Research Methods Exam 1

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? - how well the general public will understand the study - previous studies from the same research group - the prestige/reputation of the author - how well the research was conducted

how well the research was conducted

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true?

James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?

Last paragraph of the introduction

Which of these statements would most likely be used by a research psychologist when describing the results of a study? - My data prove the theory being tested - My data do not prove my hypothesis because they mat coincidentally also fit an incorrect hypothesis - My data prove my hypothesis - My data are consistent with my hypothesis

My data are consistent with my hypothesis

Which of the following is true of variables? - All variables can be manipulated - Variables only need conceptual definitions - Variables are the same as constants - Some variables can be either manipulated or measured

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured

Which of the following indicates that an article's causal claims are based on research? - The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized - The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field - The article compares two groups of individuals - The author describes their creative solution to a scientific problem

The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study? - The number of people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected - The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain - The researchers did not debrief the participants - The financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the researcher

The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Anton is concerned with Type I error. What does this mean?

The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? - The researchers have the same operational definitions - The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions - The researchers have the same conceptual definitions - The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions

The researchers have the same conceptual definitions

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as:

Theory

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = − 0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? - There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale - The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than that between Question 1 and 3 - The negative correlation between Question 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. Rodriquez - The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction

There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale

Research studies are superior to personal experience because:

They include at least one comparison group

All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT:

To get money from the journals where their work appears

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? - finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses - using common sense to understand scientific data - remaining objective as you interpret scientific data - reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them

remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that:

research is probablistic

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed?

review journal articles

Quantitative research is to ________________; as qualitative research is to ________________.

statistical analysis; text analysis

The principle of justice calls for a balance between _____ and _____ - the interests of the researchers; the interests of the institutional review board - costs to the participant; benefits to the participant - needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent - the kind of people who participant in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board? - to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk - to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected - to assess scientific fraud - to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically

to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically

Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching "autism treatment." However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search:

"autism treatment" and "behavioral" and enter an age range of interest

Please list FIVE factors (1 point each) that you consider when evaluating research articles.

1. citations 2. date posted/written 3. what journal published the article 4. how many sources 5. is it peer reviewed

What is the difference between ration scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? - An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not - A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can - An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements - A ratio scale of measurements has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not

A ratio scale of measurements has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations?

Discussion

Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article?

Discussion

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

"On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?

"The data provide support for my theory"

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims?

Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study? - He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous - He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study - He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception - He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study

He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT:

He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

Psychological scientists may choose to publish their work in all of the following EXCEPT:

Popular magazines

What is the primary difference between researchers and non-researchers - Researchers test their intuition with systematic, empirical observations - Researchers rely exclusively on logic - Researchers are strongly influenced by authority figures - Researchers rely on personal experience and intuition

Researchers rely on personal experience and intuition

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed?

Review journal articles

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim?

Texting while driving reduces impulse control

Which statement would an animal researcher most likely agree with? - Animals should have the same rights as humans - The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research - Animals should be used only in observational research - Ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans

The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? - a constant - a measured variable - a variable's level - a manipulated variable

a measured variable

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? - a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate - a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study - a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study - a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as:

a theory

Which of the following is an example of applied research? - a personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts - a social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept - a cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women - an educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds

an educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? - a interval scale of measurement - an ordinal scale of measurement - a self-report measurement - a categorical measurement

an ordinal scale of measurement

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? - measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes - asking the question "When was the last time you saw a snake?" - asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?" - assigning participants to keep a "daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level

asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Constructivist

believing in multiple meanings

postpositivist

believing in reductionism

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?

bias blind spot

Mixed methods

both predetermined and emerging methods

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims? - strong positive associations - strong negative associations - neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations - both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: - ensure validity - cancel out measurement error - make sure participants are not lying - allow participants to skip questions

cancel out measurement error

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says, "Dr. LaSelle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? - causal claim - association claim - frequency claim - statistical claim

causal claim

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as:

confirmation bias

Different factors that could account for significant results are called - hypotheses - biases - predictions - confounds

confounds

Different factors that could cause misattribution of causation for significant results of a study are called ______.

