Resoponding to Emergencies Test 1 Chapters 1-5

Disease transmission from a person to a responder requires four conditions to be present, what are they?

-A pathogen is present -There is sufficient quantity of the pathogen present to cause the disease -The pathogen passes through the correct entry site (eyes, mouth and other mucus membrane or skin pierced) -A person is susceptible to the pathogen

What are the steps to take if an ill person has an intellectual disability?

-Address the person as you would any other person in their age group. If the person does not understand you, rephrase questions in simpler terms. -Becoming ill or injured may make the person very upset. Take your time explaining who you are and what you intend to do.

Give seven examples of emergency situations.

-An injured/ill person who needs medical attention and can't be moved -downed electrical wires -serious motor-vehicle Collison -swiftly moving/rapidly rising water -Drowning -Fire or explosion -presence of poisonous gasses.

List the four reasons you would care first when alone

-An unresponsive infant or child younger than about 12 years whom you did not see collapse. -A person who is chocking -A person who is experiencing a severe allergic reaction and has a epi pen. -A person who has severe life threatening bleeding

What are the five reasons you should stop giving care to the injured or ill.

-Another trained responder takes over. -You are alone and you need to call 9-1-1/Designated emergency number after giving initial care in a care first situation. -You are too exhausted to continue. -The scene becomes unsafe. -The person you are helping is awake and alert and asks you to stop giving care.

Define Anterior/Posterior:

-Anterior is anything toward the front of the body -Posterior is anything toward the back of the body

List four of the limitations you should consider before attempting to move a person in an emergency.

-Any dangerous conditions at the scene -The distance the person must be moved -The person's condition -Whether bystanders can help you

List the three reasons you would call first when alone.

-Any person about 12 years or older who is unresponsive. -A child or an infant whom you witnessed suddenly collapse. -An unresponsive child or infant known to have heart problems.

What are the steps to take if an ill person has impaired hearing?

-Approach the person from the front. -Position yourself so that the person can lip read. -If the person cannot understand you, change your words, not the volume. -Use gestures or written messages to make your meaning clear.

Identify five ways bystanders can help at the scene of an emergency.

-Calling/meeting and directing the ambulance -Keeping the area free of unnecessary traffic -Giving first aid -Go for additional supplies -Give important information on what just happened

You determine that your neighbor has no life threatening emergencies. What should you do next?*

-Check for other conditions that need care. -Since they are conscience, interview them using SAMPLE, then check the person from head to toe.

Describe the action/s you should take if you determine that the scene is unsafe*

-Do not approach the person. Make sure you are at a safe distance away and call 9-1-1.

What are recovery position for an adult or child?

-Extend the person's arm that is closest to you above the person's head. -Roll the person toward yourself onto their side, so that the person's head rests on their extended arm. -Extend the person's arm that is closest to you above the person's head.

Define Spinal Cavity (location, structures, what protects it)

-Extends from the bottom of the skull to the lower back. -Protected by vertebral (spinal) column. -Contains the spinal cord.

What do you do when preforming a Head to Toe Examination?

-First, obtain consent -Check one body part at a time, moving straight down the body from head to toe, and then checking arms. -Take note of any medical identification tags. -Look and feel gently for signs of injury, such as bleeding, cuts, burns, bruising, swelling or deformities. -If you are unsure if a body part looks injured, check the opposite part of the body. -Watch the person's face while you are giving care for any expressions of pain

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (General)

-Get consent from the parent or guardian if they are present. -Explain what the child will feel in terms a child would understand if they can speak. - Never make statements you can't support. -The child's parent or guardian can be a useful source of information if the child is not able to speak. -Take into consideration the child's developmental age. -Stay calm

As you approach the car and the injured person, you begin to feel faint and nauseated, and are not sure you can proceed any further. How can you still help?*

-If possible turn away for a few moments, take some deep breaths, and try to control your feelings. -If you are still unable to help make sure EMS has been called, then get bystanders to assist you in keeping the area safe.

What are the steps to take if an ill person has a disability?

-If the person cannot speak for themselves, gain information from family or caregivers. If they can speak, gain information from them. -Allow any service animals to stay with their owners as both the service animal and the person may become anxious separated. -If the person wears an assistive device (ex. leg brace), do not remove the device when you are examining the person.

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (infant birth to 1 year)

-Infants often show "stranger anxiety", meaning they may turn away from you, cry, and cling to their parent or guardian. -If possible, check the infant while they are held or seated on their parent's or guardian's lap.

