within septic peritoneal fluid?

- Degenerate neutrophils - Intracellular bacteria

Name some methods of pregnancy diagnosis in sows.

- Farrowing - Failure to return to estrus 18-24 and 36-48 days after mating - No boar sound or sight 1 h pre-heat check - Ultrasound ~30-90 days of pregnancy - Rectal palpation of uterine artery-cervix-uterus

Aside from behavioral issues, what are some reasons for castrating horses?

- To salvage horse for purposes other than breeding (a stallion w/ breeding problems) -Indications for unilateral orchidectomy: ----Testicular neoplasia ----Testicular trauma ----Torsion of spermatic cord ----Inguinal herniation

Explain the mechanism for why the production of ketones occurs in females with pregnancy toxemia?

-> Begins with an overwhelming negative energy balance -> Mobilization of fat stores -> Kreb's Cycle gets overwhelmed -> Ketones are produced

In regards to tetanus prophylaxis, if the horse has never been vaccinated for tetanus, what is the standard protocol?

-> Initial toxoid AND antitoxin prophylaxis should be admininstered -> Then another toxoid repeated in one month

How would you treat evisceration of omentum?

-> Transect omentum as proximally as possible -> Stand horse in stall for 48 hours -> +/- suture superficial inguinal ring

What is the main difference between the open and closed castration technique?

-Closed technique: testes are removed enclosed within parietal tunic -Open technique: tunic is NOT removed

When doing a physical exam on the stallion, what are the 2 reasons the scrotum and inguinal regions should be palpated?

-Make sure he is not a cryptorchid -Make sure he has no inguinal hernia

What predisposes females to pregnancy toxemia?

-Relative increased energy demands such as with multiple fetusus -Relative decreased dry matter intake

What is the reproductive goal of sheep and goats?

1.5 weanlings/dam/year

What is special about the cervix of the swine?

10 cm long with corkscrew cervical folds

If you have 2-4 male sheep/goats, how many females must be impregnated to "pass"?

100 females 2-4 males per 100 females

What is the average length of gestation in the swine?

114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days)

In stage II of parturition in pigs with dystocia, how long until many, if not all, piglets will be dead?

12 hours

Horse ejaculate can still impregnate a mare up to how many days after castration?

2 days post-castration

What percentage of adult weight would you start to breed the female sheep/goat?

2/3 (60-70%) of adult body weight

How many days is a standard estrous cycle in pigs?

21 days

How long should it be after parturition when piglets should start nursing?

30 min

How many embryos must be present in a swine for the pregnancy to continue?

4

How long is the average gestation length in sheep/goats?

5 months (140-155 days)

What percentage of piglets are stillborn on average? a. 5-10% b. 15-20% c. 30-40% d. 40-50%

5-10%

If you have 1 male sheep/goat, how many females must be impregnated to "pass"?

50 females in a 60-day breeding season

Serum concentrations of testosterone & estrogen decline to basal levels within: a. 2 hours b. 6 hours c. 12 hours d. 2 days

6 hours

On average, puberty in sheep and goats is reached by: a. 7 months b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 22 months

7 months

If using a male goat to detect estrus in a female, which of these is a sign that the male will demonstrate if the female is in heat? a. Puts his nose in the female's urine stream b. Flehmen reaciton c. Strikes with front leg d. Flicks his tongue e. All of the above

All of the above

Pseudopregnancy ("Cloudburst") is CL retention. What are the clinical signs?

Anestrus Increased abdominal signs Increased progesterone Signs of parturition

Sheep/goats go through seasonal polyestrus during which months?

August-September

What is the most likely pathogen that causes epididymitis in the ram?

Brucella ovis

What is the treatment for B. ovis positive rams?

Cull

If dexamethasone is to be given to induce parturition, it is most effective after: a. Day 70 b. Day 100 c. Day 140

Day 140

After castration, libido declines gradually until around: a. Day 3 b. Day 30 c. Day 56 d. Day 90

Day 56

When should you ultrasound ewes/does during gestation to detect possible twins/triplets?

Days 45-90 (often around day 50)

What is/are the progesterone source(s) in ewes vs does? Doe: Ewe:

Doe: Primarily from CL Ewe: CL during the 1st trimester, then placenta for the rest

If using a CLOSED castration technique and the cord is too thick, you may need to perform a "double emasculation." Explain this approach.

Double emasculation: Parietal tunic ligated and removed separately from the cord

Which pregnancy diagnosis method can indicate fetal viability?

