Research Methods I Final

smaller than

A sample is always ________ a population.

large in magnitude

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, the magnitude of this effect is

manipulated

A variable that the researcher controls is a ________ variable.

Prediction

Another word for hypothesis is a

expentancy effect

Another word for observer effect is

6

Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur's study?

Repeated-meausure Design

Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Which of the following designs is Dr. Dormeur using?

Fence Sitting

Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire about peoples attitude towards immigration (a socially sensitive topic) he should be most concerned about what?

Margin of Error

Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value?

Selection Effects

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

Socially desirable responding

Faking good is also known as

Last paragraph of the introduction

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?

They slow readers down, making them think more carefully.

How do reverse-worded items address the issue of shortcuts in surveys?

Likert Scale

If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagreee, and strongly disagree, this is known as a

Slope of the line

In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the _____________________

A double-blind study

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. The study described above is an example of which of the following?

Rnsuring the person grading each exam is unaware of the group

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Which of the following aspects of Dr. Hamid's study allows him to prevent observer bias?

Remove the positive reinforcement to see if Danny's aggression increases.

Ms. Janis is trying to reduce the number of aggressive behaviors in Danny, one of her first-grade students. She starts by tracking how frequently he bites, pushes, and hits his fellow classmates for a two-week period of time. She then positively reinforces him every time he goes an hour without exhibiting any aggressive behaviors. After two weeks Mrs. Janis notes that Danny is much less aggressive than he was before she used positive reinforcement. She is not sure that the positive reinforcement is the reason for the reduction in Danny's aggression. To check this, what should Ms. Janis do?

Self-selection

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following?

when one group has extremely high scores on the pretest

Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations?

Casual

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

Decreases internal validity

The absence of random assignment in any study

Syphilis

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine the disease _____

The one that is measured

The dependent variable is the __________

A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

The following study would probably require written informed consent?

Known-groups paradigm

To test his measure, the doctor gives his measure to group of people in Gamblers anonymous and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous. He finds that the Gamblers group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the Alcoholic group. The procedure is known as:

The researchers have the same conceptual definitions

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible?

Reactivity

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner.

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charge her phone on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Whether the participants drank coffee in the last 24 hours prior to the study

What is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

Comparison Group

What is never found in a one-group pretest/posttest design?

T0 review a study's procedures to ensure that participants were treated ethically

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

It primarily affects statistical validity

What is true of sample size?

Internal Validity

When a participant arrives for her experiment, Dr. Dajani flips a coin to determine which of two experimental conditions the participant will receive. Using this strategy increases the ________ of her study

Measurement of hormones in the blood stream

Which of the following is an example of a physiological measurement

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects?

It ensures that the studies publishes are of the highest quality

Which of the following is the reasons that scientific journals use peer review.

Each person is treated as a separate experiment.

Which of the following is true of small-N experiments

Asking, "on a scale of 1 to 10 how afraid of you of snakes"

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

Two measured variables

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

Researcher

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?

They allow researchers to understand how the variables interact

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?

People generally want to read about independent variables

Why is there a publication bias against null effects?

Whether the people who rated the show shared same characteristics as others who bought the shoes.

You are looking to purchase a new pair of running shoes. which of the following should you consider when looking at the headline "61% said this shoe felt true to size!"

Face Validity

if a measurement looks like its a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has _________