Res Methods Quizzes- third year
According to the null hypothesis for a simple experiment, we expect the difference between the means of our two groups to be... a. 0 b. 1 c. 10 d. very large
a. 0
The interaction df for a 2 x 2 design will always be... a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6
a. 1
Which list below represents the correct order of the sections of an APA-style paper? a. Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results b. Introduction, Abstract, Method, Results c. Discussion, Abstract, Introduction, Method d. Title page, Introduction, Abstract, Method
a. Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results
______ is when participants are randomly assigned to all possible sequences of conditions in an experiment. a. Complete counterbalancing b. Partial counterbalancing c. Latin Square counterbalancing d. Randomized partial counterbalancing
a. Complete counterbalancing
What could be another name for PSYC 212? a. Experimental methods b. Non-Experimental Methods c. Correlational Methods d. Meta-Analytic Methods
a. Experimental methods
Cohen's d describes the strength of our mean difference in standard deviation units. a. True b. False
a. True
The value of F will always be positive. a. True b. False
a. True
The F-ratio is a ratio of _____ variance over _____ variance. a. between-groups; within-groups b. within-groups; between-groups c. total; between-groups d. total; within-groups
a. between-groups; within-groups
All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except... a. concern over practice effects b. requires larger N than comparable within-subjects designs c. concern over how to create equivalent groups d. random assignment is used
a. concern over practice effects
Which of the following is one of the differences between a dependent-groups design and an independent-groups design? a. decreased chance of confounds b. increased heterogeneity of variance c. less sensitivity to changes in the measured variable d. larger sample size
a. decreased chance of confounds
Which is the appropriate statistical test to use if your participants all experience both of your conditions? a. dependent-samples t test b. independent-samples t test c. dependent-samples one-way ANOVA d. independent-samples one-way ANOVA
a. dependent-samples t test
The effect size for an ANOVA is computed using... a. eta-squared b. Cohen's d c. Levene's test d. point-biserial squared
a. eta-squared
In order for the results of a one-sample t test to be significant, the computed t value must be... a. greater than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value b. less than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value c. equal to the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value d. greater than the critical t value for the degrees of freedom (df) for our population
a. greater than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value
All factorial designs... a. have at least two independent variables b. have the potential for producing at least three main effects c. have the potential for producing at least two interaction effects d. have at least one manipulated independent variable and one non-manipulated independent variable
a. have at least two independent variables
The extent to which we can say that one variable caused a change in another variable, when all potential confounds are eliminated, is called... a. internal validity b. external validity c. reliability d. correlation
a. internal validity
Which of the following is(are) necessary to establish a causal relationship in an experimental design? a. manipulation of the IV precedes the DV b. a systematic relationship between DVs c. variation in DV precedes changes in IV d. both a and b are correct e. all three (a, b, c) are correct
a. manipulation of the IV precedes the DV
Which of the following involves pretesting participants on some variable that is relevant to the variable you measure? a. matched pairs design b. repeated-measured design c. independent-groups design d. within-subjects design
a. matched pairs design
Degrees of freedom represent the... a. number of scores free to vary in a sample b. estimated sample size c. percentage of variability accounted for by the population measure d. distance between the sample mean and population mean divided by the sample size
a. number of scores free to vary in a sample
Extreme scores tend to move closer to the center over time. This is due to... a. regression toward the mean b. testing c. instrumentation d. maturation
a. regression toward the mean
If t-obtained = -1.98 and t-critical = 2.16, we would... a. retain the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. retain the alternative hypothesis d. reject both the alternative and null hypotheses
a. retain the null hypothesis
If random assignment is successful in a between-subjects design, then a control group... a. should match the treatment group on as many extraneous variables as possible b. is never a baseline for assessing the influence of the treatment in the experimental group c. prevents interactions between independent variables d. All are correct
a. should match the treatment group on as many extraneous variables as possible
In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many interaction effect(s) are possible? a. 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. 6
b. 1
The expected value of F if the null hypothesis is true and there is no treatment effect is... a. 0 b. 1 c. 10 d. depends on the strength of the effect of the IV
b. 1
In order to compute a one-sample t-test, you must know the true population mean. a. True b. False
b. False
Matched pairs designs and repeated-measures two-condition designs are analyzed with different types of t tests. a. True b. False
