Research Methods Study Questions Ch. 1-9
What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis? a. Inductive reasoning b. Deductive reasoning c. Scientific reasoning d. Predictive reasoning
a. Inductive reasoning
Which of the following accurately defines compensatory equalization? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.
a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group.
An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control, and a placebo control. Which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment? a. Placebo versus treatment b. Placebo versus no treatment c. Treatment versus no treatment d. You only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition
a. Placebo versus treatment
Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis? a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time. b. Increased sugar consumption leads to an increased level of activity. c. Smaller class size is related to better academic performance. d. A person's level of self-esteem is related to how long he or she will persist at a difficult task.
a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.
Which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question? a. Title b. Abstract c. Discussion section d. Results section
a. Title
The first step in the research process is a. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question. b. forming a hypothesis. c. deciding which individuals should participate in the study. d. selecting a research strategy.
a. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question.
Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ________, but it can limit the ________ of an experiment. a. internal validity, external validity b. external validity, internal validity c. internal validity, reliability d. external validity, reliability
a. internal validity, external validity
Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example? a. the directionality problem b. the third-variable problem c. the extraneous variable problem d. the manipulation-check problem
a. the directionality problem
If a between-subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2, then how many participants were in the entire experiment? a. 50 participants b. 100 participants c. 25 participants d. 200 participants
b. 100 participants
How would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified? a. Basic research b. Applied research c. Systematic research d. Necessary research
b. Applied research
Last year Tim and his friend Jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. Jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Tim knows that he is taller than Jack, so he knows that he will be able to ride the roller coaster as well. Which method of knowing is Tim using? a. Method of empiricism b. Rational method c. Method of authority d. Scientific method
b. Rational method
Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method? a. A circular process that leads to a final answer b. A linear process that moves directly to a final answer c. A circular process that leads to a tentative answer d. A linear process that leads to a tentative answer
c. A circular process that leads to a tentative answer
Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his or her seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement? a. Self-report b. Survey c. Behavioral d. Physiological
c. Behavioral
What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines? a. Psychological research with animal subjects b. Psychological research with humans c. Medical research with humans d. Medical research with animals
c. Medical research with humans
For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer. a. How many angels can stand on the head of a pin? b. Is abortion moral or immoral? c. What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom? d. How would life be different if the computer had never been invented?
c. What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?
A hypothesis is a __________ statement and a prediction is a __________ statement. a. specific; general b. specific; specific c. general; specific d. general; general
c. general; specific
Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement? a. Self-report b. Survey c. Behavioral d. Physiological
d. Physiological
After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob's score is three times greater than Jane's score. What scale of measurement is being used? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
d. Ratio
A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8-year-old students and those in the second group are primarily 10-year-old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n) ________ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. confounding
d. confounding
Which of the following is a brief summary of a psychology article? a. Abstract b. Synopsis c. Key word d. Author name
a. Abstract
What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Reliability d. Accuracy
a. Internal validity
Which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subjects experiment? a. Only one score is obtained for each participant. b. At least two scores are obtained for each participant. c. One score is obtained for each treatment condition for each participant. d. Each score represents multiple participants.
a. Only one score is obtained for each participant.
A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used? a. Quota sampling b. Stratified random sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Cluster sampling
a. Quota sampling
Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement? a. Self-report b. Survey c. Behavioral d. Physiological
a. Self-report
Which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy? a. A research procedure b. A research design c. A research study d. A research protocol
b. A research design
Which of the following describes participants taking on the negativistic subject role? a. They are concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate them. b. They try to act so that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis. c. They try to act so that their data are consistent with the hypothesis. d. They try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions.
b. They try to act so that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis.
A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. This type of research is called a. a simulation study. b. a field study. c. a transported study. d. a quasi-experimental study.
b. a field study.
A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. What kind of sampling is being used? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Cluster sampling d. Stratified sampling
c. Cluster sampling
A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called a. research associates. b. research cohorts. c. research participants. d. research subjects.
c. research participants.
Which of the following is the primary limitation of a two-group design? a. It is simple to interpret. b. It increases the chances of demonstrating a significant mean difference. c. It tends to reduce the differences between the groups. d. It may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables.
d. It may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables.
For situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary? a. Target sampling b. Nontarget sampling c. Probability sampling d. Nonprobability sampling
d. Nonprobability sampling
How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment? a. 20 b. 40 c. 80 d. Cannot answer without more information
a. 20
Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. Although there are millions of people above the age of 65, she selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. What name is given to the group of 25? a. A sample b. An accessible sample c. A population d. A subgroup
a. A sample
A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. How would this study be classified? a. Basic research b. Applied research c. Systematic research d. Necessary research
a. Basic research
Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud? a. Careful review by the IRB b. Potential replication of the research c. Peer review of the research report d. The consequences of being found guilty of fraud
a. Careful review by the IRB
What term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior? a. Construct b. Operational variable c. Theoretical variable d. Hypothetical variable
a. Construct
Which of the following is an option for limiting the variance within treatment conditions? a. Hold a participant variable constant b. Randomize participant variables across treatments c. Match participant variables across treatments d. All of the above are options for limiting variance within treatments
a. Hold a participant variable constant
Which of the following maximizes the likelihood of a successful research result? a. Increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments b. Decrease the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments c. Increase the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments d. Decrease the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments
a. Increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments
When comparing means in a two-group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate? a. Independent-measures t-test b. Repeated-measures t-test c. Single-factor ANOVA d. Chi-square test for independence
a. Independent-measures t-test
A researcher measures mood for a group of participants who have listened to happy music for 20 minutes and for a second group who have listened to sad music for 20 minutes. If different mood scores are obtained for the two groups, the researcher would like to conclude that music influences mood. However, the happy music group was tested in a room painted yellow and the sad music group was in a room painted dark brown and the researcher is concerned that the room color and not the music may influence mood scores. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Experimental validity d. Validity of measurement
a. Internal validity
In a between-subjects experiment, if the participants in one group have characteristics that are different from the participants in another group, then which of the following is threatened? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Reliability d. Accuracy
a. Internal validity
In a within-subjects research study comparing different treatment conditions at different times, what kind of validity is threatened by factors that change over time, such as history and maturation? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Both internal and external validity d. Neither internal nor external validity
a. Internal validity
How does holding a variable constant prevent the variable from becoming a confound? a. It eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another. b. It reduces error. c. It ensures a nonbiased sample. d. It increases the differences between the groups.
a. It eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another.
What is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment? a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect. b. It minimizes the threat of a confounding variable. c. It is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study. d. It is necessary to ensure the external validity of the study.
a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.
Although field studies tend to have higher external validity than traditional laboratory studies, what risk do they tend to have? a. Lower internal validity b. Lower reliability c. An increased risk of confounding from history effects d. An increased risk that the manipulation of the independent variable will not be effective.
a. Lower internal validity
Which of the following is a limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in a between-subjects experiment? a. Matching requires another measurement procedure. b. Matching reduces error due to participant differences. c. Matching is easier than randomization. d. Matching eliminates any systematic relationship between participant characteristics and the treatment conditions.
a. Matching requires another measurement procedure.
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between validity and reliability? a. Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable. b. Measurement cannot be reliable unless it is valid. c. If a measurement is reliable, then it also must be valid. d. None of the above is an accurate description.
a. Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using? a. Method of empiricism b. Rational method c. Method of authority d. Scientific method
a. Method of empiricism
A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group of later-born boys. Which research strategy is being used? a. Nonexperimental b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental
a. Nonexperimental
How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research? a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. b. Only experiments involve comparing two or more groups of scores. c. Only experiments can demonstrate that relationships exist between variables and provide a description of the relationship. d. Only experiments can demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between variables.
a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
What name is given to the group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies? a. The accessible population b. The target population c. The representative population d. The real population
a. The accessible population
A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. What is the teacher questioning? a. The external validity of the report b. The internal validity of the report c. The reliability of the report d. The accuracy of the report
a. The external validity of the report
What is measured and removed to reduce the variance in within-subjects design compared to a between-subjects design. a. The individual differences b. The carry over effects c. The progressive error effects d. The instrumentation effects
a. The individual differences
Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement? a. The measurements may be distorted by the artifact. b. Different measurements may be obtained under the same conditions if the artifact were not present. c. The artifact may provide an alternative explanation for the results. d. None of the other options accurately describes the threat.
a. The measurements may be distorted by the artifact.
Why is the range effect known as a "ceiling effect" a problem for researchers? a. The scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvement. b. The scores are already so low that there is no chance of measuring a decrease. c. There is so much room for improvement that the measurements are almost certain to increase. d. There is so much room for lower performance that the measurements are almost certain to decrease.
a. The scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvement.
Which of the following questions can be addressed with the descriptive strategy? a. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? b. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? c. Does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? d. None of these questions can be addressed with this strategy
a. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?
