Reproductive system

What are the three layers that comprise the uterus in order and what are each of their functions?

(1) innermost layer (most medial)= endometrium (mucosa) - fertilized egg 1st burrows here - why you don't pas during pregnancy - sheds during pms (2) middle layer = myometrium - composed of smooth muscle - contracts during childbirth (3) outer layer = perimetrium - visceral peritoneum

What is the ductus (vas) deferens? what is its function?

*the travel the sperm have to take - links epididymis to ejaculatory duct - propels live sperm from storage

What is the corpus luteum?

- AKA "yellow body" - remnant of an ovulated follicle - if pregnancy occurs, this structure releases hormones (progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin) >> if fertilizations doesn't occur, eventually degenerates and becomes fibrous tissue as LH levels decline

The ovaries are stimulated by what two hormones? What hormones do they produce?

stimulated by FSH and LH produce estrogen and progesterone

Where does fertilization take place? The where does the zygote travel?

takes place in the fallopian tube, then fertilized egg travels to uterus

The male reproductive duct system transports, stores, and assists in sperm maturation. Which part(s) of the duct system are responsible for each of these actions?

transports = ductus deferens, urethra stores = epididymis assists in sperm maturation = seminiferous vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland

What part of the male reproductive system conducts both semen and urine? urethra ejaculatory duct epididymis vas deferens

urethra - The urethra passes through the prostate gland, picking up seminal secretions.

In what part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization typically occur?

uterine (fallopian) tube

What are the primary sex organs in males? in females?

males = testes females = ovaries

What are some of the effects of estrogen (characteristics)?

- enlargement of accessory organs to the female reproductive system - development of breasts - appearance of axillary and pubic hair - increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts - widening and lightening the pelvis - onset of menstrual cycle

What is the function of the seminal vesicle? Where is it located?

- located @ base of the bladder - produce 60% of seminal fluid (produces thick, yellowish secretion) - secretes fructose, prostaglandins, Vitamin C, and other substances that nourish and activate sperm (fuel for sperm)

What is the function of the prostate? What happens if the prostate is enlarged?

- milky prostate fluid for activating sperm - fluid enters urethra through several small ducts - if enlarges (prostatitis), presses on prostatic urethra and makes it difficult to pass urine

What si the epididymus? what is its function?

- portion of male duct system in which SPERM MATURE - empties into ductus deferens - contracts with ejaculation

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

- produce thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra - this secretion is the first to pass down the urethra when the man is sexually excited (PRECUM) - aids in cleaning penis and as lubricant - pleasant alkaline environment for storing sperm

What are the three phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle, when do they take place, and what occurs during each phase?

1. Menstrual Phase (days 1-5) = shading of the functional layers of the endometrium 2. Proliferative (days 6-14) = rebuilding go the endometrium; ovulation occurs at end of this phase 3. Secretory phase (days 15-28; immediately after ovulation) = enrichment of blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo

What are the tree parts of the male urethra in order from top to bottom?

1. Prostatic Urethra - passes through prostate 2. Membranous Urethra - connects prostatic urethra to penis 3. Spongy Urethra - runs down penis and opens to outside

The female duct system consists of three main parts. What are they and what is their function?

1. Uterine tubules (fallopian tubes) = receive ovulated egg and provide fertilization site 2. Uterus = receives, nourishes, and retains fertilized egg 3. Vagina

What are the 3 main functions of the ovaries?

1. produce immature female gametes (oocytes = eggs) 2. secretion of female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) 3. secretion of inhibin (feedback to pituitary during birthing process)

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell?

23

The ability to release eggs begins at ______. Reproductive availability ends at ________.

The ability to release eggs begins at PUBERTY. Reproductive availability ends at MENOPAUSE.

Where is DNA found in the sperm?

The head, or nucleus of the sperm, is compacted DNA.

FSH promotes spermatogenesis. a) What is spermatogenesis? b) When does it begin? c) Where does it occur? d) One primary spermatocyte produces 4 haploid spermatids. What is a spermatid?

a) spermatogenesis = production of sperm cells b) begins at puberty and continues throughout life c) occurs in seminiferous tubules d) spermatid - mature sperm head with 23 chromosomes

Which of these describes semen? alkaline pH includes glycogen to fuel sperm action total sperm count about 20 million in 5 ml contains both white and red blood cells

alkaline pH

What are androgens? What is the most abundant androgen? What are the functions of this androgen?

androgens = male sex hormone most abundant = testosterone functions = reproductive system development; male characteristics (hair, increased bone mass and muscle, wider shoulders, narrow hip, deep voice, etc.)

The total spy of eggs are present at what age?

birth - the total supply of eggs are present at birth

What part of the uterus projects into the vagina? endometrium cervix fundus body

cervix

Which of these accomplishes fertilization? morula formation combination of sperm nucleus with egg nucleus implantation acrosomal reaction

combination of sperm nucleus with egg nucleus - The moment the sperm inserts its DNA into the egg, fertilization has occurred

What name refers to sex cells?

gametes

Oocytes are matured in developing ______.

ovarian follicles

What happens on day 14 of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle?

ovulation

What organ delivers nutrients to the developing embryo and produces estrogen and progesterone?

placenta

Progesterone is produced by the _______, the remnant of an ovulated follicle. While it DOES NOT contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics like estrogen it DOES ....

produced by corpus luteum ** helps maintain pregnancy and prepares breasts for milk production -- controlled by LH

What hormone keeps the innermost layer of the uterus (endometrium) in tact to retain egg?

progesterone

Which gland produces 60% of seminal fluid volume, including fructose and prostaglandins? seminal vesicles epididymis prostate bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicles - These two small glands are located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder.