Research Paper 2013

Schroeder, Michael J (ernesto che guevara)

"After Arbenz's overthrow in a U.S.-orchestrated coup in 1954, which steeled Guevara's anti-imperialism, Guevara journeyed to Mexico and established contact with Cuban exile Fidel Castro. Convinced that Castro was the visionary revolutionary he had long sought, he joined Castro's 26 July Movement and soon became one of its leaders. The group embarked for Cuba in November 1956, and for the next two years Guevara played a central role in the guerrilla war against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, earning a reputation as a skilled and sometimes ruthless commander. After Batista's ouster in January 1959, Guevara was appointed to the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, and later became president of the National Bank, minister of industries, and ambassador to the United Nations. During this period he developed his ideas regarding the socialist New Man and his foco theory of revolution. After failing in several attempts to launch socialist revolutions in other countries (including Panama, the Dominican Republic, and Congo), in late 1966 he traveled to Bolivia in the hope of sparking a mass insurrection. On October 8, 1967, he and his bedraggled forces were captured by the Bolivian military, and the next day he was executed. He is widely considered one of the most important revolutionary figures of the 20th century."

Schroeder, Michael J (ernesto che guevara)

"Born on June 14, 1927, to a wealthy landowning family in Rosario, Argentina, Guevara was a frail and sickly boy, suffering asthma that plagued him throughout his life. Raised Roman Catholic, because of his asthma he was educated mainly at home by his mother, Celia de la Serna y Llosa, and his four siblings. His father, Ernesto Guevara Lynch, was a businessman and for a time ran a mate (tea) farm owned by his wife. Both were committed leftists. From his mother, to whom he remained emotionally close throughout his life, he acquired his lifelong passion for books, learning, and politics. In 1943 when Guevara was 16, his family moved to Córdoba. After completing his high school studies he began studying engineering.

Schroeder, Michael J (Castro, Fidel; ernesto che guevara)

"Determined to challenge the regime, he and his brother Raúl plotted and carried out an assault on the Moncada barracks in eastern Cuba on July 26, 1953. The assault proved a military defeat but a political victory, with his four-hour "History will absolve me" speech at his October 1953 trial propelling him into national prominence. Imprisoned for less than 20 months of a 15-year sentence (released in May 1955 in a general amnesty), he went into exile in Mexico and began organizing his 26 July Movement, composed of Cuban exiles and other Latin Americans, including Ernesto "Che" Guevara."

Barber, Nigel (timothy leary)

"During his Harvard years, Leary began to experiment with psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and collected data on the psychological impact of these drugs. In 1963, he and a collaborator, Richard Alpert, were dismissed from Harvard for using student volunteers in LSD experiments, which was considered an unethical abuse of their position as scientific researchers.

Ernesto Che Guevara

"Ernesto Guevara had been born in Rosario, Argentina, in 1928 to a middle-class family. As a young man Guevara was profoundly influenced by the works of the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), the Argentine poet Pablo Neruda (1904-73), and Karl Marx (1818-83). Guevara graduated from the University of Buenos Aires in 1953 with a medical degree and an intense interest in radical politics.

Ernesto Che Guevara

"From 1961 to 1965 Guevara served as minister for industries and director of the national bank. He traveled widely in Russia, India, and Africa making high-profile contact with the likes of Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1904) and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) and urging Castro to form close ties with the Soviet Union. Then, suddenly, Guevara resigned from the government, published two manuals of guerrilla warfare (Guerrilla Warfare, 1961, and Guerrilla Warfare: A Method, 1963), and formulated a provocative theory of revolution.

Barber, Nigel (timothy leary)

"From about 1965 to 1976, Leary encountered severe legal problems following frequent charges of drug possession and related crimes. He spent several years in jail punctuated by a spectacular escape to Algeria, where he was granted political asylum, in 1970. In addition to his messianic attitude to psychedelic drugs, an attitude he never lost despite the fact that some young people, unconnected to him, committed suicide during LSD trips, Leary promoted many other causes during his life."