Experimental research studies tend to have very _______ internal validity but often have relatively _______ external validity. a. high; low b. low; high c. high; high d. low; low
a. high; low
Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of "No Harm"? a. Respect b. Beneficence c. Justice d. None of the Belmont principles corresponds to "No Harm."
b. Beneficence
In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of which of the following variables? a. Extraneous variables b. Confounding variables c. Independent variables d. Dependent variables
b. Confounding variables
Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? a. Simple random sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Systematic sampling
b. Convenience sampling
Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms? a. Reactivity b. Demand characteristics c. Experimenter bias d. Volunteer bias
b. Demand characteristics
Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design? a. Participants are randomly selected from two different populations. b. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment. c. Each participant is assigned to every condition of the experiment. d. Participants with the same characteristics are assigned to the different conditions of the experiment.
b. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment.
Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. However, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Experimental validity d. Validity of measurement
b. External validity
For a between-subjects experiment, which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity? a. Individual differences that exist within treatments b. Individual differences that exist between treatments c. The risk that one treatment condition may influence scores in another treatment d. All of the above are threats.
b. Individual differences that exist between treatments
What is the effect of increasing the time between treatment conditions in a within-subjects experiment? a. It decreases the threat of time-related history effect. b. It decreases the threat of the order effect fatigue. c. It decreases the threat of a time-related maturation effect. d. None of the other options is an effect of increasing time between treatments.
b. It decreases the threat of the order effect fatigue.
What is typically included in the introduction section of a research article? a. It provides interpretation of the findings. b. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research. c. It includes the results of statistical analyses. d. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.
b. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research.
Which of the following characteristics are necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable? a. It must change systematically from one participant to the next. b. It must change systematically when the independent variable is changed. c. It must have no systematic relationship with the dependent variable. d. It must have no systematic relationship to either the independent or the dependent variables.
b. It must change systematically when the independent variable is changed.
Which of the following is a potential problem with holding a participant variable constant? a. It threatens the internal validity of the study. b. It threatens the external validity of the study. c. It lowers the likelihood of obtaining a significant difference between treatments. d. None of the above is a potential problem.
b. It threatens the external validity of the study.
In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and ten 8-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to control participant age? a. Randomization b. Matching c. Holding constant d. Limiting the range
b. Matching
Which of the following accurately defines compensatory rivalry? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.
b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group.
An elementary school teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used to create the groups? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
b. Ordinal
If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used? a. Systematic sampling b. Random sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Cluster sampling
b. Random sampling
Which of the following does not guarantee that a specific participant variable will not become a confounding variable? a. Matching the variable across treatments b. Randomizing the variable across treatment c. Holding the variable constant d. All of the other options guarantee that the variable does not become a confounding variable
b. Randomizing the variable across treatment
A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. What kind of sampling would be best to obtain participants for the study? a. Simple random sampling b. Stratified random sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Systematic sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
How can sensitization threaten external validity of a study? a. The results may be limited to the novel situation of the research study. b. The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest. c. The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a series of different treatment conditions. d. The results may be limited to participants taking on different subject roles.
b. The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest.
For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment, which design would require fewer subjects? a. Between-subjects design b. Within-subjects design c. Matched-subjects design d. All would require the same number of subjects.
b. Within-subjects design
While shopping, you observe the behavior of adolescents at the mall and get some ideas about what may be causing the behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from a. theory. b. casual observation. c. systematic observation. d. secondhand information.
b. casual observation.
The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. general validity. d. reliability.
b. external validity.
Researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the _________ of an experiment and still keep much of the _________ of research conducted in the real world. a. external validity, internal validity b. internal validity, external validity c. experimental realism, mundane realism d. mundane realism, experimental realism
b. internal validity, external validity
What is the appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design comparing mean differences for three treatment conditions? a. An independent-measures t test b. A repeated-measures t test c. A repeated-measures analysis of variance. d. A chi-square test for independence
c. A repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Which of the following describes a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment? a. Each group receives a different treatment. b. Each participant receives each treatment in the same order. c. A series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence. d. Participants receive a random order of treatment conditions.
c. A series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence.
Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined? a. Independent b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. External
c. Extraneous
If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then what ethical guideline is being violated? a. Confidentiality b. Preventing harm c. Informed consent d. Anonymity
c. Informed consent
Which of the following is a responsibility for the IRB but is not mentioned in the responsibilities for the IACUC? a. Review of research proposals b. Minimizing risk of harm to those participating in research c. Insuring informed consent d. Insuring that researchers are qualified
c. Insuring informed consent
Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design? a. It generally requires fewer participants. b. It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect). c. It eliminates the risk of order effects. d. It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences.
c. It eliminates the risk of order effects.
