respiratory system, Human biology chapter 1, Exam 3 Human Bio, Chapter 8, Human Bio Final

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.

Path of air

Air enters throughout the nose or mouth... air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi... air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles... air reaches small sacs called alveoli

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

Which statement about carbon dioxide transport is FALSE?

An increase in the number of hydrogen ions increases the pH of the blood.

All of the following are TRUE regarding the effect of smoking on the respiratory system EXCEPT which one?

Antimicrobial compounds found in the respiratory mucus of smokers decrease the likelihood of infection.

Arterioles and arteries, which one has more smooth muscle?

Arteries.

When blood leaves the heart, it first enters where?

Arteries.

Which one type of cells is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Key events in gas exchange

Breathing moves air in and out of the lungs... oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into the capillaries... oxygen enters red blood cells where it binds to the protein hemoglobin... oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood... carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale.

Carbon dioxide transport

Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria... carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary.... carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs... carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus... air exits through nose or mouth

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

Combined with hemoglobin

How does external respiration differ from internal respiration?

External respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids.

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of

HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Surgical removal of the sinoatrial node would most likely result in?

Initially, slower overall contractions but eventually, the AV node would become the new pacemaker.

Fluid that escapes from the circulatory system due to high pressure is referred to as?

Interstitial fluid.

Oxygen transport

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries... oxygen enters a red blood cell... oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin... oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary... oxygen diffuses from the body's tissues.

under which of the following conditions would oxygen flow from the alveoli into the blood

PO2 in the alveoli is 104; PO2 in the blood is 40

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and produces lubricant for the heart contraction is the?

Pericardial cavity.

Following a heart attack, the damaged heart muscle is difficult to repair because?

The body cannot replace cardiac muscle cells.

Which of the following happens when the CO2 level in the arterial blood increases?

The hydrogen ion concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid will increase, stimulating the medulla oblongata to increase the rate and depth of breathing.

The atrioventricular valves are closed when...

The ventricles contract.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

True or false. When discussing breathing, we can say that air enters the lungs because the diaphragm contracts and in the process, oxygen passes into the alveoli and then down its concentration gradient from an alveolus to the blood. When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and carbon dioxide passes down its concentration gradient from the blood to the alveolus and then out of the lungs.

True

Which of the following statements about oxygen transport is FALSE?

Under normal circumstances, about 50% of the oxygen is unloaded at the cellular level.

the carotid and aortic bodies are arterial receptors that respond to?

a decrease in the PO2 of venous blood

Which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing across the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph?

absorption

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

acidic

which of the following has the highest PO2?

alveolar air

Gas exchange in the respiratory system occurs in the _____.

alveoli

which of the following disorders is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscles; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five year of diagnosis?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Respiratory centers in the brain that regulate breathing are primarily stimulated by ________.

an increase in the level of CO2 in the blood

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?

antibodies

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell.

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

in the blood, O2 is transported primarily____ whereas is transported primarily _____

as oxyhemoglobin; as bicarbonate in plasma

One's bronchi and bronchioles constrict in response to minor triggers, severely restricting airflow and making breathing very difficult. This describes ________.

asthma

Which of the following reduces air flow through the respiratory system?

asthma

Most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood is in the form of _____.

bicarbonate

carbon dioxide is carried from the tissues to the lungs by a variety of mechanisms. which of the following lists these mechanisms in order representing the mechanism that carries the most carbon dioxide to the mechanism that carries the smallest amount?

bicarbonate- carboaminohemoglobin- dissolved in plasma

Most of the oxygen transported in the blood is ________.

bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells

botulism toxin interferers with the transmission of nerve impulses (action potentials) to skeletal muscles. This interferers directly with?

breathing

Across which vessels does most internal respiration (the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues) occur?

capillaries

the rate and depth of normal breathing are determined by

carbon dioxide levels in the blood

The rate and depth of normal breathing are determined by

carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

All of the following are involved in the process of breathing EXCEPT which one?

circulatory system

Which of the following are proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation?

complement

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

constrict the lungs so that intrapulmonary pressure increases.

which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

contraction of the diaphragm

a low pH reduces binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, increasing the releases the release of oxygen and its delivery to the tissues. what produces a condition of low pH in the red blood cells?

conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and release of hydrogen ions

air in the airways that do not participate in gas exchange is known as?

dead space volume

Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

During an inhalation, the diaphragm moves ________.

downward

all of the following respiratory disorders are due to infectious microorganisms except?

emphysema

What type of respiration occurs in the lungs?

external respiration

the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the blood is called?

external respiration

how does the external respiration differ from the internal respiration?

external respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids

(t/f) The principle gas monitored in the respiratory system is oxygen.

false

(t/f) deoxygenated blood is transported to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs by the pulmonary veins; oxygenated blood is transported away from the pulmonary capillaries by the pulmonary arteries

false

(t/f) oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood during internal respiration

false

The lower respiratory tract is responsible for ________.

gas exchange in the alveoli

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

helper T cell

Oxyhemoglobin is ________.

hemoglobin with bound oxygen

in which of the following situation is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen?

in a tissue with a neutral pH

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

carboaminohemoglobin differs from hemoglobin in that carboaminohemoglobin

is bound to carbon dioxide

Venous blood ________.

is transported by pulmonary arteries to the lungs

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they?

lack cartilage in their walls

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli when the PCO2 of the alveoli is ________.

lower than the PCO2 of the blood

Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

motor neurons

external respiration is the process of?

moving gases into or out of the blood stream within lung tissue

The layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is responsible for motility is the

muscularis

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATP's required to fuel cell

which one of the following is a symptom of botulism?

paralysis of muscles used for breathing

which of the following will happen when someone holds his or her breath?

pco2 will increase

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer because ________.

protons released by the dissociation of carbonic acid bind to hemoglobin, preventing large swings in blood pH

all of the following are part of an individuals vital capacity except which one?

residual volume

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.

resting

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

The digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

small intestine.

during a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

smooth muscle

most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

soluble bicarbonate ion

much of the respiratory tract is lined with ciliated epithelium. the exception is?

the alveoli

Tidal volume is ________.

the amount of air respired during restful, relaxed breathing

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

The interface between the air and the blood is composed of ________.

the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the extracellular fluid, and the capillary wall

Nutrient-rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via

the hepatic portal system

Congestive heart failure affects lung function because ________.

the left side of the heart fails and blood backs up into the pulmonary vessels

Carotid and aortic bodies monitor ________.

the level of O2 in the blood

the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs make up

the lower respiratory tract

a little girl was playing in the snow one day and found that she was wiping her nose quite often. the runny nose that she was experiencing due to the cold temperatures resulted from

the slowed activity of nasal cilia

Inspiration occurs as ________.

the volume of the pleural cavity increases

the lungs are enclosed by a double pleural membrane. These membranes are attached to the_______ and the _______

thoracic; lung surface

(t/f) Mucus in the respiratory system traps foreign material in the lungs.

true

(t/f) The pulmonary veins carry blood that is high in oxygen.

true

(t/f) hemoglobin binds more tightly to carbon monoxide than to oxygen

true

oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart

via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit

The maximal amount of air in and out of your respiratory system is your _____.

vital capacity