confounds

Kalilah just read a story in the most recent issue of Psychology Today that has grabbed her interest. As a thoughtful consumer of information, what should Kalilah do? - start with the assumption that media coverage of the story is an inaccurate representation of her original research study - read the Psychology Today story cynically - contact the science journalist to ask additional questions about the topic - consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report

consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? - deception through permission - deception through exception - deception through omission - deception through commission

deception through commission

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? - method - results - discussion - references

discussion

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose?

edited books

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first?

introduction

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the:

margin of error estimate

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? - one that is kept constant - one that is manipulated - one that has one level - one that is measured

one that is manipulated

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? - the availability heuristic - overconfidence - a confirmation bias - a present/present bias

the availability heuristic

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following?

the construct validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study?

the emotional or neutral content of the words

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? - the participants - the journalist - the researcher - the peer reviewers

the researcher

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? - the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements - the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements - the validity and reliability of two measurements - the outliers present in the two measurements

the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? - the study's construct validity - the study's external validity - the study's statistical validity - the study's internal validity

the study's external validity

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as:

translational research

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research.

A bridge between

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?

Cherry picking of evidence

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as:

Confirmatory hypothesis testing

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (questions 29-32): Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment?

Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another

Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological research professionally?

Gardeners

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?

How well the research was conducted

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways? - Both are written for the general public - Both tend to be written by scientists - Both tend to be peer-reviewed articles - New editions come out on a regular basis (usually monthly)

New editions come out on a regular basis (usually monthly)

Consider Rogers' article entitled, "Person or Science? A philosophical Question", where he discussed the tension between the scientific and experiential. Rogers illustrated four arguments from both the scientific and experiential sides of himself, and then he ends with a synthesis of this tension. Based on Rogers' discussion, illustrate two arguments for the scientific, two arguments for the experiential, and a final synthesis of these arguments.

One of the arguements from the scientific side of this debate was why the scientific method doesn't work for psychology. The "scientist" basically asks,"well the scientific method works for every other science, why doesn't it work for social sciences?". Another arguement that was brought up was that nothing in psyhcology is really proven, everything is theoretical (the first statement made by the "scientist" in the article). They "scientist" states that you only know your only truth, which makes it hard to validate things. On the experiential side of this debate, one of the points brought up is that science and experiments turn participants into objects. This also brings up the question of whether human exoeriments are ethical, since we're turning them into objects. The "experientialist" also states that you can't exactly know a person's feelings and turn those feelings into data basically because everyone is different. The final synthesis for this article was that science is a human thing. Another point that was brought up in the synthesis is that a science experiment starts and ends with the "experientialist". The final thoughts also brought up that you can combine both points from the scientific side and experientialist side of this debate and find a happy medium between the two.

A Type I error is known as which of the following?

a false positive

qualitative methods

emerging methods

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?

find and read the original scientific article

Bushman (2002) conducted a study examining the effect on aggression of venting versus not venting anger. To invoke anger in participants, he asked each to write a political essay. Participants were instructed to show their essays to Steve, who was a confederate. He criticized the essays and made rude comments. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 (control group) was told to sit quietly in the room for 2 minutes, Group 2 (control group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes as a form of exercise, and Group 3 (catharsis group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes while imagining Steve's face on the bag. Then participants played a quiz game with Steve, and they were given the opportunity to provide a blast of loud noise to Steve's ears. Group 1 showed less than average levels of aggression, Group 2 showed average levels of aggression, and Group 3 showed greater than average levels of aggression. What was the primary confounding variable Bushman was trying to control?

participants' level of aggression prior to the study

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?

positive association

quantitative methods

pre-determined methods

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) _________________.

prediction

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?

the external validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following?

the internal validity of the study

One criterion for determining that X causes Y is that - we can generalize the results to our population of interest - we have adequate operational definitions - we can determine that X occurs before Y - we can determine that Y occurs before X

we can determine that X occurs before Y

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? - A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually - A deception study debriefing must be at least 30 minutes - A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness - A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board present

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following?