b. False
John conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program. The experiment took place over a 1-month time period. Participants in the control group and the experimental group (those who participated in the smoking cessation program) recorded the number of cigarettes that they smoked each day. John was unaware that "national stop-smoking week" also happened to take place during the 1-month time period of his experiment. John's experiment is now confounded by... a. Maturation b. History c. regression to the mean d. mortality
b. History
What could be another name for PSYC 211? a. Experimental methods b. Non-Experimental Methods c. Correlational Methods d. Meta-Analytic Methods
b. Non-Experimental Methods
The _____ section summarizes the data collected and the type of statistics used to analyze the data. a. Method b. Results c. Introduction d. Discussion
b. Results
When a researcher obtains a statistically significant result (e.g., positive treatment effect), but in reality the null hypothesis is true (i.e., there really is no treatment effect), this researcher has made a... a. Correct decision b. Type I Error c. Type II Error d. Logical Fallacy
b. Type I Error
The performance of participants in a within-subjects design changes because of their being exposed to a condition of the experiment (i.e., level of the independent variable). This problem is known as... a. a progressive effect b. a carry-over effect c. a placebo effect d. a matching effect
b. a carry-over effect
Godden and Baddeley (1975) hypothesized that people should remember studied information better if they try to recall information in the same location it was studied. Subjects studied words underwater or on dry land. Next, half of the subjects in each group tried to recall the words underwater and the other half tried to recall the words on dry land. What was the design of this study? a. all within-subjects factorial b. all between-subjects factorial c. mixed-factorial design d. P x E factorial design
b. all between-subjects factorial
When citing two or more references, the references should be placed in _____ order first. a. chronological b. alphabetical c. numerical d. none of these are correct
b. alphabetical
In a 2 (Gender: Male vs. Female) x 2 (Therapy: A vs. B) factorial design, males were helped by only therapy A and not Therapy B, while females were helped by only therapy B and not Therapy A. This result describes.... a. a main effect for gender b. an interaction between gender and therapy type c. a main effect for therapy type d. none of the above
b. an interaction between gender and therapy type
If the independent variable in an experiment had an effect this would contribute to _____ variance in the F-ratio. a. residual b. between-groups c. within-groups d. error
b. between-groups
Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a... a. bar graph b. contingency table c. sampling distribution d. frequency distribution
b. contingency table
Having participants take part in different conditions in different orders is known as... a. order effects b. counterbalancing c. power d. matching
b. counterbalancing
A double-blind experiment helps reduce... a. demand characteristics and diffusion of treatment b. demand characteristics and experimenter bias effects c. diffusion of treatment and experimenter bias effects d. floor and ceiling effects
b. demand characteristics and experimenter bias effects
In the Results section for a study, comparing a sample of scores to a population value, we would include the... a. type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance b. descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size c. descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance d. type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size
b. descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size
The Discussion section for a study ... a. report all the descriptive statistics b. discuss whether the results are consistent with previous research c. list all of the statistics that were computed d. focus on statistical significance and ignore the effect size
b. discuss whether the results are consistent with previous research
In a balanced Latin square... a. each possible sequence of conditions is used b. each condition appears equally often in each position c. participants are tested more than once per condition d. block randomization must be used
b. each condition appears equally often in each position
A 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 factorial has... a. three factors, each with three levels b. four factors, each with three levels c. nine factors, each with two levels d. none of these; this type of design is impossible
b. four factors, each with three levels
The assumption that variances in populations are the same is called... a. homogeneity of participant populations b. homogeneity of variance c. similarity of effects d. group homogeneity
b. homogeneity of variance
The inferential statistic used to analyze independent two-group designs is called the... a. one-sample t test b. independent-samples t test c. independent correlation coefficient d. independent-samples ANOVA
b. independent-samples t test
In a study with a factorial experimental design, what is a main effect? a. it refers to any statistically significant finding in the study b. it refers to a difference between levels of one independent variable c. it occurs when the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other variable d. it is any result that is significant at the .01 rather than the .05 level
b. it refers to a difference between levels of one independent variable
Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to _____. a. measure; manipulate b. manipulate; measure c. control group; experimental group d. experimental group; control group
b. manipulate; measure
The score that cuts the sample in half so that 50% of the sample is at or below that score is the ______. a. mode b. median c. mean d. range
b. median
One of the assumptions of the one-sample t test (and all parametric statistics) is... a. nominal data b. normally distributed population c. ordinal data d. sample size of 50 or more
b. normally distributed population
Counterbalancing can potentially eliminate... a. attrition b. order effects c. mortality d. power
b. order effects
When writing and using a source to support an assertion, but not discussing the source directly, you should use the... a. narrative citation b. parenthetical citation c. in-text citation d. "et. al" citation
b. parenthetical citation
Effect size measures like Cohen's d help a researcher to interpret the ____ of a result. a. statistical significance b. practical significance c. null hypothesis d. alternate hypothesis
b. practical significance
In ______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance of being placed into group A or group B. a. counterbalancing b. random assignment c. matching d. using a Latin square
b. random assignment
The main difference between true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs is... a. random selection of subjects b. random assignment to groups c. inclusion of an independent variable d. inclusion of multiple dependent variables
b. random assignment to groups
Once participants have been paired or "matched" on a matching variable, they are ____ to levels of the independent variable. a. randomly selected b. randomly assigned c. matched for equivalence d. counterbalanced
b. randomly assigned
Which of the following involves participants serving as their own control by participating in every condition of the experiment? a. matched pairs design b. repeated-measured design c. independent-groups design d. quasi-experimental design
b. repeated-measured design
If we want to find whether the first year class at our college has different scores on the SAT writing test than the national average for the test, our nondirectional alternative hypothesis (H1) might state ______. a. there will be no difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average b. there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average c. the SAT writing scores for our first year class will equal the national average for the test d. our first year class will score higher than the national average for the SAT writing test
b. there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average
The biggest problem facing a pretest posttest design without any control group is... a. more participants are needed for a treatment to be seen as effective b. time, history and confounds threaten internal validity c. the results will never generalize to other populations d. all of these are problems e. none of these are problems
b. time, history and confounds threaten internal validity
A(n) ______ is the appropriate analysis for a 2 x 2 independent-groups factorial design. a. one-way within-subjects ANOVA b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA c. three-way within-subjects ANOVA d. four-way between-subjects ANOVA
b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test of independence are found by: a. k - 1 b. C - 1 c. (C - 1)(R - 1) d. N - 2
c. (C - 1)(R - 1)
A study includes a single independent variable with three conditions (A1, A2, A3). After collecting data the researcher plans compare only A1 to A2 and A2 to A3 using t-tests (two tests total). If the researcher wants the familywise error rate to be .05, what adjusted alpha level is needed for each comparison a. .10 b. .05 c. .025 d. .017
c. .025
In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many main effects are possible? a. 6 b. 3 c. 2 d. 5
c. 2
Which of the following would be the best source of information on the ineffectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine for treating Covid-19? a. Video on YouTube b. News report in the Washington post c. Article in New England Journal of Medicine d. Interview with Stella Immanuel (The Demon Sperm lady)
c. Article in New England Journal of Medicine
In a chi-square goodness of fit test, if equal categories are assumed, the expected observations are computed by dividing... a. N by the observed frequency (O) b. the observed frequency (O) for a category by n c. N by the number of categories (k) d. the observed frequency (O) by the total frequency
c. N by the number of categories (k)
Which of the following elements does not belong on the title page? a. Author name(s) b. Author Affiliation c. Open Practices Statement d. Conflict of Interest Statement
c. Open Practices Statement
Using the same scenario and t-Test results from #4, the chance of making a Type I error is... a. P(Type I) = zero (0) b. P(Type I) = .35 c. P(Type I) = .01 d. not possible to determine
c. P(Type I) = .01
In a 2 x 2 design, if the interaction between the two IVs is significant, it indicates that... a. Main effects of both IVs on the DV are significant b. Simple main effects of only one IV will be significant c. The effect of one IV on the DV depends on the level of the second IV d. All of the above are correct
c. The effect of one IV on the DV depends on the level of the second IV
Dr. Julius studies the effect of prune juice intake on the number of colds a person has per year. He finds that subjects who consume 8-ounces of prune juice/day experience an average 4 colds/year; subjects who consume 16-ounces of prune juice/day experience 2 colds/year; and subjects who consume 24-ounces of prune juice/day experience an average 1 cold/year. In this example, there is... a. no relationship between prune juice and colds b. an increasing (positive) linear relationship between prune juice and colds c. a decreasing (negative) linear relationship between prune juice and colds d. a curvilinear relationship between prune juice and colds
