Research Methods for Criminology

All of the following statements regarding a literature reviews purpose are true EXCEPT ______.

A literature review guides research designed to generate knowledge and also guides the research endeavor.

To exclude or connect specific search terms or phrases when doing an electronic search, use ______.

Boolean operators

An example of nominal data is ______.

marital status

The question "To what extent to you agree or disagree with the following statement?" is an example of which of Dillman's principles of writing good survey questions?

using as few words as possible

Dillman's list of principles for writing good survey questions recommends that researchers place the option of "undecided" in which of the following places?

at the end of the options

Availability sampling, accidental sampling, and haphazard sampling is also called ______.

convenience sampling

The evidence or information collected and analyzed in order to answer a research question is referred to as ______.

data

Which of the following type of variable is only measured in whole numbers?

discrete

You can be confident that knowledge gathered is based on well-executed processes if it is derived from which of the following sources?

legitimate peer reviewed journals

Which of the following survey design and layout strategies is incorrect?

list answer categories horizontally instead of vertically

When a question sounds controversial or contains assumptions or opinions, and the respondent is influenced to answer a certain way, this question is called ______.

loaded questions

The greatest expected difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter is known as ______.

margin of error

When a study sample is chosen in a way that creates the most various and diverse sample of relevant characteristics, it is called ______.

maximum variation sampling

Replacing words with synonyms from a selection from an article, and using that writing as one's own is called ______.

mosaic plagiarism

When the meaning of identified attributes do not overlap as a requirement of measurement, this is called ______.

mutual exclusivity

Performing multiple readings of the complete raw data set to get an idea of how to organize and summarize it into preliminary groupings of analytic categories is called ______.

open coding

Which role conception describes a researcher hiding their identity and observing subjects while participating in the subjects' setting?

participant as observer

The best way to ensure gathering useful respondent data is ______.

pretesting the survey instrument

Coding survey responses and thereby converting them into useful data is called ______.

processing

All of the following are characteristics of a strong research question with the exception of ______.

providing broad interpretations

When a non-probability sample, or a sample based only on a particular characteristic of the case, is selected, it is called ______.

purposive sampling

Gathering cases for a sample based on the specific characteristics they possess is a non-probability sampling approach called ______.

quota sampling

Using a direct quote from a journal article in a literature review requires the use of ______.

quotation marks and the page numbers of the in text citation

The title of a journal article should only be presented in the ______ section.

references

Systematic processes, frameworks, and steps or procedures that are used to conduct social science research are referred to as

research methods

______ is a recursive process, or a never-ending continuous loop.

science

When each element in the population has a known, and equal probability of being selected into a sample, this type of probability sampling is called ______.

simple random sampling

Operationalization is guided by ______.

the conceptual definition

Parole officers are an example of which of the following units of analysis?

the individual

A set of inter-related propositions, assumptions, and definitions describes ______.

theory

Using multiple methods, researchers, theory, or data to conduct a study is called ______.

triangulation

All of the following are examples of research questions with the exception of ______.

Do you believe that minorities are disproportionately represented in jails and prisons?

Which is not an example of a probing question?

Does remembering that incident make you sad?

What has history revealed for consideration in regards to ethics and research studies?

Humans need guidelines and oversight in order to ensure that research is done ethically.

Use of a matrix question/answer format applies to which of Dillman's principles?

avoid using "choose all that apply" questions

Identifying relationships between categories by focusing on the preliminary analytic categories or labels is a process of ______.

axial coding

All of the following are examples of ethical challenges that researchers face EXCEPT ______.

choosing a proper methodology

______ refers to copying and pasting text from research articles verbatim without giving the author credit.

cloning

What are the basic stages of moving conceptually from the abstract to the concrete?

concepts, conceptualization, operationalization, variables

Beginning research more generally and working towards specificity is known as ______ in research design

deductive reasoning

Institutional Review Board committees must be diverse in which of the following areas?

demographics, areas of expertise, and affiliations with institutions

In the research question, "is educational attainment associated with ex-convict recidivism?", recidivism is the ______.

dependent variable

Which of the following type of research has a specific focus seeking to provide detailed understanding of topics?

descriptive

A well-constructed literature review uses which of the following organizational approaches?

descriptive and chronological

Which list shows the correct order of the stages to follow when conducting research using qualitative data?

develop a research topic/question, consult the literature, identify the best way to gather the data, sampling, gathering data, organizing data, analyze and develop conclusions, and report findings

The ______ section puts new research findings into the context of existing literature.

discussion

To create understandable survey questions, use language at the level of someone in the ______ grade.

eighth

Systematically gathering qualitative data that offers a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the culture, environment, and social traits of individuals or individuals in a group is called ______.

ethnography

Zaykowski's research about accessing victim services falls under which of the following types of research?

explanatory

Which of the following types of research can identify characteristics that are unimportant and not worthy of future consideration?

exploratory

Utilizing qualitative data can help researchers understand which of the following?

fears associated with being a police officer

When a survey has been distributed or launched and data is being collected, it is referred to as ______.

fielded

All of the following are examples of common primary source journal articles with the exception of ______.

government reports

Conducting a non-critical assessment means that knowledge was accepted without considering ______ knowledge was created.

how

If a researcher is trying to understand the role of gender on education, gender would be considered the ______.

independent variable

Variables associated with, influencing, or causing the variation in an outcome are known as ______.

independent variables

A researcher demonstrating an ecological fallacy is applying conclusions about a group or organization to ______.

individuals

A major distinction between the majority of qualitative and quantitative inquiry is ______.

inductive reasoning

Conclusions drawn about a population based on evidence and reasoning derived from a sample are called ______.

inferences

Subpart A, or the Common Rule of the Federal Policy for the Protections of Human Subjects, outlines the fundamental procedures for human subject research and ______.

informed consent

Information about the goal of the research, why it is important to study, and how it adds to the literature is in the ______ section of empirical journal articles.

introduction

An individual's personal experience ______.

is not reproducible

Information believed to be true and reliable is referred to as

knowledge

Based on the core principles of ethical research, why was Milgram's teacher/learner study found to be unethical?

lacked beneficense

What is the best way to narrow the list of sources when an electronic search no longer provides new results?

read the abstract

Brunson's research on disadvantaged male youth and police relations was developed by ______.

reading the published literature

Believing that all the students at a university have high IQ because five students surveyed have high IQs is called ______.

reductionism

A ______ sample accurately represents or reflects the population sampled.

representative

Passing on knowledge or beliefs from person to person over time is an example of which of the following common sources of nonscientific knowledge?

traditions, customs, and norms

Which of the following survey design and layout strategies is incorrect?

use longer lines to ensure all of the words end up being asked