A theory

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her?

Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings.

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?

Bias blind spot

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says, "Dr. LaSelle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? - Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim - Dr. LaSalle's claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. Ramon's claim - Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim - Dr. Ramon's claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. LaSalle's claim

Dr. Ramon's claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. LaSalle's claim

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr Kang can make which of the following claims? - Emotion enhances memory - Group A has better memory than Group B - Fifteen percent of emotional words are remembered - Distraction is associated with worse memory

Emotion enhances memory

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? - Google Scholar does not provide PDF versions of articles - Google Scholar is not free to use - Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields - Google Scholar can only be accessed from certain computers

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields

You and your friends go to see a popular speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? - His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk - His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students - His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation - His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? - We will never be right in our conclusions - We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions - We do not carefully examine our own experience - We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we quickly think of

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we quickly think of

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:

a comparison group that did not receive the drug

Dr. Rodriguez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific norms? - universality - communality - organized skepticism - disinterestedness

organized skepticism

Journal articles that are available through subscription only are - a primary source of disinformation - open access - predatory - paywalled

paywalled

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? - principle of justice - principle of integrity - principle of beneficence - principle of respect for persons

principle of beneficence

Abby is a psychologist who wants to investigate Chinese American women's experiences with racism and prejudice in the workplace. She knows there is not much research in this area and wants to explore the many questions she has about this phenomenon. What is the best research approach for Abby in this situation?

qualitative approach

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to _________________.

questions

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? - the principle of beneficence - the principle of respect for persons - the principle of integrity - the principle of justice

the principle of respect for persons

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study? - the type of game - effort put into playing the game - the gender of the participant - the number of researchers

the type of game

One of the reasons that research studies are superior to personal experience is that - an authority is involved - they use confederates - they include at least one comparison group - they avoid constants

they include at least one comparison group

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? - negative association - positive association - zero association - causal association

zero association

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? - conceptualization - operationalization - reliability - validity

validity

A scatterplot is a graph - that shows changes over time on a variable - with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data - used to show causal associations - that shows the size of a difference on a variable between two groups

with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results demonstrates good internal reliability? =0.10 =-0.98 =-0.03 =0.95

=0.95

What is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher? - Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts - Authorities always provide advice based on their own research, while researchers base their advice on results from multiple studies - Authorities interpret the results for you when providing advice, while researchers present only statistics - Authorities weigh all possible options, while researchers rely on their own theories

Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as:

Basic research

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first?

Because it provides an overview of the article

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following?

a measured variable

Dr. Knepp studies Extrasensory Perception which is the ability to perceive things through telepathy or clairvoyance. She theorizes that ESP exists but only in people who believe it exists and who are not skeptical of ESP. She surveys a large number of adults about their beliefs in ESP and, as expected, only adults who believe in ESP report having those abilities. What is true about Dr. Knepp's theory? - It is not translational research - It is provable - It is not falsifiable - It does not have a hypothesis

It is not falsifiable

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his graduate student will conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that will support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? - plagiarism - intellectual property destruction - data falsification - data fabrication

data fabrication

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT - he wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style - he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies - he wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important - he wants to make sure they understand how to analyze study results

he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? - if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied - if the researcher has special access to the specific group - if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously - it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables.

perceived prejudiced attitudes

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? - observational measurement - archival measurement - self-report measurement - physiological measurement

self-report measurement

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?

the criterion of temporal precedence

The following situations can influence ethical decision making EXCEPT - bad experiences of other researchers - scientific discoveries - the possibility of additional grant funding - changing social norms

the possibility of additional grant funding

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? - the principle of beneficence - the principle of respect for persons - the principle of integrity - the principle of justice

the principle of beneficence

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? - the principle of beneficence - the principle of respect for persons - the principle of integrity - the principle of justice

the principle of respect for persons

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching schizophrenic patients to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. This is an example of: - empirical research - applied research - basic research - translational research

translational research