Research In RESM Test 1

Understand approaches to sport management research

Positivist Paradigm/ Quantitative › Scientific knowledge is logically embedded in the traditional scientific methods, and because of this is the only kind of factual knowledge › rooted in deductive logic › relies heavily on the quantitative research approach Naturalistic Paradigm/ Qualitative › Subjective nature of research › rooted in inductive logic › relies heavily on the qualitative research approach

Understand the differences in types and formats of interviews

There are three types of interview: In-person Digital video (Internet-connected applications, such as Skype, FaceTime or WhatsApp) Telephone There are several ways to structure an interview: Open-ended Fill-in-the-blank Binary choice Scaled-response Unscaled response

Understand the concept of triangulation/crystallization

Triangulation and crystallization Data sources, investigators, theories, and methods Crystallization Reflecting on experience

Intrinsic Cases-

1 person, 1 group, 1 event. Ex. Pro Ultra Runner Better understand a particular case without seeking to make any generalizations about other cases Want to learn about that particular case Uniqueness and how its distinguished from others Example: Utra runner: Courtney Dauwalter

Understand the five steps in designing a case study

1. Develop specific research questions 2. Identify study's purpose 3. Describe unit of analysis 4. Describe data analysis 5. Describe how researcher(s) will interpret findings

Multiple Cases

A researcher should conduct multiple cases to replicate findings from an initial case study Literal replications Theoretical replications

Identify the essential elements of informed consent

A statement that the study involves research. This includes but is not limited to: An explanation of the purposes of the research. The expected duration of the subject's participation. A description of the procedures to be followed.

Differentiate between basic and applied sport management research

Basic Research- Theoretical, Development of new knowledge to validate or advance theory development Applied Research- Practical, New knowledge or the validation of existing knowledge

Appreciate the factors affecting the use of interviews

Careful planning, preparation, and execution. The interview is usually a question-and-answer format Planned set of questions to elicit specific information Initial questions should be carefully designed Follow-up questions should be considered

ETHICAL SKEPTICISM

Concrete and inviolate moral codes cannot be developed Individual conscience relative to one's culture and time (Johnson & Christensen, 2014) What the researcher thinks is right and avoid doing what the researcher thinks is wrong

DEONTOLOGICAL APPROACH

Ethical issues must be assessed based on some universal code, and therefore must be, RULE-BASED, give much weight to obeying principles and guidelines. APA Ethical Codes

Define and understand the three types of sport management

Exploratory- preliminary activities to find answers or to refine the problem or question into a researchable form. Descriptive Research- describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon Casual- identifies cause-and-effect relationships among variables where the research problem has already been narrowly defined

Appreciate the roles of a focus group moderator

Focus Group Moderator Must be able to: Steer the discussion, Be a catalyst, Encourage those who are quiet, Limit those who are monopolizing the conversation, Provide audio or visual materials, Keep the discussion on track, Manage the group dynamics, Steer the discovery of information

Use critique criteria to evaluate the qualitative research report

Four criteria used to measure the rigor of qualitative research include credibility dependability Transferability confirmability

Instrumental Cases-

General understanding. Ex. Mental health in ultra runners Provides insight into a general issue or develop—or redevelop—a generalization drawn from a single case, or a series of cases General understanding Use a particular case Example: Mental health program + ultra runner

Exploratory Cases-

Involve fieldwork and data collection that is ahead of or a precursor to theoretical development Often viewed as a pilot study Example: Mental health + running club

Understand strengths and limitations of case study research

Limited generalizability, Some researchers believe case study research may be more appropriate as an exploratory means to lay the groundwork for studies that offer more generalizability.

Determine the benefits of combining quantitative and qualitative research methods

Mixed method: Can lead to stronger inferences, Enhance overall knowledge (Rohm, Milne, & McDonald, 2006) Exploratory, Qual initiates inquiry Explanatory: Sequentially, Quant first: provides general results, Qual second: explains data Qualitative plus Quantitative: Second method provides complimentary data

Collective Cases-

Multiple instrumental cases. Ex. Any/ multiple ultra runners Combines multiple instrumental cases to allow for development of theories that can explain a large number of cases and/or generalizations (Stake, 2003) Several cases to investigate phenomenon, population, general condition General understanding Example: Mental health + ultra runners

Descriptive Cases-

Must have a design that examines the similarities and differences between previously developed theoretical patterns Requires the development of ideal rival scenarios representing best-case alternatives Example: Mental health program + running clubs

Define qualitative research

Objective: gain insight and understand meaning of human experience Interpretation: Based on meaning individuals give to their experience Design: Fluid, flexible, responsive "What's going on here and why"

Explain the differences between qualitative and quantitative research strategies

Qualitative Research: anthropology, sociology, and philosophy designed for discovery rather than verification used to explore little-known or ambiguous phenomena Quantitative Research: psychology, economics, and management used to verify if there are differences or relationships about phenomena

UTILITARIANISM APPROACH

Rely on the consequences and the benefits for participants. Decision based on balancing action's consequences. Measure potential benefits against the potential costs Benefits > costs ....acceptable Government, most professional organizations, and Institutional Review Boards Potential risks AND contributions and benefits

Define understand the purpose of research and sport management research

Research- An orderly investigative process that involves purposeful and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data... To gain new knowledge or verify existing

Identify various types of focus group research

Stand-alone: Survey supplement: Supplementing info from a survey you've gotten from participents Multiple-method: Unlimited, can be doing a lot of different things Electronic: Blog room chat, can get problematic due to lack of filter Video Conference:

Understand the use of interviews as a qualitative research technique.

The primary objectives of an interview are to: Obtain unrestricted comments and opinions Participant's thoughts or why they behave a certain way Identify common themes among the opinions and behaviors

three general ethical principles for conducting research on human subjects

The relationship between society and science Professional issues The treatment of research participants

Understand the circumstances under which qualitative research is chosen in sport management research

Valid and reliable instrumentation is not available Personalize the evaluation process Case study approach appropriate Detailed descriptive information desired Information that cannot be tapped by quantification. Subjective information about the strengths and weaknesses of a program An inductive approach is desired No preconceived notions about an idea, concept, theory, issue, opinion, attitude, or program have been proposed

Understand focus group research meaning and objectives

collects information through a structured question-and-discussion activity with a targeted group of individuals within a specific period of time. It is a "method in which a small group of individuals are brought together and guided through a discussion about a topic

Define informed consent

permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits