Reproductive System - Preparation for Lecture Exam
What highlighted part of the uterus is indicated by the arrow?
cervix
Identify the highlighted structure of the female reproductive system.
clitoris
Name the part of the penis highlighted in the image.
crus of penis
In males, testosterone is converted to __________, which then stimulates cells of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and external accessory organs.
dihydrotestosterone
Spermatogenesis occurs in the __________.
seminiferous tubules
Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
Of the various classes of birth control methods, what is the most effective?
surgical intervention
What are the structures highlighted orange at the end of the arrow in the image?
Lobules of testis
In the image, what is the structure highlighted at the end of the arrow?
prostate
The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of __________.
reproductive hormones
During sperm development, the process of meiosis I results in cells called _________.
secondary spermatocytes
A patient presents with low semen volume. In addition, he has a decrease in sperm motility due to a decrease in nutrients that supply energy to power the flagella. Which of the following accessory glands of the reproductive system may be malfunctioning?
seminal vesicle
Define synapsis.
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
What are gametes?
Sex cells produced by the reproductive organs.
List the correct order of cell stages in spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte
Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis are each caused by a type of __________.
bacterium
Describe the chromosome number before and after meiosis II.
1N → 1N
1. Prior to ovulation, a follicle progresses through what stages (in correct order)? 2. After ovulation, the remnant of the follicle goes through what changes (assuming fertilization did not occur)? 2. After ovulation, the remnant of the follicle goes through what changes (assuming fertilization did not occur)?
1. Primordial, primary, secondary, mature 2. Corpus luteum to corpus albicans 3. mature follicle
1. Name the cells surrounding an oocyte. 2. What is the fluid-filled cavity called? 3. The corona radiata consists of __________. 4. Which of the structures would be scar tissue?
1. granulosa cells 2. antrum 3. granulosa cells 4. corpus albicans
Describe the chromosome number before and after the first meiotic division (meiosis I).
2N → 1N
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?
A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between what structures?
Chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Germ-line cells are haploid but gametes are diploid.
False
What are some of the functions of testosterone? Check all that apply.
Formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs - Increased muscular growth - Growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region
What cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?
Interstitial cells of the testes
Describe the fate of each spermatid.
It differentiates into a sperm cell.
What is the definition of capacitation?
Weakening of the acrosomal membrane, conferring on the sperm the ability to fertilize an egg.
During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce __________.
a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
Crossing over occurs in both meiosis I and meiosis II
false
The second meiotic division (meiosis II) of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.
false
In the presence of the hormones ______ and testosterone, sustentacular cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells.
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?
genital warts
When homologous chromosomes are paired up during the first meiotic division (meiosis I), they may trade segments, forming new combinations of genetic material. What is this called?
homologous recombination
What period of time is defined by the cessation of the reproductive cycle?
menopause
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametes by meiosis?
oogenesis
What is the process of egg formation called?
oogenesis
In a nonpregnant female, what is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone?
ovaries
In erectile tissue, impulses from the __________ nervous system cause __________ of the arteries and subsequent __________ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue, producing an erection.
parasympathetic; dilation; constriction
A condition called __________, in which bacteria spread throughout the reproductive organs, can result from gonorrheal or chlamydial infections.
pelvic inflammatory disease
What male reproductive structure(s) produce(s) semen?
testes bulbourethral glands prostate gland seminal vesicles
What are the primary sex organs?
testes in males; ovaries in females
What is the definition of contraception?
the prevention of pregnancy