What are the normal heartbeats per minute (bpm) for infants, children, and adults?

-Infants: 100-120 bpm -Children: 80-100 bpm -Adults: 60-80 bpm

Define Cranial Cavity (location, structures, what protects it)

-Located in the head -Protected by the skull. -Contains the brain.

Define Pelvic Cavity (location, structures, what protects it)

-Located in the pelvis, and is the lowest part of the trunk. -Contains the bladder, rectum, and internal female reproductive organs. -Protected by the pelvic bones and the lower portion of the spine.

Define Abdominal Cavity (location, structures, what protects it)

-Located in the trunk below the chest cavity, between the diaphragm and the pelvis. -Contains liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, stomach and intestine. (digestion and excretion organs) -No protection

Define Thoracic Cavity (Chest Cavity) (location, structures, what protects it)

-Located in the trunk between diaphragm and the neck. -Contains the lungs and heart. -Protected by the rib cage, sternum and the upper portion of the spine.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Respiratory System

-Major Structures: Airway and Lungs. -Primary Function: Supplies body oxygen, removes carbon and other waste through breathing process. -System Interaction: Works with Circulatory System to provide Oxygen to cells and controlled by Nervous System.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Nervous System

-Major Structures: Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves -Primary Function: One of two regulatory systems in the body; transmits messages to and from the brain -System Interaction: Regulates all body systems through a network of nerve cells and nerves.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Endocrine System

-Major Structures: Glands -Primary Function: Secretes hormones and other substances onto the blood and skin. -System Interaction: Works with Nervous System to coordinate the activities of other systems.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Integumentary System

-Major Structures: Hair, Skin and Nails -Primary Function: Important part of the body's communication network; helps prevent infection and dehydration; assists with temperature control; aids in the production of certain vitamins -System Interaction: with the Circulatory System helps regulate body temperature and controlled by the Nervous System

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Circulatory System

-Major Structures: Heart, blood and blood vessels -Primary Function: Transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes waste products. -System Interaction: Works with Respiratory System to provide oxygen to to cells; works with the digestive and Genitourinary Systems to remove waste; Gives skin color and is controlled by the Nervous System

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Digestive System

-Major Structures: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach and intestines -Primary Function: Break down food into a usable form to supply energy to the body. -System Interaction: Works with Circulatory System to transport nutrients to the body and remove waste products.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Musculoskeletal System

-Major Structures: Muscles, Bones, Ligaments and Tendons. -Primary Function: Provides body framework; protects internal organs/structures; allows movement; produces heat; manufactures blood components. -System Interaction: Provides protection to organs/structures of other body systems, controlled by Nervous System.

Describe the Major Structures, Primary Function, and System Interactions of the Genitourinary System

-Major Structures: Uterus, Genitalia, Kidneys and Bladder -Primary Function: Preforms reproduction, removes wastes from the Circulatory System and regulates water balance. -System Interaction: Assists in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance

List three situations in which it may be necessary to move a person

-Moving the person out of immediate danger -When you have to get to another person with a more serious problem -When it is necessary to give proper care

What immediate steps could you and your friends who were first on the scene at a car crash take?*

-One person can call 9-1-1 on a phone -Another can begin helping the person in the car if trained, or find a trained lay responder -Someone can keep the area free of onlookers and traffic -Someone could go find supplies

What are the steps to take if an ill person is an older adult?

-Pay attention to how the person introduces themselves (ex. Mr, Ms etc.) -A family member or caregiver can be a good source of information of what happened if the person cannot speak for themselves. If the person can speak, address your questions to them. -Speak clearly and loudly enough for the person to hear you, but do not shout. If the person still does not understand you, change your words, not the volume. -In older people, signs of a medical emergency may be very general and nonspecific. These general symptoms include headache, change in usual level of activity, a change in mental status (ex. agitation), lethargy, and difficulty sleeping. -Make sure any hearing aids are turned on and glasses are on properly when addressing older adults.

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (preschoolers age 3-5)

-Preschoolers are naturally curious. Allowing the child to examine items such as bandages can distract them when giving care. -Show them what you are going to do on a stuffed animal or doll to help the child understand how you will care for them. -Preschoolers have a fear of body mutilation, so distract them from bleeding wounds or broken limbs.