Estrone sulfate detection

What is the average estrous cycle length of time in ewes and does? Ewe: Doe:

Ewe: 17 days Doe: 21 days

A horse that was recently castrated is brought into the clinic with its omentum hanging through its scrotum. What should you do first?

Examine horse per rectum to confirm that intestine has not entered the inguinal canal

What is ringwomb?

Failure of cervix to dilate

What is the ideal season to breed ewes/does?

Fall

If the horses inguinal ring can accommodate 1 finger on rectal palpation, they are predisposed to inguinal ring hernia. (T/F)

False 2 fingers*

Pregnancy-Specific Protein B will be higher with fewer fetuses. (T/F)

False PSP-B will be higher with multiple fetuses

When inducing parturition in pigs, knowing the exact date of breeding is not important as long as you administer prostaglandins. (T/F)

False You need to know the exact last breeding date or immature babies may result

What does "false rig" mean?

False rig = Gelding displaying behavior characteristics of a stallion

Bilateral cryptorchids can successfully breed if medically managed. (T/F)

False! Cryptorchid testes are incapable of producing sperm, and so, bilateral cryptorchids are STERILE!

If PG600 is given to gilts nearing puberty, what is the resulting effect that occurs within 3-6 days?

Fertile heat cycle

How do you treat pregnancy toxemia?

Fluids +/- electrolytes, sugar, b vitamins If that treatment doesn't work, get those babies outta there

Heat detection is utilized most with which mating system? a. Pen Mating b. Hand Mating c. Artificial Insemination

Hand mating

When is infertility common in pigs? a. Early Spring b. Early Winter c. Late Fall d. Late Summer

Late summer

What is the passing percentage for motility and morphology of semen in the RAM? Motility: Morphology:

Motility: >30% Morphology: >50%

What are the motility and morphology requirements for semen in a boar? Motility: Morphology:

Motility: >60% Morphology: 80%

What is the passing percentage for motility and morphology of semen in the BUCK? Motility: Morphology:

Motility: >70% Morphology: >80%

How soon after a heat cycle should you spay a vietnamese potbellied pig?

No less than 10 days after heat. Because estrus causes increased vascular supply.

The first two piglets are birthed cranially (head first) but the third seems to be coming out in back end/tail end first. What do you do differently for this piglet?

Nothing! 60% of piglets are birthed cranially while 40% are born with the posterior end first. Both are normal.

Which method predisposes to hydrocele formation? a. Closed castration b. Open castration

Open castration (because parietal tunic is not removed)

How do you treat retained fetal membranes?

Oxytocin within 24 hours

Which mating system would be ideal for a group of sows that are in varying stage of estrous cycle? a. Pen Mating b. Hand Mating c. Artificial Insemination

Pen Mating

Priapism or penile paralysis is most commonly caused by what?

Phenothiazine-derivative tranquilizers administered before sx (Acepromazine and propiomazine)

Which two drugs can induce parturition in ewes/does?

Prostaglandin Dexamethasone

What protocol is used to induce parturition in pigs?

Prostaglandins + Oxytocin 24 hours later

What do placentomes have to do with retained fetal membranes?

Retention of fetal membranes is caused by the failure of placentomes to properly detach

What is a synonym for Septic Funiculitis?

Scirrhous cord

What is the ideal season to give birth in ewes/does?

Spring (more grass and nutrients for lactation and favorable outcome)

Describe the stages of pig farrowing. Stage 1 - Stage 2 - Stage 3 -

Stage 1 - Preparation. 12 hours prepartum. Restless. Stage 2 - Delivery. (1-5 hours). 1 piglet/15 min. If it has been 30 min and no piglet, vaginal exam is indicated. Stage 3 - Fetal Membranes. (<10 hours). Retained fetal membranes are rare.

Describe the 3 stages of labor: Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3:

Stage 1: (3-6 hours) Uterine contractions, cervical dilation Stage 2: (1-3 hours) Water break, abdominal straining, birth Stage 3: (<12 hours) Placental straining

With excessive hemorrhage post-op, what vessel is the blood most likely coming from?

Testicular artery

What is the most common reason for castration in horses?

To eliminate masculine behavior & managerial problems arising from this behavior

Why do you want to wait until 5-6 months to castrate pet goats/sheep?