Schroeder, Michael J (Castro, Fidel; ernesto che guevara)

"Head of the Cuban Communist Party and leader of the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro is one of the major world figures of the second half of the 20th century. One of the longest-lived heads of state in modern times, and one of the most controversial, Castro was born out of wedlock on August 13, 1926, a few kilometers south of the Bay of Nipe in then-Oriente province (present-day Holguín) in eastern Cuba"

Barber, Nigel (psychedelic drug research, timothy leary)

"Scientific investigation of psychedelic, or mind-altering, drugs has raised three distinct ethical questions. The first is whether these substances are too dangerous to be used on humans for research purposes. The second is whether legal restrictions on the recreational use of drugs such as marijuana, psilocybin, and LSD should prevent their use in research and thus foreclose the many potential benefits of such drugs in medicine. Third, psychedelic drugs were investigated by the United States and Britain as potential chemical warfare agents in experiments that constituted a flagrant violation of the informed consent requirement of the Nuremberg Code."

Parson, Jennifer (timothy leary)

"Timothy Francis Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 22, 1920, the son of devout Irish Catholics. His father was an alcoholic, which caused strain in the household. Leary attended West Point and served in the U.S. Army during World War II. He earned a Ph.D. in psychology at the University of California at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, Leary traveled to Europe on a research grant and was visited by Frank Barron, a colleague."

Parson, Jennifer (timothy leary)

"Timothy Leary was a Harvard psychologist who, during the 1960s, promoted spiritual discovery through the use of drugs such as LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). As a leader of the counterculture of the 1960s, Leary's slogan "Tune in, turn on, drop out" combined the pharmaceutical and sexual revolutions of the time."

Barber, Nigel (psychedelic drug research, timothy leary)

"Western interest in psychedelic drugs began in the 1950s and the quasi-religious origin of this interest is revealed in Aldous Huxley's book The Doors of Perception (1954), which suggested that mind-altering substances, such as the mescaline he had experimented with, could radically expand human consciousness and put us in touch with deeper spiritual realities. Within a short time, millions of people were experimenting with psychedelic drugs and the psychedelic movement was born. ."

Barber, Nigel (psychedelic drug research, timothy leary)

Also known as the counterculture, this involved not just drug use but also a transformation of dress, music, art, and lifestyle to reflect the new interest in expanded consciousness and transcendence. For example, the swirling patterns of vivid color characteristic of psychedelic art were intended to re-create the experience of a hallucinogenic drug. Similarly, openness to new experience called for lifestyle experimentation and a heightened level of acceptance of different kinds of living arrangements and sexual relationships.

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

Dedicated to the improvement of the African-American community, the Black Panthers' commitment to armed self-defense and revolutionary politics led to violent conflicts with local, state, and national authorities.

Altman, Susan (black panther party)

Gun battles between police and Panthers became a continuing phenomenon across the country, culminating in a 1969 police raid on a Chicago apartment in which Panthers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark were killed. A year later, party chairman Bobby Seale and 13 other Panthers were charged in the torture-slaying of Panther Alex Rackley, who was mistakenly believed to be a police informer.

Ernesto Che Guevara

He became increasingly critical of the expanding economic influence of the United States in Latin America. With Castro, Guevara operated from a rugged base in the mountains of Sierra Maestra, attacking garrisons and recruiting peasants into the revolutionary army. In the areas that fell under insurgent control, Guevara started the land reform and socializing process."

Ernesto Che Guevara

He declared that revolution required no particular precondition; guerrilla warfare in and of itself was sufficient to foment a revolution. Deciding to test his method and theory in the field, Guevara spent time in Africa organizing the Lumumba Battalion, which took part in the Congolese Civil War. Then in 1966, sometime between the second week of September and the first of November, he entered Bolivia with a forged Uruguayan passport to organize and lead a communist guerrilla movement."

Schroeder, Michael J (ernesto che guevara)

In 1947 he and his family moved to Buenos Aires, where he entered the university to study engineering before switching to medicine. In 1951 he and a friend embarked on a yearlong motorcycle journey through South America, where he saw firsthand the continent's poverty and social injustices (as portrayed in his journals and dramatized in the 2004 film The Motorcycle Diaries). Graduating from medical school in 1953, he journeyed through Bolivia and Peru to Guatemala, where he witnessed the social revolution under President Jacobo Arbenz."