Define Proximal/Distal

-Proximal is any part close to the trunk (chest, abdomen and pelvis); -Distal is any part away from the trunk and nearer to the extremities (arms and legs)

Describe your role in an emergency situation

-Recognize that an emergency exists -Being willing to act -Activating the EMS system by calling 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number. -Giving care until EMS arrives and takes over or the situation resolves itself.

What are the symptoms of shock

-Restlessness or Irritability -Altered level of consciousness -Nausea or vomiting -Pale, cool moist skin -Rapid breathing and pulse -Excessive thirst

How many breaths do adults take per minute?

10-20

Define trained lay responder

A layperson who is trained in basic emergency care but does not have special or advanced medical training, and is willing to act in an emergency.

Define emergency medical services (EMS) systems.

A network of professionals linked together to give care for people in all kinds of emergencies.

Define emergency medical responder (EMR)

A person trained in emergency care who may be called on to give such care until more advanced EMS personnel take over. Also called first responders. 1st stage ex. lifeguards

Define advanced medical technician (AEMT)

A person trained to give basic and some advanced emergency medical care and transportation for critical/emergent patients who access the EMS system. 3rd stage

Define emergency medical technician (EMT)

A person who gives basic emergency medical care and transportation for critical patients who access the EMS system. 2nd stage ex. fire department

Define emergency medical dispatcher (EMD)

A telecommunicator who has special training to respond to a request for emergency medical services via 9-1-1. Some EMDs are trained to provide prearrival medical instructions to a responder before EMS personnel arrive.

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (Adolescents 12-20 years old)

Adolescents may feel embarrassed and self-conscious about their changing bodies. Respect their modesty and ask if they would prefer being checked by a male or female.

Once you determine has no life threatening conditions, you should

Check for other injuries or conditions that could become life threatening if not cared for

Before beginning a check for life threatening conditions, you should first*

Check the scene

List the emergency action steps

Check, Call, Care

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (school aged children age 5-12)

Children of this age are capable of speaking to adults and understanding instructions. Answer the child's questions honestly, and let the child know if you are going to do anything that might cause pain.

Which two body systems will react initially to alert a person to a severe cut?

Circulatory and Nervous

Safety measures you can use to prevent disease transmission include*

Using PPE such as disposable latex-free gloves

Define Medial/lateral

Medial: toward the midline or median plane Lateral: away from the midline or median plane

If the person becomes unresponsive after your check, what should you do?*

You or the another person would need to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number. If neither of you have a phone, one person will need to leave to call 9-1-1 then return as soon as possible.

To obtain consent to give care, you must tell the person*

Your level of training

Define Transverse or axial plane

divides the body horizontally, into superior (above the waist) and inferior (below the waist) planes.

Define Sagittal or lateral plane

divides the body vertically into right and left planes.

Which body systems appear to have been affected by Jim's fall?* (fall on head)

Nervous-he is unresponsive Integumentary-he has a cut on his head

Define OPIM:

Other potentially infectious materials such as body fluids other than blood.

If the person you are checking is unresponsive and not breathing normally, what should be your next action?

Preform CPR

One of the main functions of the Integumentary System is to

Prevent Infection

The two body systems that work together to provide oxygen to the body cells are

Respiratory and Circulatory

What is the number one indication someone has gone into shock

Restlessness or Irritability

Right/Left

Right and left always refer to the person's right and left, not the responder's right and left.

What do the abbreviations in Sample mean and what is it used for?

S: Signs and Symptoms A: Allergenic M: Meditation P: Pertinent Medical History L: Last Food or Drink E: Events Leading Up to the Incident -We use SAMPLE to give information to EMS personnel so they can give the appropriate care.

What should you do when checking an unresponsive person.

Shout the person's name and tap their shoulder. (foot if an infant). Check for breathing for no more than 5-10 seconds. Give care according to you level of training.

List four life threatening conditions

Unresponsiveness, Trouble breathing, Absence of Breathing, Severe Life Threatening Bleeding

Why did the call taker tell you to watch Jim's breathing?* (fall on head)

The impact of an injury or disease is rarely restricted to one body system. An injury to the head could affect the brain and the nervous system, which could in turn affect breathing

What structure is not located in or part of the thoracic cavity?

The liver

What are the steps to take if an ill person has impaired vision?

-Speak in a normal voice, do not shout. -As you are giving care, describe what you are doing.

What are the steps to take when an ill or injured person speaks a different language?