c. a decreasing (negative) linear relationship between prune juice and colds
If the participants' performance gets worse as a result of performing the same task repeatedly, this is known as... a. matching b. a practice effect c. a fatigue effect d. carryover
c. a fatigue effect
If we want to determine whether the first year class at a college has scores on the SAT writing test that significantly differ from the national average (assuming the population mean and standard deviation are known), we would compute ______. a. the effect size b. practical significance c. a z-test d. a one-sample t-test
c. a z-test
If I want to turn a 3 x 3 x 3 design into a 3 x 3 x 4 factorial design, I would... a. add another independent variable b. add another dependent variable c. add a level to an independent variable d. add a condition to each independent variable
c. add a level to an independent variable
In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, subjects are randomly assigned to either the no exercise group or the exercise group. These groups represent the _____ and the _____, respectively. a. independent variable; dependent variable b. dependent variable; independent variable c. control group; experimental group d. experimental group; control group
c. control group; experimental group
Which is the appropriate statistical test to use if all of your participants undergo the same three conditions? a. dependent-samples t test b. independent-samples t test c. dependent-samples one-way ANOVA d. independent-samples one-way ANOVA
c. dependent-samples one-way ANOVA
Post hoc tests are used to... a. determine whether an F-ratio is significant b. determine whether eta-squared needs to be computed c. determine which groups means are significantly different d. all of the options are correct
c. determine which groups means are significantly different
Degrees of freedom in for an independent-samples t test is computed by... a. df = N - 1 b. df = n1 + n2 - 1 c. df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1) d. df = (n1 + 1) - (n2 + 1)
c. df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)
When analyzing a factorial design, you must calculate the F-Ratio for... a. the main effects only b. the interaction only c. each main effect and the interaction d. each main effect, the interaction, and the error
c. each main effect and the interaction
Unlike single-factor, two-level designs, single-factor, multilevel designs can... a. use counterbalancing more effectively b. test more than one independent variable c. examine explanations for a difference between two conditions d. reject the null hypothesis much easier
c. examine explanations for a difference between two conditions
Which of the following is NOT a situation where you would use a quasi-experimental design? a. examine sex differences in spatial orientation tasks b. examine rates of sexually transmitted infections in abstinence-only schools c. examine the influence of an antidepressant on reducing depression d. examine the 2004 Red Sox World Series win on Yankees fans' depression
c. examine the influence of an antidepressant on reducing depression
With a chi-square goodness of fit we want to see if our data... a. deviate from the observed frequencies b. are significantly skewed c. fit what we would expect by chance d. interact with one another in unexpected patterns
c. fit what we would expect by chance
In a oneway repeated measures ANOVA, the degrees of freedom between groups is computed by which of the following? a. N-1 b. N-k c. k-1 d. n-1
c. k-1
The arithmetic average is also known as the _____. a. mode b. median c. mean d. central tendency
c. mean
In an interaction, the factor that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between a predictor and the outcome (or one IV and the DV in an experiment) is called a ______. a. factor b. variable c. moderator d. cell
c. moderator
Which of the following is assumed by parametric statistics? a. ordinal data b. three or more groups in a study c. normally distributed variables d. dependent groups
c. normally distributed variables
The chi-square test compares... a. observed observations with obtained observations b. sum of the observations with obtained observations c. observed frequencies with expected frequencies d. predicted observations with the expected frequencies
c. observed frequencies with expected frequencies
A multilevel independent-groups design examines the effect of... a. more than one IV on a DV b. one IV on three or more DVs c. one IV with three or more levels on a DV d. two or more IVs on two or more DVs
c. one IV with three or more levels on a DV
If performance improves across time regardless of the level of the independent variable, a _____ may be operating. a. fatigue effect b. order effect c. practice effect d. history effect
c. practice effect
The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (i.e., detecting a treatment effect when there is a true treatment effect) is called... a. the alpha level b. The Beta level c. statistical power d. Effect Size
c. statistical power
The one-sample t test is computed by... a. subtracting the population mean from the sample mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the sample b. subtracting the sample mean from the population mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the sample c. subtracting the assumed population mean from the sample mean and dividing by the estimated standard error of the means d. subtracting the population mean from the sample mean and dividing by the standard error of the means