In an experiment, what is the purpose for manipulating the independent variable? a. It helps establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you manipulate the independent variable. b. It helps eliminate the third-variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the variable to change. c. It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem. d. Manipulation does not establish the direction of the relationship or eliminate the third-variable problem.
c. It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem.
In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study. If these changes influence the participants' scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning, then what is the effect is called? a. History b. Instrumentation c. Maturation d. Regression toward the mean
c. Maturation
Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant? a. Method of empiricism b. Rational method c. Method of authority d. Scientific method
c. Method of authority
Research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children, the higher their high school grades will be. What kind of relationship exists between educational TV and high school grades? a. Cause-and-effect b. Coincidental c. Positive d. Negative
c. Positive
What is meant by saying that "science is objective"? a. Scientific answers are based on direct observation. b. Scientific answers are based on logical reasoning. c. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs. d. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.
c. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs.
For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment. If the order of treatments is counterbalanced, then what scores will be influenced by the practice? a. Scores in treatment A but not in treatment B. b. Scores in treatment B but not in treatment A. c. Scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants. d. Practice will not influence the scores because the treatments are counterbalanced.
c. Scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants.
When comparing means in a single-factor multiple group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate? a. Independent-measures t-test b. Repeated-measures t-test c. Single-factor ANOVA d. Chi-square test for independence
c. Single-factor ANOVA
Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat? a. The method of empiricism b. The method of faith c. The method of tenacity d. The method of authority
c. The method of tenacity
What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale? a. Whether the measurements are the same or different b. The direction of the differences c. The size of the differences d. None of the above
c. The size of the differences
What is the goal of an operational definition? a. Simply to provide a definition of a hypothetical construct b. Simply to provide a method for measuring a hypothetical construct c. To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct d. None of the other options describe the purpose of an operational definition
c. To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self-esteem made eye contact during an interview, whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, what kind of validity is being demonstrated? a. face b. concurrent c. predictive d. convergent
c. predictive
Dr. Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of 100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Jones replaces all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60-watt bulbs. After two months, Dr. Jones measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, how many dependent variables are there? a. 100 b. 50 c. 2 d. 1
d. 1
The guidelines for nonhuman subjects in research are similar to the guidelines for human participants but also include extra provisions concerning what additional topic(s)? a. Housing b. Medical care c. Daily maintenance d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following is an advantage of a two-treatment within-subjects design compared to a multiple-treatment design? a. There is a reduced risk of participant attrition. b. There is a reduced risk that time-related factors influence the data. c. It is easier to counterbalance a design with only two treatments. d. All of the above are advantages of a two-treatment design.
d. All of the above are advantages of a two-treatment design.
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism? a. Copying someone else's words without giving them credit b. Paraphrasing someone else's words without giving them credit c. Using someone else's ideas without giving them credit d. All of the above are examples of plagiarism
d. All of the above are examples of plagiarism
What questions should you ask when reading an introduction to a research article? a. Is the literature review up-to-date? b. Is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed? c. Does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis? d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB? a. They decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable. b. They decide whether it is necessary to have a signed informed consent form for each participant. c. They decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants is protected. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following is typical of quantitative research? a. It involves measuring variables for each individual. b. It usually involves numerical scores. c. It uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience? a. Pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results. b. Pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results. c. Pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack. d. All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience.
d. All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition? a. The operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of the construct. b. The operational definition may leave out important components of the construct. c. The operational definition may include extra components that are not part of the construct. d. All of the other options are disadvantages.
d. All of the other options are disadvantages.
A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Convenience sampling
d. Convenience sampling
Which of the following accurately defines diffusion? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.
d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.
A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. Why would the researcher also include a measure of stress? a. It is a measure of the dependent variable. b. It is a measure of extraneous variables. c. It is a control for confounding variables. d. It is a manipulation check.
d. It is a manipulation check.
What is typically included in the method section of a research article? a. It provides interpretation of the findings. b. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research. c. It includes the results of statistical analyses. d. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.
d. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.
Which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment? a. Increase the ability to generalize the results b. Avoid selection bias c. Ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable
d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable
Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source? a. The author of the primary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly. b. Primary sources typically do not contain the details of methodology that are required for critical evaluation. c. The author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology. d. There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information.
d. There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information.