To let their urethra grow a bit more because they are prone to forming stones

10-30 mL of 10% Formalin can be effective in treating post-op scrotal hemorrhage when administered IV. (T/F)

True

Androgen-producing cells of Leydig of a cryptorchid testis will still produce testosterone in reduced concentrations. (T/F)

True

Castrated horses tend to grow taller than intact horses. (T/F)

True

Confinement slows the onset of puberty in swine. (T/F)

True

Ovulation occurs for about 7 hours during the 2nd day of heat in gilts. (T/F)

True

Physical movement and having a boar within sight/sound of the pig hastens the onset of puberty in swine. (T/F)

True

Succinylcholine provides no analgesia and should not be used alone to castrate horses. (T/F)

True

The presence of a male will hasten the onset of puberty in a sheep and goats. (T/F)

True

Vaginal prolapse is hereditary. (T/F)

True Culling is valid

Ringwomb is hereditary. (T/F)

True Culling the mother and babies is a reasonable cure (there are other treatments as well but it is still heritable)

What is special about the penis of rams and bucks?

Urethral process Sigmoid flexure

Excessive hemorrhage during castration is most often caused by what?

Usually caused by an improperly applied or defective emasculator **Most often emasculators that are TOO SHARP

Is Brucella ovis zoonotic?

Yes!

What is a "buck jar" and what is its purpose?

You rub a rag on a buck's head and put the rag in a jar to offer to does once a day. The idea is that the scent of a buck will stimulate estrus behavior in the female to help with estrus detection.

All are acceptable treatments for pseudopregnancy EXCEPT a. Adminstration of progesterone b. Administration of prostaglandin c. Remove estrogenic feeds (legumes, moldy grains) d. Remove high-energy

a. Administration of progesterone

Which of the following can be considered for standing castration? a. Docile stallions with well-developed testes b. Small ponies c. Mules d. Donkeys

a. Docile stallions with well-developed testes

Which of the following is NOT true in regards to giving oxytocin for dystocia in swine? a. Give as many times as needed b. Response in 3-5 minutes c. Do not give if canal is blocked d. Do not give more than q30 min

a. Give as many times as needed *Do not give more than THREE times separated by 30 min intervals

The most likely period for embryo mortality in a pig is: a. Less than 30 days gestation b. Greater than 30 days gestation

a. Less than 30 days gestation

Which can be sutured for the treatment of evisceration? a. Superficial inguinal ring b. Vaginal ring c. Deep inguinal ring

a. Superficial inguinal ring **You CANNOT suture the deep inguinal or vaginal rings.

Which are characteristics for complete abdominal cryptorchid? a. Testis and epididymis are both abdominally retained b. Epididymis, but not testis, has descended through vaginal ring

a. Testis and epididymis are both abdominally retained

Breeding on their 2nd heat or later and "flushing" are two methods that have what effect on ovulation rate? a. These increase ovulation rate b. These decrease ovulation rate

a. These INCREASE ovulation rate

In regards to tetanus prophylaxis, if the horse has previously been vaccinated, it should receive: a. Toxoid prophylaxis b. Antitoxin prophylaxis c. Both

a. Toxoid prophylaxis

How soon prior to breeding season should a breeding soundness exam be performed for sheep and goats? a. 1 week b. 3-4 weeks c. 3-4 months d. 8-12 months

b. 3-4 weeks

At what age does puberty in swine start in most pigs? a. 2-3 months b. 7-9 months c. 11-12 months d. 16-18 months

b. 7-9 months

Which are characteristics for partial (incomplete) abdominal cryptorchid? a. Testis and epididymis are both abdominally retained b. Epididymis, but not testis, has descended through vaginal ring

b. Epididymis, but not testis, has descended through vaginal ring

Which of the following is NOT a common reason dystocias occur in small ruminants? a. Single, large fetus b. Severe diarrhea c. Ringwomb d. Malpresentation

b. Severe diarrhea

How long are pigs generally receptive during the estrus phase? a. 3 hours b. 12 hours c. 24-72 hours d. 5-7 days

c. 24-72 hours

If you are going to use prostaglandin in a ewe in order to induce abortion, it must be administered by what day of gestation? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 150

c. 50

Which of these is NOT a sign of impending labor in a sheep/goat? a. Udder engorgement b. Vulvar edema c. Become more social d. Pelvic ligament relaxation e. Isolation f. Cervical mucus

c. Become more social *They isolate themselves

With horses predisposed to evisceration, you should do all of the following procedures EXCEPT: a. Use closed technique b. Ligate spermatic cord proximal to site of transection c. Ligate the cremaster muscle

c. Ligate the cremaster muscle <- FALSE!!! **AVOID incorporating cremaster muscle in the ligation!!! Contractions can dislodge suture!

All of the following predispose to retained fetal membranes EXCEPT a. Nutrition b. Hypocalcemia c. Dystocia d. Obesity e. Hyperthroidism

e. Hyperthroidism

What are the two hormonal components of the drug PG600?

eCG and hCG