Ernesto Che Guevara

In 1954 he witnessed for himself the effects of American intervention in Guatemala and became convinced that violent revolution was the only viable means of change in Latin America. Guevara joined Fidel Castro's movement to overthrow the government of the pro-American Fulgencio Batista (1901-73) in Cuba. Guevara was with Castro when he led a band of insurgents in the landing near Cabo Cruz, Cuba, that started the Cuban Revolution on December 2, 1956.

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

Members of the Black Panthers were easily identified by their uniform, which consisted of a black beret, black pants, a powder blue shirt, black shoes, and a black leather jacket. As slogans the Panthers often proclaimed "Power to the People" and "Off the Pigs," referring to the overthrowing of police authority. The symbol of the panther was adopted from the Lowndes County Freedom Party in Alabama. It was chosen because the Panther never attacks unless cornered, and the African-American community of the 1960s felt cornered.

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

Newton and Seale created a 10-point program called "What We Want," which reflected a new nationalist thrust aimed at the average African American, not a black member of the middle class. The "What We Want" program called for freedom, full employment, the end of white destruction of the black community, decent housing, and equal education. It also demanded exemption for all African Americans from military service and called for an end to police brutality and murder. The Panthers further demanded freedom for African Americans from federal, state, county, and city prisons, and for all African Americans to be tried by a jury of other African Americans.

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

Newton and Seale said "We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace." The 10-point program reflected influences of revolutionaries such as Malcolm X, Frantz Fanon, the Chinese dictator Mao Zedong, and Argentinian revolutionary Che Guevara. Newton saw himself as the heir to Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers as a continuation of Malcolm's Afro-American Unity organization.

Barber, Nigel (timothy leary)

Not only had they encouraged illegal behavior but they had also exposed their research participants to unjustifiable risks. Leary authored slogans that summarized the aims of this movement, such as "Turn on, tune in, drop out." To some, he was a visionary prophet who exposed the spiritual barrenness of American life. To others, he was a self-serving corrupter of youth."

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

The Black Panthers were formed on October 15, 1966, in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Students at Merritt College in Oakland, Newton and Seale were heavily influenced by the teachings of black activist Malcolm X. In forming the Black Panthers, both men advocated the arming of the black community for self-defense.

Brenner, Sarah (black panther party)

The founding of the Black Panthers reflected a major shift in the African-American struggle for equality and justice from a national to an international focus. The African-American community began to look toward those African nations that used force to gain independence from colonial powers, and they saw a need for a more militant approach to gaining equality. They also questioned the legitimacy of the existing social, economic, and political systems more actively in the 1960s.

Altman, Susan (black panther party)

The initial purpose of the Black Panther Party was to set up armed patrols that would follow police officers and intervene in cases of police misconduct. Party members were forbidden to use drugs or alcohol while on duty, and a 10-point political program included demands for full employment, exemption from military service for blacks, an end to police brutality, the release of all black men from prison, and a United Nations-supervised plebiscite to allow African Americans to determine their future.

Barber, Nigel (timothy leary)

Together, they founded the International Foundation for Internal Freedom, whose purpose was to study LSD and promote its use as a "consciousness-expanding" agent. Its Castilia Center, based at a donated estate near Poughkeepsie, New York, continued Leary's research and became a mecca for leading intellectuals of the psychedelic movement, including Aldous Huxley, Allen Ginsburg, William Burroughs, and Thomas Pynchon.

Black Panther Party Platform and Program

WE BELIEVE that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every man employment or a guaranteed income. We believe that if the white American businessmen will not give full employment, then the means of production should be taken from the businessmen and placed in the community so that the people of the community can organize and employ all of its people and give a high standard of living

Black Panther Party Platform and Program

WE WANT freedom for all black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails. WE BELIEVE that all black people should be released from the many jails and prisons because they have not received a fair and impartial trial.

Parson, Jennifer (timothy leary)

When interviewed and questioned about his beliefs, Leary often responded, "Don't ask me anything. Think for yourself and question authority." This mentality was very much alive during his reign as a high priest of the LSD culture.