c. subtracting the assumed population mean from the sample mean and dividing by the estimated standard error of the means
The chi-square goodness of fit for unequal frequencies is used when... a. expected frequencies are larger than the observed frequencies b. we need to test an interaction c. the alternative hypothesis predicts different frequencies for groups d. the null hypothesis is false
c. the alternative hypothesis predicts
Dr. Scratch-n-sniff is studying the amount of punishment that is assigned to male vs. female drivers who cause minor vs. serious injuries to car accident victims. He predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers only when the injuries are severe. He predicts no difference in punishment between male and female drivers when the injuries are mild. The MODERATOR variable is... a. the gender of the driver b. the gender of the victim c. the type of injuries received d. the severity of the punishment
c. the type of injuries received
A researcher measured GRE-Quantitative Reasoning scores for a sample of college seniors. She reported M = 152.58, with 95% CI [150.25, 154.91]. You can interpret this CI as meaning ______. a. there was no difference between the sample and population means b. the seniors significantly differed from the the national average c. we can be 95% confident that the mean GRE-Quantitative Reasoning score falls between 150.25, 154.91 d. the sample is working significantly harder than the average college senior
c. we can be 95% confident that the mean GRE-Quantitative Reasoning score falls between 150.25, 154.91
In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, the factorial notation would be... a. 2 x 2 b. 2 x 5 c. 1 x 6 d. 2 x 3
d. 2 x 3
Typically we compute the ______ confidence interval. a. 10% b. 50% c. 75% d. 95%
d. 95%
Which is an appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups? a. There is no appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups. b. Cohen's t c. Cohen's r d. Cohen's d
d. Cohen's d
In the _____ section, the results are evaluated, interpreted, and related to past research and theories. a. Method b. Results c. Introduction d. Discussion
d. Discussion
A researcher conducts an experiment examining the effect of a new medication on anxiety. If she wants to examine participant gender as a potential moderating factor, she would have a(n) ______ factorial design. a. all within-subjects factorial b. all between-subjects factorial c. mixed-factorial design d. P x E factorial design
d. P x E factorial design
What is the main purpose for running an experiment (versus a correlational study)? a. To measure relationships among variables b. To make accurate predictions c. To describe a relationship between variables d. To identify causal relationships
d. To identify causal relationships
Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the following is a possible cause of the difference? a. a practice effect b. a wind change c. brand B is better d. any of the above are possible
d. any of the above are possible
What is one major advantage of a repeated-measures design? a. its greater external validity b. more sensitive-dependent variables c. stronger manipulations of the independent variables d. controlling all potential confounding participant variables
d. controlling all potential confounding participant variables
Jesse is studying the effect of daily exercise on happiness. His directional alternative hypothesis might state... a. there will be no effect of daily exercise on happiness b. there will be an effect of daily exercise on happiness c. daily exercise will not affect happiness d. daily exercise will increase happiness
d. daily exercise will increase happiness
______ is used to assess the effect size of a repeated-measures ANOVA. a. Pearson's r b. Cohen'd d c. partial eta d. partial eta squared
d. partial eta squared
The ______ describes how much, in general, the scores in a sample differ from the mean. a. mode b. range c. observed minimum d. standard deviation
d. standard deviation
Where does the statistical power of the dependent-groups design come from? a. the large sample size b. the stronger manipulation c. the more sensitive dependent variable d. the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics
d. the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics
A week after participating in a workshop on driving safety, we asked a sample of N = 30 new drivers to report their frequency of texting while driving. We then compared their scores to national norms for this behavior and found that t(29) = 2.95, p < .01, d = .35. We conclude that... a. there is not a significant difference between our sample and the population but the effect size is large b. there is not a significant difference between our sample and the population and the effect size is small c. there is a significant difference between our sample and the population but the effect size is large d. there is a significant difference between our sample and the population and the effect size is small
d. there is a significant difference between our sample and the population and the effect size is small
To say that an experiment contains a confound means that... a. different subjects are assigned to each group b. the dependent variable is measured c. the independent variable is manipulated d. there is an uncontrolled extraneous variable
d. there is an uncontrolled extraneous variable
In a matched-pairs design, the two "matched" participants are referred to as... a. their own control b. an independent control c. equivalent group controls d. yoked controls
d. yoked controls
