Respiratory - Mastering homework

The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs. 3 2 5 4

2

Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low? atelectasis pulmonary fibrosis emphysema All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Bronchi Alveoli Nose Trachea Bronchioles

Alveoli

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Boyle's law Dalton's law Henry's law Charles' law

Boyle's law

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? Henry's law Charles' law Dalton's law Boyle's law

Boyle's law

Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, which of these would you expect from his or her blood gases? Decreased PCO2 and increased pH Elevated PCO2 and increased pH Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH Decreased PCO2 and decreased pH

Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH

TRUE OR FALSE The division between the upper and lower respiratory system is at the nasopharynx.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

False

Which statement is correct? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

Which of the following is INCORRECT? Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. Intra-alveolar Atmospheric Transpulmonary Transthoracic

Transpulmonary

TRUE OR FALSE Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

True

TRUE OR FALSE The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

True

TRUE OR FALSE Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

True

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? alveolus trachea oropharynx nasopharynx

alveolus

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. an active process; also an active process a passive process; also a passive process a passive process; an active process an active process; a passive process

an active process; a passive process

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords? tracheal cartilage epiglottis cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes temperature is lower at higher altitudes basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway? thyroid cartilage hyoid bone cricoid cartilage tracheal cartilage

cricoid cartilage

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and internal intercostals diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique

diaphragm and external intercostals

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? thoracic cavity volume decreases air (gases) flows into lungs diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises intrapulmonary pressure drops

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs. due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells. to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli. because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production.

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells.

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? glottis vocal folds thyroid cartilage epiglottis

epiglottis

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? epinephrine histamine acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

epinephrine

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium

epithelium simple squamous

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure greater than the pressure in the atmosphere equal to the pressure in the atmosphere less than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. lowers blood pH levels reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels helps retain oxygen in the blood helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier? increased secretion of surfactant reduced lung compliance increased airway resistance increased alveolar surface tension

increased secretion of surfactant

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters warming the air before it enters

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? transpulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure. intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure. intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure. intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure.

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? intrapleural pressure transpulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________. thoracic cavity volume; lung volume tidal volume; vital capacity intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

After blood becomes oxygenated, it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The lungs lie primarily ________ to the heart. lateral inferior superficial anterior

lateral

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same lungs will inflate

lungs will collapse

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______. white pulp that performs immune functions red pulp that performs immune functions lymph nodes lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. pons and midbrain medulla and pons upper spinal cord and medulla midbrain and medulla

medulla and pons

The right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Which lobe is missing on the left side? middle superior inferior

middle

This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway. nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation? lung elasticity alveolar fluid surface tension negative intrapleural pressure negative intrapulmonary pressure

negative intrapleural pressure

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions? nasopharynx larynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

oropharynx

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? blood pH partial pressure of carbon dioxide partial pressure of oxygen temperature

partial pressure of oxygen

Which of the following is not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? airway resistance alveolar surface tension lung compliance partial pressure of oxygen in the air

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system? esophagus trachea pharynx larynx

pharynx

Which center is located in the pons? pacemaker neuron center expiratory center inspiratory center pontine respirator group (PRG)

pontine respirator group (PRG)

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure pressure within the pleural cavity negative pressure in the intrapleural space

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea? stratified squamous simple squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar ciliated columnar

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? internal respiration external respiration pulmonary ventilation gas exchange

pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? low O2 level rising CO2 levels arterial pH low CO2 level

rising CO2 levels

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? acidosis resulting from CO2 retention rising blood pressure arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg rising carbon dioxide levels

rising blood pressure

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses? frontal maxillary ethmoid temporal

temporal

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? alveolar sac terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct

terminal bronchiole

What is the correct order of passageways, from proximal to distal? terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct

terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct

During inhalation, air moves up the trachea. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells the transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and the tissues of the body the exchange of gases between blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? compliance and transpulmonary pressures the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose? the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity recovering heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity

the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath? expiratory reserve volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume vital capacity

tidal volume

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? alveolar macrophages type I alveolar cells type II alveolar cells endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries

type II alveolar cells

The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called the ________. parietal pleura fibrous sac pleural cavity visceral pleura

visceral pleura

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. thalamic control temperature of alveolar air stretch receptors in the alveoli voluntary cortical control

voluntary cortical control