-Speak in a normal voice. Do not shout. -Find any bystanders that speak the person's language and can assist by translating. -Do your best to communicate nonverbally, using gestures and facial expressions. -When calling 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number, explain the language barrier, and give which language you think the person speaks. The dispatcher may have someone available to help with communication.

Superficial/deep

-Superficial is any part near the surface of the body -Deep refers to any part far from the surface.

Define Superior/Inferior:

-Superior is any part towards a person's head -Inferior is any part towards a person's feet

Define personal protective equipment (PPE) and give 5 examples

-The equipment and supplies that help prevent the responder from directly contacting infected materials. Includes gloves, gowns, masks, shields, and protective eyewear.

You check a driver and discover that the driver is unresponsive. You tell a bystander to call 9-1-1. List the information that the bystander should have when calling 9-1-1

-The exact location of the emergency -What happened -The number of people involved -The person's condition -The care they have been given -Have the bystander tell you what EMS said after they get back

What are the steps to take if an ill person is a child? (toddlers 1-3 years)

-Toddlers often get anxious if separated from their parent or guardian. Give them a few minutes to warm up to you before checking them. -If possible, check the toddler while they are on their parent's or guardians lap. -Allowing the toddler to hold a special toy or blanket can be comforting.

Give 6 examples of emergency conditions.

-Unresponsiveness/altered level consciousness -Trouble breathing/no breathing -Chest pain/pressure lasting more than a few minutes or goes to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, stomach, or back -Severe External bleeding -Severe burns -Suspected Life threatening poisoning

List the six common fears or concerns that prevent people from taking action at the scene of an emergency

-Unsure if a Emergency actually exists -Giving wrong care -Situation under control -Squeamishness to unpleasant sights -Fear of catching a disease -Fear of being sued

What are the four indicators of an emergency with 3 examples of each

-Unusual sounds: Screaming, sudden loud noises, unusual silence. -Unusual sights: Down electrical wires, Spilled medication, or signs of symptoms of an injury or illness. -Unusual odors: Strong chemical order, Inappropriate odor (a sickly sweet odor on a person's breath), or the smell of smoke/gas.

List the seven guidelines to follow when moving a person in an emergency

-Use your legs, not your back when bending -Bend at the knees and hips, don't twist -Maintain a firm grip on the person -Walk forward when possible small steps -Avoid twisting or bending anyone with a possible head, neck, or spinal injury -Do not move a person who is too large to move comfortably -Use good posture

Name five common types of emergency moves

-Walking assist -two-person seat carry -clothes drag -blanket drag -ankle drag

What do you do in order in this scenario* (boss on the floor as you enter their room)

1. Check the scene by preforming a scene size-up 2. Call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number 3. Check for responsiveness and breathing 4. Control any life-threatening bleeding 5. Preform a SAMPLE interview

Define paramedic

An allied health professional whose primary focus is to give advanced emergency medical care for critical and emergency patients who access the EMS system. 4th stage ex. Helicopter Flight Medic

Describe the actions you would take if no one else was available to help and there is an unconscious person

Call 9-1-1 first before giving care since the person is unresponsive.

The Function of the Digestive System is to

Break down food into a form the body can use for energy

How can a trained lay responder overcome any one of these fears or concerns when facing unpleasant *

By mentally preparing themselves to face these challenges ahead of time

Define Frontal or Coronal plane:

Divides the body vertically into front (anterior) and back (postier) planes

If the person you are checking is unresponsive but is breathing normally, what should be your next action?

Have a bystander call 9-1-1

When should you place a person into a recovery position?

If the person is is not fully awake but breathing normally, or the person is unresponsive but breathing normally.

A bystander picks up gauze with blood on it? What is this an example of exposure through

Indirect Contact

What is the recovery positions for an infant?

Infant face down on your forearm, keeping mouth and nose clear and head and neck slightly lower than the chest.

Describe two types of of emergencies that require first aid

Injury and Sudden illness

Internal/external

Internal is inside and external is outside of the body.

What System if not working can incur shock and why?

The Circulatory System can produce shock in the body if not pumping enough blood.

Which structure in the airway prevents food and liquid to enter the lungs?

The Epiglottis

If a person's use of language suddenly becomes impaired, which body system might be injured?

The Nervous System

What Cavities is the Diaphragm between?

The Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities

What is the purpose of the initial check on a person

To determine whether any life threatening conditions are present.

Define emergency medical services (EMS) personal

Trained and equipped community-based personnel who give emergency care for injured or ill persons and who are often dispatched through 9-1-1